- This article is about the 1980s-1990s grunge band Nirvana. See Nirvana (1960s band) for the British psychedelic rock band of the 1960s of the same name, or Nirvana (disambiguation) for other meanings.
Nirvana was a popular American rock band founded in 1987 in Aberdeen, Washington. Their music was an offshoot of punk and alternative rock and was labeled grunge rock by the mainstream press and media of the time. Nirvana was one of the four best-known grunge bands with Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden. The group disbanded in 1994 upon the death of its leader, Kurt Cobain. Many critics and historians hail Nirvana as the "flagship band" of "Generation X" and the band has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.
Early years
Cobain and Krist Novoselic met in 1985. Both were fans of The Melvins, and both were interested in forming a band. They worked with the drummers (Aaron Burckhard, Dan Peters and Dale Crover of The Melvins, who played on their first demos), before settling on Chad Channing. Channing played on their first album, Bleach, released by Sub Pop records. (Several tracks from Nirvana's previous sessions with Dale Crover were also included on the album.) Bleach was highly influenced by Cobain's then-favorite band, The Melvins, the heavy dirge-rock of Mudhoney, and by the 70s rock of Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin.
Though he did not actually play on the album, Jason Everman was credited as playing guitar on Bleach because he put up the money for the recording sessions: $606.17. After the album was completed, Everman had a brief and contentious stay with the band as a second guitar player, but was sacked following their first US tour. Not long after, he briefly played bass with Soundgarden before joining the band Mind Funk.
In early 1990, the band began working with producer Butch Vig on recordings for the follow-up to Bleach. During the sessions, Kurt and Krist realized that Chad wasn't the drummer the band needed, and he was let go after the sessions were complete. After a few weeks with Dale Crover of The Melvins filling in, they hired Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters, with whom they recorded the song "Sliver". In 1990, Buzz Osbourne of The Melvins later introduced them to Dave Grohl, who drummed with D.C. Hardcore punks Scream.[1] Nirvana continued touring afterwards, including a stint with Sonic Youth chronicled in the documentary 1991: The Year Punk Broke.
Nevermind
Following repeated recommendation by Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon, David Geffen signed Nirvana to DGC Records in 1990 and the band began recording their first album for a major label. The result, Nevermind, is now widely regarded as a classic.
For the album, the band decided to continue working with Vig. Rather than recording at Vig's Madison studio as they had in 1990, the band shifted to Sound City Studios in Los Angeles. For two months, the band worked through a variety of songs in their catalog. Some of the songs, including "In Bloom" and "Breed", had been in the band's repertoire for years, while others, including "On a Plain" and "Stay Away", lacked finished lyrics until mid-way through the recording process. [2]
After the recording sessions were completed, Vig and the band set out to mix the album. However, after a few days, both Vig and the band realized that they didn't like how the mixes were turning out. As a result, they decided to call in someone else to oversee the mixing, with DGC supplying a list of possible options. Cobain did not want to use mixers that had worked with other bands that he liked, given that he did not want to sound like them. He decided to call in the guy at the bottom of the list next to the name 'Slayer': Andy Wallace. (Wallace co-produced Slayer's 1990 album Seasons in the Abyss.)
Months after the album's release, Cobain complained in the press that Wallace made Nevermind sound too slick, even though Wallace had been his own choice and the band themselves had been involved in the mixing process.[3] Even if the band were disappointed at the glossy sound of the album, Wallace successfully tempered the band's indie rock leanings and created a mainstream-ready rock sound that others would attempt to duplicate for the next decade.
Initially, Nevermind, wasn't expected to sell more than 500,000 copies; however, the album went on to sell 10 million copies in the US alone. The highly infectious single "Smells Like Teen Spirit" received heavy airplay on MTV, inspiring a slew of imitators, bringing the grunge sound, as well as so-called alternative rock and alternative culture, into the mainstream. The popularity of "alternative" rock, as well as the sidelining of hair metal, is often credited to Nevermind, and in January of 1992 the album reached No. 1 on the Billboard album charts, replacing — in what is often considered the defining symbol of the rise of alternative music over pop — Michael Jackson's album Dangerous. Citing exhaustion, the band decided not to undertake another US tour in support of Nevermind, instead opting to make a handful of performances later that year.
