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Bill Clinton
Ritratto presidenziale ufficiale di Bill Clinton
42º presidente degli Stati Uniti
Durata mandato20 gennaio 1993 - 20 gennaio 2001
PredecessoreGeorge H. W. Bush
SuccessoreGeorge W. Bush
40º governatore dell'Arkansas
Durata mandato9 gennaio 1979 - 19 gennaio 1981
PredecessoreJoe Purcell
SuccessoreFrank D. White
42º governatore dell'Arkansas
Durata mandato11 gennaio 1983 - 12 dicembre 1992
PredecessoreFrank D. White
SuccessoreJim Guy Tucker
50° Attorney General dell'Arkansas
Durata mandato3 gennaio 1977 - 9 gennaio 1979
PredecessoreJim Guy Tucker
SuccessoreSteve Clark
Dati generali
Partito politicoDemocratico (dal 1973)
UniversitàGeorgetown University
Oxford University
Yale University (J.D.)
FirmaFirma di Bill Clinton

William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton nato William Jefferson Blythe III (Hope, 19 agosto 1946) è un politico statunitense. È stato il 42° Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, in carica dal 1993 al 2001. Eletto per la prima volta all'età di 46 anni, al momento dell'elezione è stato il terzo presidente più giovane di sempre. Il suo mandato è iniziato alla fine della Guerra fredda, ed è stato il primo presidente della generazione dei baby boomer. Per la sua visione politica, Clinton è stato descritto come un "New Democrat" (Nuovo democratico) e le sue scelte politiche sono state attribuite alla cosiddetta "Third Way" (Terza via) di centro, che concilia le tradizionali posizioni di destra sull'economia con una politica sociale progressista.

Nato e cresciuto in Arkansas, ha frequentato la Georgetown University, dove divenne membro delle confraternite studentesche Phi Beta Kappa e Kappa Kappa Psi e ottenne una borsa di studio (la Rhodes Scholarship) per frequentare l'Università di Oxford. Durante il periodo universitario divenne leader studentesco ed esperto musicista. È sposato con Hillary Rodham Clinton, senatrice dal 2001 al 2009 e Segretario di Stato dal 2009 al 2013. Entrambi i Clinton hanno ottenuto la laurea in legge dall'Università di Yale (Yale Law School), dove si sono conosciuti e hanno iniziato a frequentarsi. Come governatore dell'Arkansas ha revisionato il sistema scolastico statale ed è stato Presidente della National Governors Association (Associazione Nazionale Governatori).

Clinton fu eletto nelle elezioni presidenziali del 1992, sconfiggendo l'allora presidente George H. W. Bush. La sua presidenza ha costituito il più lungo periodo di pace ed espansione economica nella storia americana. Tra i suoi provvedimenti più importanti possiamo trovare il North American Free Trade Agreement e la controversa politica Don't ask, don't tell che doveva rappresentare un passo intermedio verso la piena integrazione dei militari omosessuali. Dopo un tentativo fallito di riforma del sistema sanitario, nel 1994 il Partito Repubblicano ottenne il controllo del Congresso per la prima volta dopo 40 anni. Due anni dopo, Clinton venne eletto per un secondo mandato, durante il quale riuscì a far passare una riforma del welfare e lo State Children's Health Insurance Program, che ha fornito assistenza sanitaria a milioni di bambini. Nel 1998 venne sottoposto ad impeachment per falsa testimonianza e ostruzione della giustizia dopo lo Scandalo Lewinsky, ma venne assolto dal Senato. Negli ultimi tre anni del suo mandato, c'è stato un avanzo primario nel bilancio.

Clinton ha lasciato la carica con il più alto indice di gradimento per un presidente dalla Second Guerra Mondiale. Da quel momento, è stato impegnato in discorsi pubblici e programmi umanitari. Per dare atto alla sua visione filantropica, Clinton ha creato la William J. Clinton Foundation con lo scopo di sensibilizzare la popolazione su questioni d'interesse mondiale come la prevenzione dell'AIDS e il riscaldamento globale. Nel 2004 ha pubblicato la sua autobiografia My Life (edita in Italia con lo stesso titolo). È rimasto attivo in politica facendo campagna elettorale per i candidati democratici, in particolare per la moglie nel 2008 e poi per Barack Obama nel 2008 e nel 2012. Nel 2009 è stato nominato Inviato speciale delle Nazioni Unite per Haiti, e dopo il terromoto del 2010 ha formato, insieme al suo successore George W. Bush il Clinton Bush Haiti Fund (Fondo Clinton-Bush per Haiti). Anche dopo aver lasciato la carica continua a godere di un elevato consenso.

