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The following is a list of Proto-Indo-European roots, given with their basic meaning and notable cognates in Indo-European languages.
Note that only roots are listed here; see also Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles and Proto-Indo-European numerals.
b
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *bak- | staff | Gk. baktēria, Lat. baculum, Ir. bacc/bac, Welsh bach, Lith. bakstelėti, Ltv. bakstīt |
| *bel- | power, strength | Skr. bala, Gk. beltiōn, Ir. adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russ. bol'šoj, Kamviri bâlim, Phryg. balaios, Low German pal, OCS boljĭjĭ, Lat. dēbĭlis |
bʰ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *bʰabʰ-eH₂- | bean | Old Prussian babo, Russ. bob, Polish bób, Alb. bathë, Gm. bona/Bohne, Eng. bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, ON baun, Lat. faba |
| *bʰar-es- | spelt | Phryg. brisa, Eng. bærlic/barley, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Lat. farina, Welsh bara, Goth. barizīns, ON barr, OCS brašĭno |
| *bʰardʰ-eH₂- | beard | Lith. barzda, Ltv. bārda, Eng. beard/beard, Gm. bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, ON barðr, Crimean Gothic bars, Lat. barba |
| *bʰeH₂go- | beech | Gm. buohha/Buche, Lat. fāgus, Gk. phugos, Eng. bēce/beech, ON bók, Gaul. Bāgācon, Russ. buzina, Polish buk |
| *bʰei- | bee | Eng. bēo/bee, Lith. bitė, Ltv. bite, Ir. bech/bech, Russ. pčela, Gm. bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Alb. bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaul. bekos, ON bý, OCS bŭčela, Lat. fūcus |
| *bʰel- | light, bright | Russ. bely, Gaul. Belenos, Lith. blagnytis; baltas, Ltv. balts, Skr. bharga;bhālam, Phryg. falos, Alb. ballë, Illyr. balta, Arm. bal/pal, Gk. phlegein; phalos, ON bāl; blár; bleikr, Russ. belyj, Polish biały, Eng. blæcern/; blǣcan/bleach; blǣwen/, Gm. blecken/blecken; bleich/bleich; blāo/blau, Goth. bala, Ir. beltene/bealtaine; blár/, Welsh bal; blawr, Thrac. balios, Old Prussian ballo, Lat. flagrāre; flāvus, Oscan Flagiúi;Flaviies, Toch. pälk/pälk |
| *bʰel- | to bloom | Lat. folium; flos, Gk. phullon, Eng. blōstm/blossom, Ir. bláth/, Gm. bluomo/Blume, ON blómi, Toch. pält/pilta, Welsh blawd, Goth. blōma, Oscan Fluusaí |
| *bʰenǵʰ | thick | Gm. bungo/, Ltv. biezs, Toch. /pkante, Hitt. panku, Gk. pakhus/, Skr. bahu, Av. bązah, ON bingr |
| *bʰer- | brown, shining | Ltv. bērs; bebrs, Lith. bėras; bebras, Old Prussian bebrus, Gaul. Bibrax, Welsh befer, Eng. brūn/brown; bera/bear; beofer/beaver, Gm. brūn/braun; bero/Bär; bibar/Biber, ON brúnn; bjǫrn; bjórr, Skr. bhallas; babhrus, Av. bawra, Lat. fiber, Polish bóbr, Russ. bobr, Toch. parno/perne; paräṁ/perne |