In February of 1992, following an Australian tour, Cobain married Courtney Love in Hawaii. Courtney gave birth to a daughter, Frances Bean, in August. Just days after Frances Bean's birth, Nirvana performed one of its most well-known concerts, headlining at the Reading Festival. Cobain entered the stage in a wheelchair as a practical joke, then proceeded to get up and join the rest of the band in tearing through an assortment of old and new material. At one point in the show, Cobain related to the crowd the recent birth of his daughter, and succeeded in having the crowd chant "We love you, Courtney!" in unison. Dave Grohl related in 2005 on the radio program Loveline that the band were genuinely concerned beforehand that the show would be a complete disaster, given all that had happened during the year and that they hadn't rehearsed in six months. Instead, the performance ended up being one of the greatest of their career.
Not quite two weeks later, Nirvana put on a memorable performance at the MTV Video Music Awards. MTV had wanted the band to play "Teen Spirit", but the band wanted to play a new song called "Rape Me". MTV was appalled at the idea of a song called "Rape Me", and eventually agreed that the band could play "Lithium" instead, the band's then-current single. When the band began their performance, Kurt strummed the first few bars of "Rape Me", giving the MTV execs a solid shock before jumping into "Lithium". Near the end of the song, frustrated that his amp had stopped functioning, Novoselic decided to toss his bass into the air for dramatic effect. Unfortunately, he misjudged the landing, and the guitar ended up bouncing off of his forehead, forcing him to stumble off the stage in a daze. As Cobain trashed their equipment, Grohl ran to the mic and began yelling "Hi, Axl!" repeatedly, referring to Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose, with whom the band and Courtney had had a bizarre encounter prior to the show.[4]
Nirvana released Incesticide, a collection of B-sides and rarities, in December of 1992. Many of Nirvana's BBC radio sessions and unreleased early recordings were starting to circulate via trading circles and illegal bootlegs, so the album served to beat the bootleggers to the punch. The album contained such fan favorites as "Sliver", "Dive", "Been a Son", and "Aneurysm" as well as covers of songs by The Vaselines, a band that became more popular as a result of Nirvana's covers.
In Utero
For 1993's In Utero, the band brought in producer Steve Albini, perhaps best known for his work on the highly influential Pixies album Surfer Rosa. The sessions with Albini were productive and notably quick: the initial version of the album was recorded and mixed in two weeks, a far cry from the months spent recording and mixing Nevermind.
Some saw bringing in Albini as a deliberate move on Nirvana's part to give the album a rawer, more unpolished sound: that the band wanted to alienate or distance some of their new "mainstream" audience who'd paid little or no attention to the alternative, obscure, or experimental bands Nirvana saw as their forebearers. One song on In Utero featuring long periods of shrill feedback noise was titled, ironically, "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter". (In the industry, a "radio-friendly unit shifter" describes an "ideal" album: one capable of heavy radio play and ultimately selling many copies, or "units".) However, Cobain insisted that Albini's sound was simply the one he'd always wanted Nirvana to have: a "natural" recording without layers and layers of studio trickery. [5]
Following its release, fans fell under the impression that the band wanted this distorted masterpiece. However, in reality, they were actually unhappy with certain aspects of Albini's mixes. Specifically, they thought the bass levels were too low,[6] and Cobain felt that "Heart-Shaped Box" and "All Apologies" didn't sound "perfect".[7] Longtime R.E.M. producer Scott Litt was called in to help remix those two songs, with Cobain adding additional instrumentation and backing vocals. Litt also remixed "Pennyroyal Tea", but Albini's version was used on the album. (DGC later planned to release Litt's remix as a single.)
With In Utero, the band also faced corporate censorship. Giant store chain Wal-Mart refused to carry the album, citing song titles like "Rape Me" and Kurt's plastic-fetus collage on the album's artwork as too controversial for the "family-oriented" chain. The band decided to abide by the request, and compiled a version of the album with "clean" artwork and "Rape Me" retitled "Waif Me". Other than the inclusion of Litt's mix of "Pennyroyal Tea", however, the music on the album was identical to the wider release. When asked about the edited version, Kurt noted that he could relate to the small-town residents that had no other local music stores and were forced to buy their music at Wal-Mart. [8]
While "Heart-Shaped Box" was received warmly by alternative and mainstream radio, and In Utero debuted at number one on the Billboard Album chart, the album didn't enjoy the same success as Nevermind. When the band embarked on the US In Utero tour (with Pat Smear of the punk rock band The Germs as second guitarist), its first major tour of the States since the success of "Smells Like Teen Spirit", it regularly played to half-filled arenas, stymied by the lack of tour support for Nevermind and the challenging new release.
In November of 1993, the band decided to change direction, and sat down for an appearance on MTV Unplugged. The sessions revealed the depth of Cobain's songwriting, which had often been buried under the sonic fury of the band's sound. The song selection also demonstrated Cobain's broad musical interests through his choice of cover songs. It became a hallmark moment of Nirvana's history, if not amplified by the tragedy soon to follow.