Primi anni di vita

File:William Jefferson Blythe 1950.jpg
William Jefferson Blythe III nel 1950, all'età di quattro anni

Bill Clinton nacque come William Jefferson Blythe, III, al Julia Chester Hospital presso Hope (Arkansas).[1][2] Suo padre, William Jefferson Blythe, Jr. (1918-1946), che lavorava come venditore ambulante, morì in un incidente automobilistico tre mesi prima della nascita di Bill. [3] Sua madre, Virginia Dell Cassidy (1923–1994), si trasferì a New Orleans per studiare infermeria subito dopo la nascita del figlio. Lasciò Bill a Hope con i nonni Eldridge e Edith Cassidy, che possedevano un negozio di alimentari.[2] In un periodo in cui nel Sud degli Stati Uniti vigeva la segregazione razziale, i nonni di Bill vendevano a credito a persone di tutte le razze. [2] Nel 1950, la madre di Bill ritornò dalla scuola d'infermeria e sposò Roger Clinton Sr., che possedeva una concessionaria automobilistica a Hot Springs (Arkansas) insieme al fratello.[2] La famiglia si trasferì a Hot Springs nel 1950.

 
La casa di Clinton a Hope (Arkansas)

Sebbene utilizzò sin da bambino il cognome del patrigno, fu solo all'età di quindici anni [4] che Billy (com'era noto allora) lo adottò formalmente.[2] Clinton ricorda che il suo patrigno giocava d'azzardo ed era alcolizzato; ricorda anche che abusava regolarmente di sua madre e del suo fratellastro, Roger Clinton Jr., al punto che dovette intervenire molte volte per proteggerli.[2][5]

A Hot Springs, Bill frequentò le elementari presso la St. John's Catholic Elementary School e la Ramble Elementary School, e il liceo presso la la Hot Springs High School, dove divenne leader studentesco, avido lettore di libri e musicista.[2] Era membro del coro e suonava il sassofono tenore, per cui ottenne il ruolo di primo sassofonista nella band statale. Considerò anche la possibilità di una carriera musicale, ma come nota egli stesso nella sua autobiografia My Life:

«"Quando avevo sedici anni, decisi che volevo partecipare alla vita pubblica come politico. Amavo la musica e pensavo di poter raggiungere ottimi risultati, ma sapevo che non sarei mai potuto diventare un John Coltrane o uno Stan Getz. Ero interessato alla medicina e pensavo di poter diventare un buon medico, ma sapevo che non avrei mai potuto essere un Michael DeBakey. Però sapevo che avrei potuto essere grande in politica."[2]»

Clinton ha nominato due avvenimenti fondamentali nella sua vita che hanno contribuito alla decisione di diventare un personaggio pubblico, entrambi accaduti nel 1963. Il primo è stata la visita alla Casa bianca come senatore liceale della Boys Nation [6] per incontrare il Presidente John F. Kennedy.[2][5] L'altro avvenimento fu l'ascolto del discorso "I have a dream" di Martin Luther King. Rimase tanto impressionato dal discorso che poi lo imparò a memoria.[7]

Anni universitari

 
Clinton si candidò come Presidente del Consiglio Studentesco mentre frequentava la Georgetown University.

Con l'aiuto di borse di studio, Clinton frequentò la Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service presso la Georgetown University a Washington ottenendo nel 1968 la Laurea in Diplomazia (Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service). Passò l'estate del 1967 come tirocinante presso il Senatore dell'Arkansas J. William Fulbright. [2] Durante il college, divenne confratello della Alpha Phi Omega e fu eletto membro della Phi Beta Kappa. Si associò anche all'Ordine di DeMolay, un gruppo giovanile affiliato alla massoneria ma non divenne mai un massone. [8] È tuttora membro della confraternita Kappa Kappa Psi.[9]

Dopo la laurea, vinse una borsa di studio (la Rhodes Scholarship) per l'Università di Oxford dove ha studiato Filosofia, Scienza politica ed economia (PPE). Non ottenne la laurea perché si trasferì all'Università di Yale prima della fine del corso. [5][10] Sviluppò un notevole interesse per il rugby giocando prima a Oxford [11]e poi al Little Rock Rugby club in Arkansas. Ad Oxford partecipò alle proteste contro la guerra del Vietnam, e nell'Ottobre del 1969 organizzò egli stesso un evento di protesta.[2]

Gli oppositori politici di Clinton lo accusano di aver sfruttato l'influenza politica di un Senatore, che lo ha assunto come assistente, per evitare l'arruolamento.[12] Il Colonnello Eugene Holmes, un ufficiale dell'esercito coinvolto nel caso Clinton, durante la campagna presidenziale del 1992 rilasciò una dichiarazione autenticata: "Fui informato dai responsabili dell'arruolamento che era interesse del Senatore Fullbright che Bill Clinton fosse ammesso al programma di addestramento per ufficiali (ROTC)... Credo che mi abbiamo di proposito ingannato usando la possibilità di unirsi al ROTC come uno stratagemma per lavorare con i responsabili dell'arruolamento al fine di ritardare la sua investitura e riuscire a ottenere una nuova classificazione d'arruolamento." [13][14] Sebbene legali, le azioni di Clinton furono contestate dai conservatori e da alcuni veterani del Vietnam durante la sua campagna elettorale del 1992.[15][16][17]