| *bʰer- | to bear / carry | Skr. bharati, Av. baraiti, Russ. beru, Ir. berim/beirim, Welsh cymmeryd, Arm. berel/perel, Alb. bie, Gk. pherō, Lat. fero, Umbrian fertu, Eng. beran/bear, Gm. burde/Burde, Toch. pär/pär, Lith. baras, Ltv. bars, Kamviri bor, Phryg. ber, Goth. bairan, ON bera, OCS berǫ, Pers. baratuv/bār, Polish brać |
| *bʰer- | to boil | Alb. burmë, Gaul. Voberā, Ir. bréo/, Welsh beru, Eng. brǣþ/breath, Gm. brādam/Brodem, ON bráðr, Gk. phurdēn-migdēn, Skr. bhurati |
| *bʰeres- | lively | Russ. borzoj, Lith. bruzdu, Gaul. brys, Ir. bras/, Polish bardzo, OCS brŭzŭ, Lat. festīnō |
| *bʰerǵʰ- | fort | Russ. bereg, Eng. burg/borough, Arm. bardzut'iun/partsut'iun, Skr. barhayati, Av. bərəzant, Gaul. Bergusia, Gm. berg/Burg, Hitt. parku, Toch. pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thrac. bergas, Goth. baírgahī, ON bjarg; borg, Pers. /burj, Ir. brí/, Alb. burg, Illyr. Berginium, XMK Berga, Welsh bera, Lyc. prije;pruwa, Lat. fortis |
| *bʰerǵʰ- | to hide, protect | OCS brĕgą, Russ. bereč', Eng. byrgan/bury, ON bjarga, Goth. bairgan, Gm. bergan/bergen |
| *bʰeudʰ- | to wake, rise up | Skr. bodhati; buddha, Lith. budinti, Ltv. budīt, Old Prussian budē, Av. buiðyeiti, Ir. buide/buidhe, Welsh bodd, ON bjóða; boð, Gk. pepusmai/, Eng. bēodan/bid; bodian/bode, Kamviri bidi, Russ. budit', Polish budzić, OCS bljudo, Gm. biotan/bieten; gibot/Gebot, Goth. anabiudan, Pers. /bēdār-šudan |
| *bʰeuH₂- (*bʰeuH₂mi [1ps]) | to appear, become, rise up | Skr. bhū; bhavati, Lith. būti, Ltv. būt, Old Prussian būton, Russ. byt', Ir. buith/beith, Eng. beon/be, Gm. bim/bin, Kamviri bu, Polish być, Welsh bod, Gk. phuomai, Old Prussian būton, Oscan fiiet, Umbrian fust, Pers. būmī/bum, Av. bavaiti, Alb. buj, Arm. bois/pois, Illyr. Bumi, Thrac. Kasibounon, Goth. bauan, Gaul. Vindobios, Toch. pyotk/pyautk, ON búa, OCS byti, Lat. fuī |
| *bʰleH₁- | to bleat | Alb. blegë, Lith. bliauti, Ltv. blēt, Eng. blǣtan/bleat, Gk. belazō, Russ. blejat', Lat. fleō |
| *bʰlēiǵ | to shine | Ltv. bližģēt, Lith. blaikštytis, Eng. blīcan/, Gm. blīhhan/Blech, ON blíkja, Russ. blesk, OCS bliskŭ |
| *bʰosó- | naked | Russ. bosoj, Lith. basas, Ltv. bass, Arm. bok/pog, Eng. bær/bare, ON berr, Goth. bazis, Gk. psilos, Polish boso, Gm. bar/bar, OCS bosŭ |
| *bʰred- | to wade | Alb. bredh, Ltv. brist; bridu, Lith. bristi; bredu, Russ. bredu, Polish brnąć, Thrac. Bredai |
| *bʰruH- | beam, bridge | Gaul. brīva, Eng. brycg/bridge, Gm. brugga/Brücke, ON brú, Russ. brevno, Polish birzwno, OCS brĭvŭno |
| *bʰruH- | brow | Skr. bhrus, Lith. bruvis, Ir. bru/bruach, Eng. brū/brow, Russ. brov', XMK abroutes, Gk. ophrus, Gm. /Braue, Toch. pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, OCS bruvi, ON brún, Pers. /abru |