In early 1994, the band embarked on a European tour. While the tour started off well, the performances gradually declined, with Kurt looking bored and distracted during the shows. Following a tour stop at Terminal Eins in Munich, Germany, on March 1st, Cobain was diagnosed with bronchitis and severe laryngitis. The next night's show at the same venue was canceled. On the morning of March 4th, Cobain was found unconscious by Courtney Love and rushed to the hospital. The doctor told a press conference that the singer had reacted to a combination of prescription Rohypnol and alcohol. The rest of the tour was canceled, including a planned leg in the UK.
In the ensuing weeks, Cobain's heroin addiction resurfaced. An intervention was organized, and Cobain was convinced to check into rehab. After less than a week in rehab, Cobain climbed over the wall of the facility and flew back to Seattle. A week later, on Friday, April 8, 1994, Cobain's lifeless body was discovered at his Seattle home, effectively dissolving Nirvana. (More information regarding the circumstances of Cobain's death can be found in the article for Kurt Cobain.)
After Cobain's death
Several Nirvana albums have been released since Cobain's death. The first came in November of 1994 with the release of the band's subdued and eerily morbid performance for MTV Unplugged, Unplugged in New York. This album included guest appearances by members of the Meat Puppets and cover versions of Meat Puppets, Leadbelly, and David Bowie material.
Two weeks after the release of Unplugged in New York, a video compilation of Nirvana performances, titled Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!, was released. Cobain himself had compiled a good portion of the video, which documented much of the Nevermind tour. Memorable footage from the video included an infamous incident with a bouncer at a Texas club in October of 1991, as well as the band's performance of "Aneurysm" donned in dresses at Hollywood Rock in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in January of 1993.
The original intention was to release the MTV Unplugged set in a double-disc package, with a second disc of live electric material to balance the acoustic set. However, for the two surviving band members, sorting through the treasure trove of Nirvana recordings so soon after Kurt's passing became too emotionally overwhelming.[9] The live disc, a compilation of Nirvana concert recordings, finally saw release in October of 1996, titled From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah.
In 1997, word spread that Grohl and Novoselic were organizing a box set of Nirvana rarities. Four years later, it was announced that the box set was complete, and would see release in September to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the release of Nevermind. However, shortly before the release date, Courtney Love filed an injunction to stop the box set's release and sued Grohl and Novoselic, claiming that Cobain's former bandmates were hijacking Nirvana's legacy for their own personal interests. What followed was a protracted legal battle over the ownership of Nirvana's music that lasted for more than a year.[10]
Much of the legal wrangling centered on a single unreleased song, "You Know You're Right", the band's final studio recording. Grohl and Novoselic wanted to include the song on the box set, essentially releasing all of the rarities at one time. Love, however, argued that the song was more important than just a generic "rarity", and should be included on a single-disc greatest hits compilation. After more than a year of often public and sometimes bizarre legal maneuvering, the parties settled, agreeing on the immediate release of the greatest hits package including "You Know You're Right", titled simply Nirvana. In turn, Love agreed to donate cassette demos recorded by Cobain for use on the box set.
Nirvana fans' first taste of "You Know You're Right" came in early 1995 when Courtney Love played a version of the song with her band Hole on MTV Unplugged under the title "You've Got No Right". A live rough draft version of the song performed by Nirvana at their October 23, 1993 concert at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago surfaced in Nirvana tape-trading circles a few months later. In the years that followed, rumors of the existence of a studio version of the song perpetuated through Nirvana's fanbase, and it grew to almost mythic proportions. For fans, the first real confirmation of its existence came in November 2001 when Access Hollywood aired a ten second clip of the song as part of an interview with Courtney Love. In May of 2002, several longer clips surfaced on the Internet via an unknown source, who claimed he was planning to release the entire song. However, the source backed down, fearing legal action. As the court case neared completion in September of 2002, the entire song unexpectedly leaked, days before the announcement of the release of Nirvana. Even though the studio version turned out itself to be a rough draft with unfinished lyrics, fans and non-fans alike adored the song, leading it to become one of the most-played songs on Alternative radio in both 2002 and 2003.
Nirvana was released on October 29, 2002. On top of "You Know You're Right", the album contained hit singles from their three studio albums as well as several alternate mixes and recordings of familiar Nirvana songs. Following its release, many long-time fans complained about the song selection, noting that the alternate version of "Been a Son" (from the Blew EP) was not the band's preferred version, and that the disc lacked songs such as "Sappy" (released as "Verse Chorus Verse") that had received significant radio airplay following Kurt's death.