Dopo Oxford, Clinton frequentò la Yale Law School dell'Università di Yale, e ottenne la laurea in Giurisprudenza nel 1973.[5] Nel1971 in una biblioteca della facoltà incontrò Hillary Rodham, anche lei studentessa di legge, un anno più avanti di lui.[18] Iniziarono a frequentarsi, e dopo poco tempo divennero inseparabili. Dopo circa un mese, Clinton pospose i suoi piani per diventare coordinatore della campagna presidenziale di George McGovern per trasferirsi con lei in California. [19] Si sposarono l'11 Ottobre 1975 e la loro unica figlia, Chelsea Clinton, nacque il 27 Febbraio 1980.[18]

Alla fine Clinton si trasferì in Texas insieme a Hillary per assumere un ruolo di primo piano per la campagna presidenziale di McGovern. Passò parecchio tempo a Dallas, presso il quartiere generale della campagna a Lemmon Avenue, dove aveva un ufficio. Qui Clinton lavorò insieme al futuro sindaco di Dallas Ron Kirk, alla futura Governatrice del Texas Ann Richards e all'allora sconosciuto regista Steven Spielberg

Carriera politica 1978–1992

Governatore dell'Arkansas

Dopo essersi laureato a Yale, nel 1973 Clinton tornò in Arkansas e divenne professore di Legge all'Università dell'Arkansas. L'anno successivo, si candidò per la Camera dei Rappresentanti. L'allora Rappresentante, il repubblicano John Paul Hammerschmidt, sconfisse Clinton ottenendo il 52% dei voti contro i 48% dell'avversario. Con poche opposizioni durante le primarie e nessuna opposizione di fatto nell'elezione generale, [20] fu eletto Attorney general per l'Arkansas nel 1976.[5]

 
Clinton, come nuovo Governatore dell'Arkansas incontra il Presidente Jimmy Carter in 1978

Clinton fu eletto Governatore dell'Arkansas nel 1978, sconfiggendo il candidato repubblicano Lynn Lowe, agricoltore di Texarkana. All'età di 32 anni, divenne il più giovane governatore del paese. A causa della sua età, Clinton veniva spesso chiamato "Boy Governor" (Governatore bambino). [21][22][23] Lavorò sulla riforma del sistema educativo e sul miglioramento del sistema stradale, con la moglie Hillary che presiedeva una commissione sulle riforme del sistema sanitario urbano. Tuttavia, tra le sue misure bisogna ricordare l'impopolare tassa sui veicoli a motore e la rabbia dei cittadini per la fuga del 1980 di rifugiati cubani detenuti a Fort Chaffee (vedi Esodo di Mariel. Nelle primarie del 1980 sconfisse l'avversario Monroe Schwarzlose, che comunque ottenne il 31% dei voti. Ciò fu visto da alcuni come presagio della sconfitta di Clinton nelle elezioni di quell'anno, vinte dallo sfidante Repubblicano Frank D. White. Come scherzò una volta lo stesso Clinton, era diventato il più giovane ex-Governatore nella storia della nazione.[5]

Dopo la sconfitta, Clinton si unì all'amico Bruce Lindsey nel suo studio legale di Little Rock.[24] Nel 1982 venne nuovamente eletto governatore, e questa volta mantenne l'incarico per 10 anni.[20] Continuò il lavoro di miglioramento del sistema scolastico e promosse riforme per trasformare l'economia dello stato. Divenne una figura di spicco tra i cosiddetti Nuovi democratici, più spostati verso il centro.[25][26] I Nuovi democratici, organizzati nel Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), costituivano un ramo del Partito Democratico che sosteneva la necessità di riforme del welfare e la riduzione dell'intervento statale. Scrisse la risposta del Partito Democratico al Discorso sullo Stato dell'Unione del 1985 del Presidente Ronald Reagan e fu eletto Presidente della National Governors Association (Associazione Nazionale Governatori) del 1986 al 1987, estendendo il suo campo d'azione al di là dell'Arkansas.[5] Durante il suo periodo di governo, stabilì come priorità la crescita economica, la creazione di posti di lavoro e il miglioramento del sistema educativo. Per gli anziani, rimosse le tasse sui medicinali e aumentò le esenzioni alla tassa sulla casa.[25]

All'inizio degli anni '80, Clinton focalizzò la propria attenzione sul sistema scolastico. Formò la Arkansas Education Standards Committee (Comitato per gli standard educativi dell'Arkansas), presieduto dalla moglie Hillary, che riuscì a riformare il sistema educativo, trasformandolo dal peggiore negli USA ad uno dei migliori. Questo è da molti considerato il più grande successo di Clinton come governatore. I principali punti della riforma erano l'aumento della spesa per le scuole, il miglioramento delle opportunità per i bambini particolarmente dotati, la maggiore possibilità di scelta nella carriera scolastica, l'aumento dei salari degli insegnanti, l'aumento dei corsi disponibili, e test d'insegnamento obbligatori per gli aspiranti insegnanti.[5][25] In totale, ha sconfitto 4 candidati governatore Repubblicani: Lowe (nel 1978, White (nel 1982 e nel 1986), l'uomo d'affari Woody Freeman (1984) e Sheffield Nelson (nel 1990).[20]