| *bʰráH₂ter- | brother | Arm. ełbayr/yeġbayr/yeġpayr, Eng. brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Umbrian fratrom, Gk. phrātēr, Toch. pracer/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russ. brat, Gm. bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Skr. bhrātṛ, Ir. bráthir/bráthair, Lith. brolis, Ltv. brālis, Gaul. brātir, Pers. brātar/barādar, Phryg. brater, Illyr. bra, Goth. brōþar, ON bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, OCS bratrŭ, Osset. ærvad/, Av. brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Venetic vhraterei, Lyd. brafr-, Kurd. bra, Lat. frāter |
| *bʰudʰ-no-, *bʰudʰ-mn̥- | bottom | Skr. budhna, Av. bŭnō, Arm. bun/pun, Ir. bond/bonn, Gk. puthmēn, Lat. fundus, Gm. bodam/boden, Eng. botm/bottom, ON botn, Welsh bôn, Pers. /bun |
| *bʰuHgos- | goat | Av. būza. Pers. /buz, Arm. buz/puz, Ir. bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, ON bukkr, Eng. buc/buck, Gm. boc/Bock |
| *bʰérH₁ǵo- | birch | Russ. bereza, Polish brzoza, Lith. beržas, Ltv. bērzs, Osset. bärz, Skr. bhūrjas, Gm. birihha/Birke, ON bjǫrk, Old Prussian berse, Eng. birce/birch, Thrac. berzas, OCS breza, Lat. frāxinus |
d
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *deH₁- | to bind | Alb. duaj, Gk. desmos, Skr. dyati, Av. nīdyātąm |
| *deH₂iwer- | husband's brother | Skr. devar, Russ. dever', Polish dziewierz, Lith. dieveris, Ltv. dieveris, Gm. zeihhur/--, Eng. tācor/--, Gk. dāēr/, Arm. taygr/daykr, OCS dĕverĭ, Kurd. diš/héwer |
| *deH₃- | to give | Russ. dat', Arm. tal/dal, Lith. duoti, Ltv. dot; deva, Skr. dā;dadāti, Av. dadāiti, Osset. daettyn, Alb. dhashë, Gk. didō, Kashmiri dẏyūn, Polish dać, Phryg. dadón, Old Prussian dātwei, Lat. dare, Oscan dede, Umbrian dadad, Ir. dán/, Welsh dawn, Hitt. dā, Lyc. da, Luw. da-, Lyd. da-, Gaul. doenti, OCS dati, Pers. dadātuv/dādan |
| *dem-H₂- | to domesticate, tame | Skr. dāmyati, Gk. damnanai, Ir. damnaim/, Hitt. damaašzi, Av. dam, Lat. domāre, Eng. tam/tame, Gm. zemmen/zähmen, Goth. gatamjan, ON temja, Osset. domun, Pers. /dām, Welsh addef |
| *deuk- | to lead | Alb. nduk, Eng. togian/tow, Gm. ziohan/ziehen, Goth. tiuhan, ON toginn, Gk. adeukēs/, Lat. dūcō |
| *deḱs- | right (direction) | Gaul. Dexsiva, Lat. dexter, Umbrian destrame, Lith. dešinė, Av. dašina, Alb. djathtë, Gm. zeso/, Welsh deheu, Oscan destrst, Gk. deksios, Skr. dakṣina, Goth. taíhswa, Ir. dech/, Toch. täk/, OCS desnaya; desnŭ, Russ. desnica, Kashmiri dạchūn |
| *dhǵʰyes- | yesterday | Eng. geostran/yesterday, Alb. dje, Skr. hyas, Av. zyō, Pers. diyaka/dīg, Gk. khthes, Lat. herī, Welsh ddoe, Ir. indhé/an(d)é, Goth. gistradagis, ON í gǽr, Gm. gesteron/gestern |
| *dlegʰ- | to engage oneself | Ir. dliged/dlígheadh, Welsh dyled, Eng. plegian/play; pliht/plight, Gm. pflegan/pflegen; pfliht/Pflicht, Lat. indulgēre; plevium, Russ. dolg, Polish dług, OCS dlŭgŭ |
| *dluH₂gʰó- | long | Hitt. dalugaes, Russ. dolgij, Lith. ilgas, Ltv. ilgs, Skr. dīrgha, Av. darəga, Welsh dala, Lat. longus, Gaul. Loggostalētes, Pers. darga/derāz, Eng. lang/long; lencten/lent, Gm. lang/lang; lenzo/Lenz, ON langr, Goth. laggs, Alb. gjatë, Gk. dolikhos, Old Prussian ilgi, Ir. long/, OCS dlŭgŭ, Polish długi, Welsh dal, Ksahmiri dūr |