It was revealed in the liner notes of the Nirvana album that Cobain was concerned that he had not been able to write anything substantial during their last tour and had little material with which to go into the studio. He had always made a point of working on new material during the tour and playing it differently every night so that by the time the tour ended they would have the songs worked out, ready to be recorded. For example, a 1989 performance of the song "Breed" (then titled "Immodium") was included on Wishkah, recorded a full two years before the song's release on Nevermind. Some have used Cobain's feeling of being "written-out" as one possible explanation for his suicide.
November of 2004 finally saw the release of the Nirvana box set, titled With the Lights Out. The box set contained a vast array of early Cobain demos, rough rehearsal recordings, and live tracks recorded throughout the band's history. Of note to serious Nirvana fans were unfinished studio recordings of "Old Age" and "Verse Chorus Verse" (different from "Sappy") recorded during the Nevermind sessions. But, for many, the most exciting track on the entire box was a solo acoustic demo of a song called "Do Re Mi", recorded by Cobain in his bedroom just a few short weeks before his death. It showed that even in the turmoil of his final days, Kurt still had the gift for melody that he had demonstrated so many years earlier in songs like "About a Girl".
In an interview with Jim DeRogatis,[11] Courtney Love described the countless rehearsal tapes, demos, and bedroom recordings left behind. For example, a four-track version of "Do Re Mi" was apparently recorded with Kurt on drums, Pat Smear on guitar, and Eric Erlandson on bass. However, while more material may remain in Love's possession, it is highly likely that With the Lights Out will mark the final release of "new" Nirvana material.
Post-Nirvana
In the years following Nirvana's disbanding, both of its surviving members have remained active musically. Not long after Cobain's death, Grohl recorded a series of demos which eventually became the debut album for the Foo Fighters. As of 2005, the Foo Fighters have released five commercially successful albums. The most recent Foo Fighters release, In Your Honor, features a song called "Friend of a Friend", which Grohl wrote in 1990 about his first encounters with Cobain and Novoselic.
Beyond the Foo Fighters, Grohl has also drummed for bands including Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Mike Watt, Queens of the Stone Age, Tenacious D, and Nine Inch Nails. He also recorded an album of metal songs featuring many of his favorite early-80s metal singers under the name Probot.
After the end of Nirvana, Novoselic formed Sweet 75. More recently, he founded Eyes Adrift with Curt Kirkwood (formerly of the Meat Puppets) and Bud Gaugh (formerly of Sublime). He also performed in a one-off band called the No WTO Combo with Kim Thayill of Soundgarden and Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys that coincided with the WTO Meeting of 1999.
More significantly, Novoselic has become a political activist, founding the political action committe JAMPAC to push musicians' rights. In 2004, he released a book titled Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy, which covered his musical past as well as his political endeavors. During the 2004 Presidential campaign, Grohl and Novoselic appeared on stage together in support of the John Kerry campaign.
While Nirvana came to a sudden conclusion following their final show in Munich, the remaining members of the band (including Pat Smear) offered a bittersweet farewell to the band's fans. At the end of the Foo Fighters' 1997 performance at the Bumbershoot festival in Seattle, Grohl suddenly jumped behind the drum kit, with Novoselic wandering onstage with bass guitar in hand. The trio (Grohl, Novoselic, and Smear) serenaded the enthusiastic crowd with loose covers of Prince's "Purple Rain" and Led Zeppelin's "Communication Breakdown". The short performance served as a lighthearted (and loud) nod to Seattle and all who supported Nirvana during its short, tumultuous, and unforgettable run.