Durante gli anni '80 tra gli affari privati e personali dei Clinton troviamo le transazioni che divennero poi la base dello Scandalo Whitewater che infestò i suoi ultimi anni di presidenza.[27] Dopo una larga investigazione durata diversi anni, non fu formalizzata alcuna accusa contro i Clinton riguardo gli anni in Arkansas.[5][28]

Secondo alcune fonti, Clinton era un oppositore della pena di morte che poi cambiò opinione.[29][30] Durante il mandato di Clinton, l'Arkansas eseguì la prima esecuzione dal 1964 (la pena di morte era stata reintrodotta il 23 Marzo del 1973).[31] Da Governatore, sovrintese a quattro esecuzioni: una tramite sedia elettrica e tre tramite iniezione letale. Successivamente Clinton fu il primo presidente a graziare un condannato a morte da quando la pena di morte era stata reintrodotta nel 1988.[32]

Primarie presidenziali democratiche del 1988

 
Il Governatore Clinton e signora alla cena in onore dei governatori della nazione presso la Casa Bianca insieme al Presidente Ronald Reagan e alla first lady Nancy Reagan, nel 1987.

In 1987, there was media speculation Clinton would enter the race after then-New York Governor Mario Cuomo declined to run and Democratic front-runner Gary Hart withdrew owing to revelations of marital infidelity. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary Rodham Clinton for governor, initially favored – but ultimately vetoed – by the First Lady).[33] For the nomination, Clinton endorsed Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice as long as it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long[34] and poorly delivered.[35] Presenting himself as a moderate and a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991.[25][36]

1992 presidential campaign

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992, United States presidential election, 1992 e Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992.

In the first primary contest, the Iowa caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa Senator Tom Harkin. During the campaign for the New Hampshire primary, reports of an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers surfaced. As Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire polls,[5] following Super Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on 60 Minutes to rebuff the charges. Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in the New Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him "The Comeback Kid" for earning a firm second-place finish.[37]

Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the Southern primaries on Super Tuesday gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California Governor Jerry Brown was scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.[5][36] With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.[36] Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California.[5]

 
Clinton family in White House

During the campaign, questions of conflict of interest regarding state business and the politically powerful Rose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.[2][38] Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents "for the price of one".[39]

While campaigning for U.S. President, the then Governor Clinton returned to Arkansas to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to Arkansas state and Federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in a The New York Times article as a possible political move to counter "soft on crime" accusations.[29][40]

Because Bush's approval ratings were in the 80% range during the Gulf War, he was described as unbeatable. However, when Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower Federal deficits, he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes, hurting his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.[36] By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40%.[36][41] Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson addressed Christian themes at the Republican National Convention – with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform – many moderates were alienated.[42] Clinton then pointed to his moderate, "New Democrat" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.[43] Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.[44] Clinton and his running mate, Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a "new beginning".[44]

Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (43.0% of the vote) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (37.4% of the vote) and billionaire populist Ross Perot, who ran as an independent (18.9% of the vote) on a platform focusing on domestic issues; a significant part of Clinton's success was Bush's steep decline in public approval.[44] Clinton's election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress,[3] the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the 95th United States Congress during the Jimmy Carter presidency in the late 1970s.[45][46]

Presidency, 1993–2001

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Presidency of Bill Clinton.
 
Countries visited by President Clinton during his terms in office

During his presidency, Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, much of which was enacted into law or was implemented by the executive branch. Some of his policies, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance, while on other issues his stance was left-of-center.[47][48] Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history.[49][50][51] The Congressional Budget Office reported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,[52] during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.[53] At the end of his presidency, Clinton moved to New York and helped his wife win election to the U.S. Senate there.

First term, 1993–1997

First inauguration of Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993) (info file)
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Video of the First inauguration of Bill Clinton.
First inauguration of Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993) (info file)
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Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. Shortly after taking office, Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 on February 5, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,[54] and proved quite popular with the public.[55]

On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to cap the budget deficit.[56] Two days later, in a nationally televised address to a joint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.[57] Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates.[58]

On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office, causing a controversy even though the Travel Office staff served at the pleasure of the President, who could dismiss them without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming the firings were done because of financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.[59] Critics contended the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and that the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.[60]

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Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 in August of that year, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90% of small businesses,[61] and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of taxpayers. Additionally, through the implementation of spending restraints, it mandated the budget be balanced over a number of years.[62]

 
Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993.

Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding a health care reform plan on September 22, 1993, aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda, and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. Though at first well received in political circles, it was eventually doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives, the American Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, John F. Harris, a biographer of Clinton's, states the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.[28] Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation by George J. Mitchell failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration.[25][28]

In November 1993, David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater affair, alleged that Clinton, while governor of Arkansas, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the partner of the Clintons in the Whitewater land deal.[63] A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains innocence in the affair.