| *dn̥ǵʰu-H₂- | tongue | Lat. lingua, Ir. tenge/teanga, Eng. tunge/tongue, Goth. tuggo, ON tunga, Skr. jihvā, Av. hizvā, Russ. jazyk, Lith. liežuvis, Arm. lezu, Gm. zunga/Zunge, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Pers. hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Toch. käntu/kantwo |
| *dom-, *dóm-o- | house | Skr. dama, Av. dąm, Gk. domos, Lat. domus, Russ. dom, Polish dom, Eng. timber/timber, Gm. zimbar/Zimmer, ON timbr, (Kamviri?,) Umbrian dâmoa, Arm. tun/dun, Lith. namas, Ltv. nams, Welsh tŷ, Toch. tam/täm |
| *dous- | forearm | Skr. doṣnas, Av. daoš, Ir. doít/doíd, Lith. dilbis, Ltv. paduse, Russ. pazuxa, Pers. /doš |
| *dra- | to run | Skr. drāti, Gk. apodrasis; dromos, Illyr. Dravos, Lith. drebėti, Gm. /Trappel, Goth. anatrimpan, Av. draonah |
| *drem- | to sleep | Russ. dremat', Skr. drāyati, Gk. darthanō/, Lat. dormiō, Arm. tartam/dardam, Polish drzemać, OCS dremlju |
| *dus- | to fail | Skr. duṣyati, Av. duš, Gk. deō, Ir. do-/, Arm. t-/d-, Goth. tuz-, ON tjón, Eng. tēona/, Gm. zur-/, OCS dŭždĭ, Russ. dožd', Polish deszcz, Pers. dušiyaram/, |
| *dwi- | two | Arm. erku/yerku/yergu, Alb. dy/dy, Lith. du/dvi, Ltv. divi, Gaul. vo, Gm. zwene/zwei, Eng. twā/two, Gk. duō, Av. duua, Hitt. dā-, Ir. dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Lyc. tuwa, Kamviri dü, Lat. duo, Oscan dus, ON tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Pers. duva/do, OCS dŭva, Polish dwa, Russ. dva, Skr. dva, Toch. wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Goth. twai, Welsh dau |
| *dáḱru- | tear (drop from eye) |
Gk. dakru, Gm. zahar/Zähre, Eng. tēar/tear, Skr. aśru, Old Lat. decrimare, Lat. lacrĭma, Lith. ašara, Ltv. asara, Welsh deigryn, Ir. dér/déar, Toch. ākär/akrūna, Goth. tagr, ON tár, Arm. arc'unk', Av. asrūazan |
| *déi-no- | day | Arm. tiv/div, Russ. den', Ir. denus/, Lith. diena, Ltv. diena, Skr. dinam, Lat. diēs, Alb. gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Ir. día/dia, Goth. sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, Eng. lencten/lent, Gm. lenzo/Lenz |
| *déiw-o- | god, i.e. 'shining' | Skr. deva, Av. daēva, Lat. deus, Lith. dievas, Ltv. dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaul. Dēvona, Gk. theos-Zeus, Phryg. tios, Russ. divo, Polish dziw, Kamviri di, Eng. Tiw/Tuesday, Gm. Ziu/--, ON Týr, Goth. Tyz, Welsh duw, Ir. día/día, Lyc. ziw, Luw. tiwat-, Lyd. Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Arm. tiv/--/-- |