Samples
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Band members
- Kurt Cobain - vocals, guitar
- Krist Novoselic - bass
- Aaron Burckhard - drums (1987)
- Dale Crover - drums (1987-1988, 1990)
- Jason Everman - guitar (1989)
- Chad Channing - drums (1988-1990)
- Dan Peters - drums (1990)
- Dave Grohl - drums (1990-1994)
- Pat Smear - guitar (1993-1994)
Early band members
- Buzz Osborne - Bass
- Dave Foster - Drums
- Greg Hokanson - Drums
- John Duncan - Guitar
- Mike Dillard - Drums
- Steve Newman - Bass
Discography
Albums
| Year | Title | Label | Other information |
| 1989 | Bleach | Sub Pop | First Studio album. 1st release white vinyl (300 copies), 2nd release lime green vinyl (2,500 copies). |
| 1991 | Nevermind | Geffen/Mobile | Second Studio Album |
| 1992 | Incesticide | Geffen | Third Studio album. Album of rare studio songs, B-sides, alternate versions and cover songs. |
| 1993 | In Utero | Geffen | Fourth Studio album. |
| 1994 | MTV Unplugged in New York | Geffen | Live Acoustic Album. |
Compilations and Box Sets
| Year | Title | Label | Other information |
| 1995 | Singles | Geffen | Hit singles from Nevermind and In Utero in a box set |
| 1995 | Live! Tonight! Sold Out!! | Geffen | VHS home video with live performances and interviews |
| 1996 | From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah | Geffen | Live Electric Album. |
| 2002 | Nirvana | Universal | Also called Best of and or Greatest Hits 1988-1994 |
| 2004 | With the Lights Out | Geffen | Box set with 3 compact discs and a DVD. Includes rare and unreleased material. |
EPs
| Year | Title | Label | Other information |
| 1989 | Blew | Tupelo | (Bleach Album) This Ep was released in France and United Kingdom only. |
| 1992 | Hormoaning | Geffen/Mobile | Australia and Japan only |
Singles
| Year | Title | Label | Other information |
| 1988 | "Love Buzz/Big Cheese" | Sub Pop | Limited to 1,000 copies. (Bleach Album) |
| 1990 | "Sliver/Dive" | Sub Pop/Tupelo | (Incesticide album 1992) |
| 1991 | "Candy/Molly's Lips" | Sub Pop | With Fluid; Live 1st issue black vinyl (2,500 copies) and 2nd issue blue vinyl (3,500 copies) |
| 1991 | "Here She Comes Now/Venus in Furs" | Communion | Velvet Underground covers, with The Melvins (1,000 copies in 8 different colors) |
| 1991 | "Smells Like Teen Spirit" | Geffen | (Nevermind Album) |
| 1992 | "Come As You Are" | Geffen | (Nevermind Album) |
| 1992 | "Lithium" | Geffen | (Nevermind Album) |
| 1992 | "In Bloom" | Geffen | (Nevermind Album) |
| 1993 | "Puss/Oh, the Guilt" | Touch and Go | With The Jesus Lizard (100,000 copies worldwide) |
| 1993 | "Heart-Shaped Box" | Geffen | (In Utero Album) |
| 1993 | "All Apologies" | Geffen | (In Utero Album) |
| 1994 | "Pennyroyal Tea" | Geffen | (In Utero Album) Recalled after Cobain's death; No vinyl copies and only a few hundred CDs are believed to exist. |
| 1994 | "About a Girl" | Geffen | (MTV Unplugged in New York album)2 releases in Europe with different track timings and 1 release in Australia (at least 5,000 copies) |
See also
References
- ^ Ali, Lorraine. "One Last Blast". Rolling Stone. October 17, 1996.
- Azerrad, Michael. Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana. Doubleday, 1993. ISBN 0385471998
- ^ p. 151
- ^ p. 176-177
- ^ p. 279: Cobain's version of the story was that Courtney had jokingly asked Axl to be the godfather of Frances Bean. Axl responded by telling Cobain to "shut up his bitch". Cobain turned to Courtney and said, "Shut up, bitch!" eliciting laughter from the Nirvana entourage.
- ^ p. 317
- ^ p. 336-337
- ^ DeRogatis, Jim. "A Piece of Kurt Cobain". Chicago Sun-Times. March 10, 2002.
- ^ di Perna, Alan. "Grunge Music: The Making of Nevermind". Guitar World. Fall 1996.
- Erlewine, Stephen Thomas & Prato, Greg. "Nirvana". All Music Guide. Retrieved May 9, 2005.
- ^ Fricke, David. "Kurt Cobain: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. January 27, 1994.
- ^ Heath, Chris. "The Nirvana Wars: Who Owns Kurt Cobain?". Rolling Stone. June 6, 2002.
- ^ Pareles, Jon. "Concert Preview". New York Times. November 14th, 1993.
External links
- Interscope: Nirvana — Official label website
- Universal Music Canada: Nirvana — Nirvana's Canadian label, includes streams of Nirvana videos
- Sub Pop: Nirvana — Sub Pop's Nirvana page
- Nirvana Discography
- Live Nirvana — Resource site, including detailed timeline and performance information
- Nirvana Live Guide — Comprehensive guide to Nirvana's live performances and recordings
- The Internet Nirvana Fan Club
- Site detailing Kurt's and Nirvana's equipment, both live, recording and miscellaneous