Clinton signed the Brady Bill into law on November 30, 1993, which imposed a five-day waiting period on handgun purchases. He also expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers.[28]

In December of that year, allegations by Arkansas state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in the American Spectator. Later known as Troopergate, the allegations by these men were that they arranged sexual liaisons for Bill Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman named Paula, a reference to Paula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated "bad journalism" and that "the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives."[64]

Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (December 8, 1993) (info file)
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Clinton's December 8, 1993 remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement
Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (December 8, 1993) (info file)
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That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexuality a secret, and forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.[65] This move garnered criticism from the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and from the right (who opposed any effort to allow gays to serve). Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.[66] Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that President Harry Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argue that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.[25] Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not "out of whack."[67] The policy remained controversial, and was finally repealed in 2011, removing open sexual preference as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces.[68]

On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.[69] Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes against 200 opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and 1 independent against). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the President.[69]

Clinton's 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill made many changes to U.S. law, including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, "My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons."[70]

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The Clinton administration also launched the first official White House website, whitehouse.gov, on October 21, 1994.[71][72] It was followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000.[73][74] The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 – Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public."[75]

After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress in the mid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years.[76]

 
Clinton and Boris Yeltsin share a laugh in October 1995.

Law professor Ken Gromley's book The Death of American Virtue reveals that Clinton escaped a 1996 assassination attempt in the Philippines by terrorists working for Osama bin Laden.[77] During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Manila in 1996, he was saved shortly before his car was due to drive over a bridge where a bomb had been planted. Gromley said he was told the details of the bomb plot by Louis Merletti, a former director of the Secret Service. Clinton was scheduled to visit a local politician in central Manila, when secret service officers intercepted a message suggesting that an attack was imminent. A transmission used the words "bridge" and "wedding", supposedly a terrorist's code words for assassination. The motorcade was re-routed and the US agents later discovered a bomb planted under the bridge. The report said the subsequent US investigation into the plot "revealed that it was masterminded by a Saudi terrorist living in Afghanistan named Osama bin Laden". Gromley said, "It remained top secret except to select members of the US intelligence community. At the time, there were media reports about the discovery of two bombs, one at Manila airport and another at the venue for the leaders' meeting".[78]

The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to FBI security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.[79] In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined that there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.[80]

On September 21, 1996, barely three years after the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" imbroglio, and further straining relations with the LGBT community, Clinton signed into law the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as the legal union of one man and one woman.[81] Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said that Clinton's signing of DOMA "was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election." Administration spokesman Richard Socarides said, "... the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected."[82] Clinton himself stated that DOMA was something "which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for President Bush up, I think it’s obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that."[83] Others were more critical. Representative Barney Frank (D-MA) called these claims "historic revisionism”.[82] In a July 2, 2011 editorial The New York Times opined, "The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments."[84]

As part of a 1996 initiative to curb illegal immigration, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,[85] the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000.[86][87]

The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself. The Chinese government denied all accusations.[88]

Second term, 1997–2001

 
President Bill Clinton (center), first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton (right) and their daughter Chelsea (left) wave to watchers at a parade down Pennsylvania Avenue on Inauguration Day, January 20, 1997.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2% of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7% of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4% of the popular vote), becoming the first Democratic incumbent since Lyndon Johnson to be elected to a second term and the first Democrat since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected President more than once.[89] The Republicans lost a few seats in the House and gained a few in the Senate, but retained control of both houses of the 105th United States Congress. Clinton received 379, or over 70% of the Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes.

 
Al Gore and Newt Gingrich applaud as US president Clinton waves during the State of the Union address in 1997.

In the January 1997 State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide coverage to up to five million children. Senators Ted Kennedy – a Democrat – and Orrin Hatch – a Republican – teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress the Adoption and Safe Families Act and two years later she succeeded in helping pass the Foster Care Independence Act. He negotiated the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.[90]

Impeachment

In a lame-duck session of Congress after the 1998 elections, the House voted to impeach Clinton, based on the results of the Lewinsky scandal.[28] This made Clinton only the second U.S. president to be impeached (the first being Andrew Johnson). Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had lied about his relationship with 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky in a sworn deposition in the Paula Jones lawsuit.[91] After the Starr Report was submitted to the House providing what it termed "substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment",[92] the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the mid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a lame-duck session in December 1998.

 
The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist presiding

While the House Judiciary Committee hearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony about his relationship to Lewinsky during a sexual harassment lawsuit[93] brought by former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones. The obstruction charge was based on his actions during the subsequent investigation of that testimony.

The Senate later voted to acquit Clinton on both charges.[94] The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm Williams & Connolly.[95] The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote (55 Not Guilty/45 Guilty) on both counts falling short of the Constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty.[94]

Clinton controversially issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.[28][96] Most of the controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.[97] Some of Clinton's pardons remain a point of controversy.[98]

Military and foreign events

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration.
 
President Clinton speaks with Col. Paul Fletcher, USAF, before boarding Air Force One, November 4, 1999.

Many military events occurred during Clinton's presidency. The Battle of Mogadishu occurred in Somalia in 1993. During the operation, two U.S. helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and one was taken prisoner. There were many more Somali casualties. Some of the American bodies were dragged through the streets – a spectacle broadcast on television news programs. In response, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraft attacked Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on U.N. safe zones and to pressure them into a peace accord. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequent Dayton Agreement.