| *déḱm̥ | ten | Arm. tasn/tas/dasĕ, Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Lith. dešimt, Ltv. desmit, Gaul. decam, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, Eng. tīen/ten, Gk. deka, Av. dasa, Ir. deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc, Lat. decem, Oscan deken, ON tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Osset. dæs/dæs, Pers. daθa/dah, OCS desętĭ, Polish dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Skr. daśa, Toch. śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Goth. taihun, Welsh deg |
| *dór-u- (nom-acc. *dóru, gen. *derw-ós) | tree | Arm. caṙ/dzaṙ, Lith. derva, Ltv. dreve, Gaul. Dervus, Russ. derevo, Eng. trēow/tree, Hitt. taru, Luw. tarweja-, Gk. drus, Lat. durus, Alb. dru/drû, Ir. derucc/, Toch. or, Kamviri dâa, Pers. /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Skr. dāru, Av. dāuru, Goth. triu, ON tré, Old Prussian drawine, XMK darullos |
dʰ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *dʰal- | to blossom | Alb. dal, Arm. dalar/talar, Gk. thallō, Welsh dail, Ir. duille/ |
| *dʰeb- | fat | Russ. debelyj, Old Prussian debīkan, Toch. tpär/täpr, ON dapr, Gm. taphar/tapfer, Ltv. dabļš, OCS debelŭ |
| *dʰegʷh- | to burn | Lith. degti, Ltv. degt, Lat. fovēre, Russ. žgučij, Alb. djek, Ir. daig/, Skr. dahati, Av. dažaiti, Old Prussian dagis, Pers. /dāġ, Gk. theptanos/, Toch. tsäk/tsäk, OCS žešti, Polish żgę |
| *dʰeH₁(i)- | to suck/suckle | Alb. djathë, Arm. diem/tiem, Lith. dėlė, Ltv. dēt, Old Prussian dadan, Ir. diul/diuilim, Welsh dynu, Eng. delu/--, Gm. tāen/--; tila/--, Goth. daddjan, ON dilkr, Skr. dhā; dhayati, Av. daēnu, Pers. dadan/, Lat. fēmina; fētus; fēlāre, Umbrian feliuf, Gk. thēlē; thēlus, OCS doiti, Russ. doit', Polish doić |
| *dʰeH₁- | to place, set, put | Skr. dadhāti, Av. daðaiti, Lat. faciō, Oscan faciiad, Umbrian feitu, Hitt. dai, Pers. adadā/, Gk. tithēmi/, Lith. dėti, Ltv. dēt, Polish dziać; działać, Russ. det'; delat', Eng. dōn/do, Gm. tuon/tun, Goth. gadeths, ON dalidun, Phryg. dak-, Gaul. dede, Thrac. didzos, Alb. ndonj, Toch. täs/täs, Welsh dall, Arm. ed/et, Lyc. ta- |
| *dʰeiǵʰ- | to mold | Gk. teikhos, Ir. digen/, Russ. deža, Eng. dāg/dough, Goth. daigs, ON deig, Gm. teig/Teig, Skr. dih; degdhi, Lat. fingere, Av. pairidaēza, Pers. didā/dēz, Arm. dizanem, Thrac. -dizos, Umbrian fikla, Lith. žiest, Ltv. ziest, Old Prussian siduko, Oscan feíhúss, Toch. tsek/tsik |
| *dʰel- | light | Alb. diell, Arm. dełin/deġin/teġin, Eng. deall/, ON Dellingr, Ir. dellrad/ |
| *dʰergʰen- | thorn | Skr. drākṣa, Gm. tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Ir. draigen/droigheann, Lith. drignės, Ltv. driģenes, Russ. deren, Polish drzazga |
| *dʰers- | to dare | Skr. dhṛṣṇoti, Lat. infestus, OCS drŭzŭ Russ. derzkij, Old Prussian dyrsos, Eng. dearr/dare, Gm. giturran/--; gitar/, Gk. thrasos, Lith. drįsti, Ltv. drošs, Pers. adaršnauš, Av. daršam, Goth. gadars |
| *dʰeub- | deep | Lith. dubti, Ltv. dubens, Gaul. Dubnorīx, Illyr. dubris, Goth. diups, ON diupr, Eng. dēop/deep, Gk. buthos, Gm. tiof/tief, Welsh dwfn, Ir. ___domain/, Russ. dno; duplo, Polish dno |
