Concatenation
Different languages use different symbols for the concatenation operator. Most languages use the "+" symbol, though several deviate from this norm.
Common variants
| Operator | Languages |
|---|---|
| + | BASIC, C++, C#, Pascal, Delphi, JavaScript, Java, Python,Turing, Ruby, Windows PowerShell |
| ++ | Haskell |
| & | Ada, AppleScript, Curl, VHDL, Visual Basic, Excel |
| . | Perl (before version 6), PHP, and Maple (up to version 5), Autohotkey |
| ~ | Perl 6 and D |
| || | Icon, Standard SQL, PL/I, Rexx, and Maple (from version 6) |
| <> | Mathematica |
| .. | Lua |
| , | J programming language |
| ^ | OCaml, Standard ML |
| // | Fortran |
Unique variants
- Awk uses the empty string: two expressions adjacent to each other are concatenated. This is called Juxtaposition. Unix shells have a similar syntax. Rexx uses this syntax for concatenation including an intervening space.
- C allows juxtaposition for string literals, however, for strings stored as character arrays, the
strcatfunction must be used. - MATLAB and Octave use the syntax "[x y]" to concatenate x and y.
- Visual Basic Versions 1 to 6 can also use the "+" sign but, this leads to ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number is added together.
- Microsoft Excel allows both "&" and the function "=CONCATENATE(X,Y)".
String literals
This section compares styles for declaring a string literal.
Quoted raw
@"Hello, world!" ;; C# r"Hello, world!" ;; Python 'Hello, world!' ;; Perl, Windows PowerShell <![CDATA[Hello, world!]]> ;; XML (CDATA section)
Quoted interpolated
"Hello, $name!" ;; Perl
"Hello, #{name}!" ;; Ruby
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Dual quoting
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Multiple quoting
qq(I said "Hello, world!") ;; Perl
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Unique quoting variants
"""Hello, world!""" ;; Triple quoting ;; Python 13HHello, world! ;; Hollerith notation ;; FORTRAN (indented with whitespace) ;; Indented with whitespace and newlines ;; YAML