Gniezno

Template:Infobox Poland

Gniezno (pronounced: ['gɲȋεznɔ], German: Gnesen) is a town in W central Poland, some 50 km east of Poznan, inhabited by about 73,000 people. Situated in the Greater Poland Voivodship (since 1999), previously in Poznan Voivodship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno powiat (district or county).

History

There are archeological traces of human settlement since the late Paleolithic. Early Slavonic settlements are on the Lech Hill and the Maiden Hill are dated to 8th century and the ducal stronghold was founded just before AD 800 on the Lech Hill, and surrounded with some fortified suburbs and open settlements.

Legend of Lech, Czech and Rus

According to the legends: three brothers Lech, Czech and Rus were penetrating the wilderness to find a place to settle. Suddenly they saw a hill with an old oak and an eagle on top. Lech said: this white eagle I will adopt as am emblem of my people, and around this oak I will build my stronghold, and because of the eagle nest [Polish: gniazdo] I will call it Gniezdno [modern: Gniezno]. The other brothers went further on to find a place for their people. Czech went to the South and Rus went to the East.

Cradle of the Polish State

In 10th century Gniezno became one of the main towns of the early Piast dynasty, founders of Polish state. Gniezno was the first capital of Poland.

Gniezno meeting 1000

It is here that the Congress of Gniezno took place in the year 1000 AD, during which Boleslaus I the Brave (Boleslaw Chrobry), the first king of Poland, received Emperor Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The two monarchs celebrated the foundation of the Polish ecclesiastical province (archbishopship) in Gniezno, with newly established bishopship in Kolobrzeg for Pomerania; Wroclaw for Silesia; Krakow for Little Poland and later also already existing since 968 bishopships in Poznan for western Greater Poland.

File:Gniezno panorama.jpg

19th century panorama of Gniezno

Royal coronation site

The 10th century Gniezno cathedral witnessed royal coronations of Boleslaus I the Brave in 1024, his son Mieszko II Lambert in 1025. The cities of Gniezno and nearby Poznan were captured, plundered and destroyed in 1038 by the Czech duke Bretislav, what pushed the next Polish rulers to move the Polish capital to Kraków. The archepiscopal cathedral was reconstucted by the next ruler Boleslaus II of Poland who was crowned king here in 1076.

In the next centuries Gniezno evolved as a regional seat of the eastern part of Greater Poland, and in 1238 municipal autonomy was granted by the duke Wladislaw Odonic. Gniezno was again the coronation site in 1295 and 1300.

Regional site of Greater Poland

The city was destroyed again by the Teutonic Knights invasion in 1331, and after an administrative reform became a county within the Kalisz Voivodship (since 14th century till 1768). Gniezno was hit by heavy fires in 1515, 1613, was destroyed during the Swedish invasion wars of the 17th-18th centuries and by a plague of 1708-1710. All this caused depopulation and economic decline, but the city was soon revived during the 18th century to become the Gniezno voivodship in 1768.

Archbishops of Gniezno

Gniezno's Roman Catholic archbishop is traditionally the Primate of Poland (Prymas Polski). After the partitions of Poland the see was often combined with others, first with Poznan and then with Warsaw. In 1992 Pope John Paul II reorganized the Polish hierarchy and the city once again had a separate bishop. Cardinal Jozef Glemp, who had been archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw and retained Warsaw, was designated to remain Primate until his retirement, but afterward the Archbishop of Gniezno, at present Henryk Muszynski, would again be Primate of Poland.

File:Gniezno seal.jpg

Mediaeval seal of Gniezno

Royal coronations in Gniezno cathedral

25 December 1024 - Boleslaus I the Brave
25 December 1025 - Mieszko II Lambert
25 December 1076 - Boleslaus the Generous
26 June 1295 - Przemysl II and his wife Margaret
August 1300 - Wenceslaus II of Bohemia

Historical population

1980: 62,400 inhabitants
1990: 70,400 inhabitants
1995: 71,000 inhabitants

Education

The Gniezno School of Humanism and Management - Millennium(Gnieźnieńska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Menedżerska Milenium
The Archiepiscopal Eclessaitical Seminary (Arcybiskupie Seminarium Duchowne)

Arts and Culture

Aleksander Fredro Theatre (Teatr im. A. Fredry)
Museum of the Polish State Origins (Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego)

Major corporations

External link:

Gniezno homepage (English version available), from which much of the above was taken and adapted.
Gnieźnieńskie Forum Internetowe
[1] Archidiecezja Gnieżnieńska (Gniezno Archdiocese).