| *dʰrei- | to defecate | Russ. dristat', ON dríta, Lith. dergti, Gk. dardainei, Lat. foria, Gm. trīzan/ |
| *dʰreugʰ- | to deceive | ON draugr, Skr. druhyati, Av. družaiti, Eng. drēam/dream, Gm. troum/Traum, Pers. drauga/, Ir. aurddrach/ |
| *dʰugH₂-tér- | daughter | Skr. duhitṛ, Gk. thugatēr, Toch. ckācar/tkacer, Eng. dohtor/daughter, OCS dŭšti, Russ. doč', Arm. dustr/tusdr, Gm. tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaul. duxtīr, Pers. /doxtar, Lith. duktė, Old Prussian duckti, ON dóttir, Goth. dauhtar, Av. duydar, Luw. duttariyata, Hitt. duttariyatiyaš |
| *dʰuH₁-mo- | smoke | Skr. dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russ. dym, Lat. fūmus, Gm. toup/toben, Gk. thumos, Toch. twe/tweye, Lith. dūmai, Ltv. dūmi, Eng. dōmian/dusk, Goth. dauns, ON daunn, Ir. dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Pers. /dud, OCS dymŭ |
| *dʰwer- | door | Arm. duṙn/duṙ/tuṙ, Russ. dver', Skr. dvār, Av. dvarəm, Alb. derë, ON dyrr, Eng. duru/door, Gaul. doro, Gk. thura, Lith. durys, Ltv. durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Lat. fores, Umbrian furo, Gm. tor/Tür, Ir. dorus/doras, Toch. --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Goth. daur, Polish drzwi, Pers. duvaraya/dar, Thrac. dur |
| *dʰǵʰom- (nom. *dʰǵʰōm, gen. *dʰǵʰm̥-(m)ós) | earth | Phryg. zemelo, Thrac. semele, Pers. zam, Skr. kṣa, Gk. khthōn, Lat. humus, Goth. guma, ON gumi, Eng. guma/bridegroom, Gm. gomo/Bräutigam, Alb. dhè, OCS zemlja, Russ. zemlja, Ir. du/duine, Hitt. tekan, Luw. dakam-, Toch. tkam/keṃ, Kashmiri za.min, Lith. žemė, Ltv. zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Pers. zamin, Osset. zæxx/, Polish ziemia |
| *dʰǵʰu- | fish | Lith. žuvis, Ltv. zivs, Arm. dzukn/dzuk/cug, Gk. ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis |
ǵ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ǵebʰ- | jaw | Russ. zob, Ir. gopchóel/gob, Gm. /Kiefer, Eng. ceafl/jowl, ON keptr, Av. zafana |
| *ǵeme- | to marry | Skr. jāmātar, Av. zāmātar, Gk. gambros, Lat. gener |
| *ǵenH₁- (*ǵénH₁ō [1ps]) | to give birth | Gk. genos, Lat. genus, Eng. cyn/kin; cyning/king, Gm. kind/Kind; kuning/König, Russ. zjat', Av. zīzənti, Skr. jāti, Kamviri zut, Thrac. zenis, Phryg. cin, Ir. adgainemmar/geinim, Goth. kuni, Lith. gimdyti, Ltv. znots, Welsh geni, Gaul. Cintugnātus, ON kind; konungr, Pers. /zāēdan, Hitt. genzu, Arm. cnauġ/dznauġ, Toch. kän/kän, Alb. dhëndër/dhândër, Oscan Genetaí, Umbrian natine, OCS zętĭ |
| *ǵenu- | cheek | Lat. gena, Welsh genou, Gk. genos, Goth. kinnus, Skr. hanu, Av. zanu, Lith. žandas, Ltv. zods, Phryg. azon, Toch. śanwem/, Arm. cnaut/dznaud, Eng. cin/chin, Gm. chinni/Kinn, Ir. gin/gionach, ON kinn, Pers. /goune(h), XMK kanadoi |
| *ǵeus- | taste | Lat. dēgūnō, Goth. kiusan, Gm. kiosan/kiesen, Skr. joṣati, Av. zaošō, Alb. dashur, Polish gust, Eng. ceosan/choose, Pers. dauš/, Ir. asagussim/--, Gk. geuomai |
