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Bonaparte, 1831
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Erxleben, 1777
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Cebus capucinus
Cebus albifrons
Cebus olivaceus
Cebus kaapori
Cebus apella
Cebus libidinosus
Cebus nigritus
Cebus xanthosternos
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The capuchins are the group of New World monkeys classified as genus Cebus. Their name comes from their coloration, which resembles the cowls worn by the Capuchin order of Roman Catholic monks. Cebus is the only genus in subfamily Cebinae.
Capuchins' range includes Central America (Honduras) and middle South America (middle Brazil, Paraguay).
Capuchins generally resemble the monks of their namesake. Their body, arms, legs and tail are all darkly (black or brown) colored, while the face, throat and chest are white colored, and their head has a black cap. This general pattern varies from species to species, as well as among individuals within a species. They reach a length of 30 to 56 cm, with tails that are just as long as the body. They weigh up to 1.3 kg.
Like most New World monkeys, capuchins are diurnal and arboreal. With the exception of a midday nap, they spend their entire day searching for food. At night they sleep in the trees, wedged between branches. They are undemanding regarding their habitat and can thus be found in many differing areas. Among the natural enemies of the capuchins are large falcons, cats and snakes.
The diet of the capuchins is more varied than other monkeys in the family Cebidae. They are omnivores, eating not only fruits, nuts, seeds and buds, but also insects, spiders, bird eggs and small vertebrate. Capuchins living near water will also eat crabs and shells by cracking their shells with stones.
Capuchins are also kept as pets, even when import of these animals is forbidden and in spite of animal-rights activists claim that monkeys are unsuitable as domestic animals. Zoos and circuses often keep capuchins as well. Sometimes they plunder fields and crops and are seen as troublesome by nearby human populations. In some regions they have become rare due to the destruction of their habitat.
Social structure
Capuchins live together in groups of six to 40 members. These groups consist of related females and their offspring, as well as several males. Usually groups are dominated by a single male, who has primary rights to mate with the females of the group. Mutual grooming as well as vocalization serves as communication and stabilization of the group dynamics. These primates are territorial animals, life expectancy in nature is only 15 to 25 years.
Intelligence
Capuchins are considered the most intelligent New World monkeys and are often used in laboratories. The Tufted Capuchin is especially noted for its long-term tool usage, one of the few examples of primate tool use other than by apes. When it sees macaws eating palm nuts, cracking them open with their beaks, these capuchins will select a few of the ripest fruits, nip off the tip of the fruit and drink down the juice, then seemingly discard the rest of the fruit with the nut inside. When these discarded fruits have hardened and become slightly brittle, the capuchins will gather them up again and take them to a large flat boulder where they have previously gathered a few river stones from up to a mile away. They will then use these stones, some of them weighing as much as the monkeys, to crack open the fruit to get to the nut inside. Young capuchins will watch this process to learn from the older, more experienced adults.
Self-awareness
When presented with a reflection, capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self.
Most animals react to seeing their reflection as if encountering another individual they don't recognize. An experiment with capuchins shows that they react to a reflection as a strange phenomena, but not as if seeing a strange capuchin.
In the experiment, capuchins were presented with three different scenarios:
- Seeing an unfamiliar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier
- Seeing a familiar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier
- A mirror showing a reflection of the monkey
With scenario 1, females appeared anxious and avoided eye-contact. Males made threatening gestures. In scenario 2, there was little reaction by either males or females.
When presented with a reflection, females gazed into their own eyes and made friendly gestures such as lip-smacking and swaying. Males made more eye contact than with strangers or familiar monkeys but reacted with signs of confusion or distress, such as squealing, curling up on the floor or trying to escape from the test room. (de Waal. et al., 2005)
Classification
- Genus Cebus
- C. capucinus group
- White-headed Capuchin, Cebus capucinus
- White-fronted Capuchin, Cebus albifrons
- Cebus albifrons albifrons
- Cebus albifrons unicolor
- Cebus albifrons cuscinus
- Cebus albifrons trinitatis
- Cebus albifrons aequatorialis
- Cebus albifrons versicolor
- Weeper Capuchin, Cebus olivaceus
- Kaapori Capuchin, Cebus kaapori
- C. apella group
- Black-capped or Tufted Capuchin, Cebus apella
- Cebus apella apella
- Cebus apella fatuellus
- Cebus apella ?margaritae
- Cebus apella macrocephalus
- Cebus apella peruanus
- Cebus apella tocantinus
- Black-striped Capuchin, Cebus libidinosus
- Cebus libidinosus libidinosus
- Cebus libidinosus pallidus
- Cebus libidinosus paraguayanus
- Cebus libidinosus juruanus
- Black Capuchin, Cebus nigritus
- Cebus nigritus nigritus
- Cebus nigritus robustus
- Cebus nigritus cucullatus
- Golden-bellied Capuchin, Cebus xanthosternos
- Black-capped or Tufted Capuchin, Cebus apella
- C. capucinus group
References
- Template:Journal reference issue PMID 16055557