 
General John P. Jumper, U.S. Air Forces in Europe commander, escorts President William Jefferson Clinton upon his arrival to Ramstein Air Base, Germany, May 5, 1999. The president visited several European air bases to thank the troops (not shown) for their support of NATO Operations Allied Force and Shining Hope, 1999.

Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government from the presidency of Bill Clinton until bin Laden's death in 2011.[99] It has been asserted by Mansoor Ijaz that in 1996 while the Clinton Administration had begun pursuit of the policy, the Sudanese government allegedly offered to arrest and extradite Bin Laden as well as to provide the United States detailed intelligence information about growing militant organizations in the region, including Hezbollah and Hamas,[100] and that U.S. authorities allegedly rejected each offer, despite knowing of bin Laden's involvement in bombings on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.[100] However, the 9/11 Commission found that although "former Sudanese officials claim that Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to the United States", "we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim."[101] In 1998, two years after the warning, the Clinton administration ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden that failed.[102]

In response to the 1998 al-Qaeda bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa that killed a dozen Americans and hundreds of Africans, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. First was a Sudanese Pharmaceutical company suspected of assisting Osama Bin Laden in making chemical weapons. The second was Bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan.[103] Clinton was subsequently criticized when it turned out that a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan (originally alleged to be a chemical warfare plant) had been destroyed.

 
President Clinton greets Air Force personnel at Spangdahlem Air Base, May 5, 1999.

To stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide[104][105] of Albanians by nationalist Serbs in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's province of Kosovo, Clinton authorized the use of American troops in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force. General Wesley Clark was Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and oversaw the mission. With United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized a peacekeeping force.[106] NATO announced that its forces had suffered zero combat deaths,[107] and two deaths from an Apache helicopter crash.[108] Opinions in the popular press criticized pre-war genocide statements by the Clinton administration as greatly exaggerated.[109][110] A U.N. Court ruled genocide did not take place, but recognized, "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments".[111] The term "ethnic cleansing" was used as an alternative to "genocide" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.[112] Slobodan Milošević, the President of Yugoslavia at the time, was eventually charged with the "murders of about 600 individually identified ethnic Albanians" and "crimes against humanity."[113]

In Clinton's 1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's possible pursuit of nuclear weapons:

«Together we must also confront the new hazards of chemical and biological weapons, and the outlaw states, terrorists and organized criminals seeking to acquire them. Saddam Hussein has spent the better part of this decade, and much of his nation's wealth, not on providing for the Iraqi people, but on developing nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the missiles to deliver them. The United Nations weapons inspectors have done a truly remarkable job, finding and destroying more of Iraq's arsenal than was destroyed during the entire gulf war. Now, Saddam Hussein wants to stop them from completing their mission. I know I speak for everyone in this chamber, Republicans and Democrats, when I say to Saddam Hussein, "You cannot defy the will of the world", and when I say to him, "You have used weapons of mass destruction before; we are determined to deny you the capacity to use them again.[114]»
 
Bill Clinton and Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House, October 29, 1997

To weaken Saddam Hussein's grip of power, Clinton signed H.R. 4655 into law on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.[115][116] The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign named Operation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. For the last two years of Clinton's presidency, U.S. aircraft routinely attacked hostile Iraqi anti-air installations inside the Iraqi no-fly zones.

Clinton's November 2000 visit to Vietnam was the first by a U.S. President since the end of the Vietnam War.[117] Clinton remained popular with the public throughout his two terms as President, ending his presidential career with a 65% approval rating, the highest end-of-term approval rating of any President since Dwight D. Eisenhower.[118] Further, the Clinton administration signed over 270 trade liberalization pacts with other countries during its tenure.[119] On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law the U.S.–China Relations Act of 2000, which granted permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) trade status to People's Republic of China.[120] The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform.[121] Clinton also oversaw a boom of the U.S. economy. Under Clinton, the United States had a projected federal budget surplus for the first time since 1969.[122]

After initial successes such as the Oslo accords of the early 1990s, Clinton attempted to address the Arab-Israeli conflict. Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat together at Camp David.[28] Following the peace talk failures, Clinton stated Arafat "missed the opportunity" to facilitate a "just and lasting peace." In his autobiography, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit.[2][123] The situation broke down completely with the start of the Second Intifada.[28]

Judicial appointments

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates e Bill Clinton judicial appointments.

Clinton appointed the following justices to the Supreme Court:

Along with his two Supreme Court appointments, Clinton appointed 66 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 305 judges to the United States district courts. His 373 judicial appointments are the second most in American history behind those of Ronald Reagan. Clinton also experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 69 nominees to federal judgeships were not processed by the Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee. In all, 84% of his nominees were confirmed.[126]

Public opinion

 
Clinton's approval ratings throughout his presidential career

Clinton's job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s throughout his first term. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.[127] After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.[128] He finished with an approval rating of 68%, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.[129]

As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA TODAY/Gallup poll revealed 45% said they would miss him. While 55% thought he "would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life", 68% thought he would be remembered for his "involvement in personal scandal", and 58% answered "No" to the question "Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?" Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. The same percentage said he would be remembered as either "outstanding" or "above average" as a president, while 22% said he would be remembered as "below average" or "poor".[130]