| *ǵH₂lōu- | brother's wife | OCS zlŭva, Russ. zolovka, Gk. galōs, Phryg. gelaros, Polish zełwa |
| *ǵneH₃- | to know | Lat. cognoscō, OCS znati, Russ. znat', Polish znać, Lith. žinoti, Ltv. zināt, Skr. jñā, Av. paitizānənti, Eng. cnāwan/know, Toch. knān/nān, Ir. /gnath, Gk. gignōmi, Alb. njeh, Hitt. kanes, Arm. canot'/dzanot', Kashmiri zānun, Osset. zon, Gm. kunnan/können; irchennan/kennen, Pers. xšnāsātiy/, ON kunna; kenna, Old Prussian posinnāts, Goth. kunnan; kannjan, Umbrian naratu, Welsh gnawd |
| *ǵr̥H₁-no- | corn | Lat. grānum, Ir. grán/grán, OCS zrĭno, Russ. zerno, Polish ziarno, Lith. žirnis, Ltv. zirnis, Gm. kerno/Korn, Welsh grawn, Eng. corn/corn, Old Prussian syrne, ON korn, Goth. kaúrn |
| *ǵénu- | knee | Lat. genū, Russ. zveno, Hitt. gienu, Palaic ginu-, Gk. gonu, Skr. jānu, Illyr. Genusus, Gm. kniu/Knie, Pers. /zānu, Eng. cnēo/knee, ON kne, Goth. kniu, Av. znum, Toch. kanweṃ/kenīne, Arm. cunr/dzunr |
| *ǵómbʰo- | ledge->tooth | Lat. gemma, Gk. gomphos, Skr. jambha, Lith. žambas, Ltv. zobs, Alb. dhëmb/dhamb, XMK kombous, Eng. comb/comb, Toch. kam/keme, Russ. zub, Arm. camel/dzamel, Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, ON kambr, Gm. kamb/Kamm |
ǵʰ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ǵʰans- | goose | Gk. khun, Skr. haṃsa, Lat. ānser, Ir. géiss/, Eng. gōs/goose, Russ. gus', Lith. žąsis, Ltv. zoss, Gm. gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Goth. gansus, ON gás, Av. zā, Polish gęś, Pers. /ġāz |
| *ǵʰasdʰo- | stick | Russ. žerd', Ir. gat, Goth. gazds, ON gaddr, Eng. gād/goad, Gm. gart/Gart |
| *ǵʰasto- | stick | Lat. hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Ir. gass/gas, Lith. lazda |
| *ǵʰel- | to shine | Lat. helvus; fel, Lith. gelta; žalias; želta, Ltv. dzeltens; zaļš; zelts, Russ. žëltyj;zelënyj;zoloto, Gm. gelo/gelb;gold/Gold, Phryg. zelkia, Eng. geolu/yellow;gold/gold, Alb. dhelpër, Welsh glan, Ir. gel/gealach, Polish żółty;zielony;złoto, Gk. khlōros, ON gulr;gull, Pers. /zard;daraniya/, Av. zaray;zaranya, Goth. gulþ, Skr. hari;hiraṇya, Old Prussian gelatynan;saligan;sealtmeno, OCS zlĭtŭ;zelenŭ;zlato |
| *ǵʰelun-eH₂- | pine | Gk. kheilos, Arm. jelun/čelun, ON giolnar, Lith. pušis, Ir. /giúis |
| *ǵʰer- | bowels | Lat. hernia, Skr. hira, Gk. khordē, ON gǫrn, Gm. garn/Garn, Eng. gearn/yarn, Arm. jaṙ/čaṙ, Lith. žarna, Ltv. zarna, Hitt. karat |
| *ǵʰer- | to enclose | Lith. gardas; žardas, Phryg. gordum, Lat. hortus, Skr. harati, Welsh garth, Eng. geard/yard, Gm. garto/Garten, ON garðr, Gk. khortos, Ir. /gort, Oscan herííad, Gaul. gorto, Hitt. gurtas, Goth. garda, Alb. gardh, Russ. gorod |
| *ǵʰers- | rigid | Alb. derr, Skr. harṣate, Av. zaršayamna, Arm. dzar/car, Gk. khersos, Lat. horrēo, Ir. garb/garbh, Welsh garw, Eng. gorst/ |
