Utente:Itaka1960/Sandbox

La Dichiarazione di Zheleznovodsk (anche Comunicato di Zheleznovodsk) fu una dichiarazione congiunta di pace redatta nella omonima città della Russia ciscaucasica il 23 settembre 1991 con le mediazione dei presidenti Boris Eltsin (Federazione Russa) e Ayaz Mutalibov (Azerbaigian),e i presidenti Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakistan ) e Levon Ter-Petrossian (Armenia).

L'intenzione alla base di questa dichiarazione era quella di porre fine alla conflittualità etnica che contrapponeva dal 1988 armeni ed azeri per il controllo del Nagorno Karabakh. Per quanto fosse stato raggiunto un consenso informale tra le parti, il trattato non fu mai ratificato.

Antefatto

Il contenzioso riguardante l'Oblast Autonomo del Nagorno Karabakh si era riacceso nel 1987 con la petizione popolare cui il Soviet locale richiedeva l'annessione della regione alla Repubblica Socialista Sovietica Armena svincolandosi così dalla Repubblica Socialista Sovietica Azera alla quale era stata attribuita da Stalin nel 1921 nonostante i pareri contrari dei Congressi del popolo tra il 1918 ed il 1920.

With consent from the authorities in Azerbaijan and Armenia, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September 20-23 visiting Baku, Ganja, Stepanakert (Khankendi) and Yerevan. Taking the principles of territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, breakthrough was achieved on September 22 when Armenia renounced all its claims to Azerbaijani territory.[3] This allowed the parties to agree to a joint communique the next day, committing both sides to disarm and withdraw militias, allow return of refugees and IDPs, re-establish Soviet-era administrative order of the Nagorno-Karabakh oblast and set up delegations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. Soviet army and internal troops would still remain in the conflict zone and the process would be supervised by Russian and Kazakh officials. The peace communiqué was discussed with participation of Y. Shaposhnikov, V.Barannikov, S. Voskanyan, M. Gezalov, V. Dzhafarov, R. Kocharian, L. Petrosian, M. Radayev and was signed by Boris Yeltsin (Russian Federation), Ayaz Mutalibov (Azerbaijan), Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan) and Levon Ter-Petrosian (Armenia).[4]

The peace efforts came to a halt due to continuing bombardment and atrocities by Azerbaijani OMON in Stepanakert and Chapar in late September.[5]

After, Azerbaijan motivated its actions by the crash of Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter with Russian, Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high-ranking state officials on-board when it was shot down over Karakend village of Khojavend district in uninvestigated circumstances in November 20.[6] See also

   Madrid Principles
   Tehran Communiqué
   Bishkek Protocol

References

   ^ " "The Transitional Justice Peace Agreements Database. Record 617". Retrieved April 14, 2010.
   ^ (Russian)"Карабах: хронология конфликта [Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict]". BBC News. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
   ^ Bill Keller (1991-09-23). "ARMENIA YIELDING CLAIM ON ENCLAVE". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
   ^ "Zheleznovodsk Declaration". September 23, 1991. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
   ^ Nuykin, Andrey. "Karabkhsky dnevnik". Izvestia. 1991-10-19.
   ^ Eichensehr, Kristen; Reisman, W.Michael (1998). Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-17855-7. Retrieved April 14, 2010.

External links

   The unofficial translation of Zheleznovodsk Declaration