The Gallup Organization published a poll in February 2007, a correspondents to name the greatest president in U.S. history; Clinton came in fourth place, capturing 13% of the vote. In a 2006 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll asking respondents to name the best president since World War II, Clinton ranked number two behind Ronald Reagan. However, in the same poll, when respondents were asked to name the worst president since World War II, Clinton was placed number three behind Richard Nixon and George W. Bush.[131] In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.[132]

ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as, "You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics – and he's done a heck of a good job."[133] After leaving office, Clinton's Gallup Poll rating of 66% was the highest approval rating of any postwar, three points ahead of both Reagan and John F. Kennedy.[134]

In March 2010, a Newsmax/Zogby poll asking Americans which of the current living former presidents they think is best equipped to deal with the problems the country faces today, found that a wide margin of respondents would pick Bill Clinton. Clinton received 41% of the vote, while George W. Bush received 15%, George H. W. Bush received 7%, and Jimmy Carter received 5%.[135]

Public image

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Public image of Bill Clinton.

As the first baby boomer president, Clinton was the first president in a half-century not to have been alive during World War II.[136] Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward state Clinton's innovative use of sound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning was a major factor in his high public approval ratings.[137][138] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as "the MTV president."[139] Opponents sometimes referred to him as "Slick Willie",[140] a nickname first applied while he was governor of Arkansas and lasting throughout his presidency.[141] Standing at a height of 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Clinton is tied with five others as the fourth-tallest president in the nation's history.[142][143] His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed "Bubba", especially in the Southern U.S.[144] Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as "The Big Dog" or "Big Dog."[145][146]

 
Clinton greets a Hurricane Katrina evacuee, who is in a wheelchair, in the Reliant Center at the Houston Astrodome on September 5, 2005. Standing behind Clinton is then-Senator Barack Obama.

Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency.[147] In 1998, Nobel laureate Toni Morrison called Clinton "the first Black president", saying, "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas".[148] Noting that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, Morrison compared this to the stereotyping and double standards that blacks typically endure.[148]

Allegations of sexual misconduct

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Sexual misconduct allegations against Bill Clinton.

Clinton has been subject to several allegations of sexual misconduct, though he has only admitted extramarital relationships with Monica Lewinsky and Gennifer Flowers.[149]

In 1994, Paula Jones brought a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton, claiming he made unwanted advances in 1991, which he denied. The case was initially dismissed,[150] but Jones appealed.[151] During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,[152] Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky – a denial that became the basis for the impeachment charge of perjury.[153] He later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid $850,000.[154] His attorney Bob Bennett stated that he only made the settlement so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.[155]

In 1992 nude model and actress Gennifer Flowers stated that she had a relationship with Clinton that began in 1980.[156] Flowers at first denied that she had an affair with Clinton, but later changed her story.[157][158] Clinton admitted that he had a sexual encounter with Flowers.[159]

In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged Clinton groped her in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave "false information" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.[160] Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged Clinton had raped her though she did not remember the exact date, which may have been 1978.[161] In another 1998 event, Elizabeth Ward Gracen recanted a six-year-old denial and stated she had a one night stand with Clinton in 1982.[162] Gracen later apologized to Hillary Clinton.[163] Throughout the year, however, Gracen eluded a subpoena from Kenneth Starr to testify her claim in court.[164]

Post-presidential career

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Post-presidency of Bill Clinton.
 
William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park, dedicated in 2004

Bill Clinton continues to be active in public life, giving speeches, fundraising, and founding charitable organizations.[165] Altogether, Clinton has spoken at the last six Democratic National Conventions, dating to 1988.

Activities up until 2008 campaign

In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences.[166][167] In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Montreal.[168]

The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas was dedicated in 2004.[169] Clinton released a best-selling autobiography, My Life in 2004.[170] In 2007, he released Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became a The New York Times Best Seller and garnered positive reviews.[171]

 
Clinton with former President George H. W. Bush in January 2005

In the aftermath of the 2005 Asian tsunami, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Clinton to head a relief effort.[172] After Hurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former President George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.[173] As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in a Super Bowl XXXIX pre-game show,[174] and traveled to the affected areas.[175] They also spoke together at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin in 2007.[176]

Based on his philanthropic worldview,[177] Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as global public health, poverty alleviation and religious and ethnic conflict.[178] In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugared drinks in schools.[179] Clinton's foundation joined with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.[180] The foundation has received donations from a number of governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.[181] In 2008, Foundation director Inder Singh announced that deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30% in developing nations.[182] Clinton also spoke in favor of California Proposition 87 on alternative energy, which was voted down.[183]

2008 presidential election

During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary Clinton. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.[184] Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.[185] Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.[186] Considering Bill's remarks, many thought that he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.[187] Such remarks lead to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, saying that all his experience as president assures him that Obama is "ready to lead".[188] After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt.[189][190]

After the 2008 election

 
Clinton with President Barack Obama and Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett in July 2010

In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists imprisoned in North Korea. Euna Lee and Laura Ling had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.[191] Jimmy Carter had made a similar visit in 1994.[191] After Clinton met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon.[192][193]

Since then, Clinton has been assigned a number of other diplomatic missions. He was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009.[194] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.[195] Clinton continues to visit Haiti to witness the inauguration of refugee villages, and to raise funds for victims of the earthquake.[196] In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration of NTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.[197][198] In July 2012, Clinton gave the keynote address at the Re|Source Conference, a collaboration between Oxford University, the Stordalen Foundation and the Rothschild Foundation.[199] At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama.

Post-presidential health concerns

In September 2004, Clinton received a quadruple bypass surgery.[200] In March 2005, he underwent surgery for a partially collapsed lung.[201] On February 11, 2010, he was rushed to Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City after complaining of chest pains, and had two coronary stents implanted in his heart.[200][202] After this experience, Clinton adopted the plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet recommended by doctors Dean Ornish and Caldwell Esselstyn.[203]

Honors and accolades

  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: List of honors and awards earned by Bill Clinton.
 
Secretary of Defense Cohen presents President Clinton the DoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service.
 
Monumental Clinton statue in the capital of the Republic of Kosovo.

Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, including Doctorate of Law degrees[204][205] and Doctor of Humane Letters degrees.[206] Schools have been named for Clinton,[207][208][209] and statues do homage him.[210][211][212] U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,[213] Arkansas,[214] Kentucky,[215] and New York.[216] He was presented with the Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen in 2001.[217] The Clinton Presidential Center was opened in Little Rock, Arkansas in his honor on December 5, 2001.[218]

He has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,[219] Papua New Guinea,[220] Germany,[221] and Kosovo.[210] The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during the Kosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city of Pristina as Bill Clinton Boulevard and added a monumental Clinton statue.[222][223][224]

In 1993, Clinton was selected as TimeTemplate:'s "Man of the Year",[225] and again in 1998, along with Ken Starr.[226] From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century.[227] He has been honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,[228] a TED Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),[229] and many other awards and honors.

Opere

References

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Letture ulteriori

Fonti primarie

  • (EN) Clinton, Bill. (with Al Gore). Science in the National Interest. Washington, D.C.: The White House, August 1994.
  • --- (with Al Gore). The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993.
  • (EN) Taylor Branch The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History with the President. (2009) Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4333-6
  • (EN) Official Congressional Record Impeachment Set : ... Containing the Procedures for Implementing the Articles of Impeachment and the Proceedings of the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
  • (EN) Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1994–2002.
  • (EN) S. Daniel Abraham Peace is Possible, foreword by Bill Clinton

Libri popolari

Studi accademici

  • Cohen; Jeffrey E. "The Polls: Change and Stability in Public Assessments of Personal Traits, Bill Clinton, 1993–99" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, 2001
  • Cronin, Thomas E. and Michael A. Genovese; "President Clinton and Character Questions" Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 28, 1998
  • Davis; John. "The Evolution of American Grand Strategy and the War on Terrorism: Clinton and Bush Perspectives" White House Studies, Vol. 3, 2003
  • Edwards; George C. "Bill Clinton and His Crisis of Governance" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
  • Fisher; Patrick. "Clinton's Greatest Legislative Achievement? the Success of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill" White House Studies, Vol. 1, 2001
  • Glad; Betty. "Evaluating Presidential Character" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
  • William G. Hyland. Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy (1999) ISBN 0-275-96396-9
  • Jewett, Aubrey W. and Marc D. Turetzky; "Stability and Change in President Clinton's Foreign Policy Beliefs, 1993–96" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
  • Johnson, Fard. "Politics, Propaganda and Public Opinion: The Influence of Race and Class on the 1993–1994 Health Care Reform Debate", 2004. ISBN 1-4116-6345-4
  • Laham, Nicholas, A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance (1996)
  • Lanoue, David J. and Craig F. Emmert; "Voting in the Glare of the Spotlight: Representatives' Votes on the Impeachment of President Clinton" Polity, Vol. 32, 1999
  • Maurer; Paul J. "Media Feeding Frenzies: Press Behavior during Two Clinton Scandals" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
  • Nie; Martin A. Template:" 'It's the Environment, Stupid!': Clinton and the Environment" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997
  • O'Connor; Brendon. "Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992–1996" The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002
  • Poveda; Tony G. "Clinton, Crime, and the Justice Department" Social Justice, Vol. 21, 1994
  • Renshon; Stanley A. The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership Westview Press, 1995
  • Renshon; Stanley A. "The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 1: Inconsistent Theories, Contradictory Evidence" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, 2002
  • Rushefsky, Mark E. and Kant Patel. Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s (1998) ISBN 1-56324-956-1
  • Schantz, Harvey L. Politics in an Era of Divided Government: Elections and Governance in the Second Clinton Administration (2001) ISBN 0-8153-3583-0
  • Wattenberg; Martin P. "The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
  • Wattier; Mark J. "The Clinton Factor: The Effects of Clinton's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election" White House Studies, Vol. 4, 2004
  • Smithers, Luken J. "The Miracle Whip"

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  Portale Biografie

Predecessore Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America Successore  
George H. W. Bush 1993 - 2001 George W. Bush
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