| *ǵʰeu- | liquid | Lat. fūtis, Gk. khunō, Skr. juhoti, Goth. giutan, Gm. giozan/giessen, Eng. guttas/gut, ON gjóta, Arm. dzulel/culel, Av. zaotar, Pers. /zōr, Toch. ku/ku, Phryg. Zeuman |
| *ǵʰwel- | to bend | Ltv. nuožvelnus, Ltv. zvelt, Russ. zloj, Polish zły, Skr. hvarati, Av. zbarəmnəm, Pers. /zūr |
| *ǵʰwen- | to sound | OCS zvonŭ, Russ. zvon, Arm. dzayn/cayn, Alb. zë/zâ, Toch. kaṁ/kene, Polish dzwon, Lith. žvengti, Ltv. zviegt |
| *ǵʰwer- | beast | Lat. ferus, OCS zvĕrĭ, Russ. zver', Lith. žvėris. Ltv. zvērs, Gk. thēr, Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Toch. śaru/śerwe |
| *ǵʰéi-mn̥- | winter | Skr. hemanta, Lat. hiems, Gk. kheima, Gaul. Giamillus, OCS zima, Russ. zima, Polish zima, Lith. žiema, Ltv. ziema, Old Prussian semo, Av. zimo, Arm. dzmeṙ/cmeṙ, Alb. dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Pers. /zemestān, Toch. śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Ir. gaimred/geimhreadh, Hitt. gima, ON gói, Pers. /dai |
| *ǵʰés-ro- | hand | Skr. hasta, Av. zasta, Lith. pažastis, Lat. praesto, Hitt. kessar, Lyc. izre, Luw. iššari-, Gk. kheir, Arm. dzeṙk'/ceṙk', Kamviri düšt, Alb. dorë |
g
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *gal- | naked | Gm. kalo/kahl, OCS glava, Russ. golyj, Lith. galva, Ltv. galva, Polish goły, Old Prussian gallū, Eng. calu/callow |
| *gang- | to mock | Skr. gañjas, Eng. canc/, Gk. gaggainein/, Russ. gugnja, Ir. géim/, OCS gǫgŭnivŭ |
| *gel- | cold | OCS hlad, Lat. gelū, Oscan gelan, Eng. ceald/cold, Lith. gelmenis, Gm. kalt/kalt, Polish chłód, Gk. gelandron, ON kaldr, Goth. kalds |
| *ger- | crane | Gk. geranos, Lat. grūs, Arm. krunk/grung, Gm. krano/Kranich, Eng. cran/crane, Lith. garnis, Ltv. dzērve, Old Prussian gerwe, Russ. žuravl', Polish żuraw, Welsh garan, ON trana |
| *gerbʰ- | to scratch | Russ. žrebij, Old Prussian gīrbin, Gk. graphō, Gm. kerban/kerben, Eng. ceorfan/carve, Arm. kerel/gerel, Alb. gërvish, Ltv. grīpsta, OCS žrĕbŭ |
| *glag- | milk | Gk. gala, Lat. lac, Hitt. galank, Kamviri zu |
| *grabʰ- | hornbeam/oak | Russ. grab, Polish grab, Lith. skroblas, Ltv. skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, XMK grabion |
| *grad- | hail | Russ. grad, Lith. gruodas, Arm. karkut/gargut, Polish grad, OCS gradŭ |
| *gras- | to gnaw | Gk. graō, Skr. grasate, Lat. grānem |
| *gwéri- | millstone | Arm. erkan/yerkan/yergan, Skr. grāvan, Welsh breuan, Eng. cweorn/quern, Gm. quirn/Querne, ON kvern, Goth. qairnus, Ir. braó/, Lith. girna, Ltv. dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russ. žërnov, Polish żarno |
gʰ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *gʰabʰ- | to take | Eng. giefan/give, Skr. gabhasti, Gm. geban/geben, ON gefa, Goth. giban, Lat. habēre, Oscan hafíar, Umbrian habe, Ir. gaibid/, Welsh gafael, Lith. gabana, Ltv. gabana, Gaul. gabi, OCS gobino |
| *gʰaido- | goat | Lat. haedus, Goth. gaits, Gm. geiz/Geiss, ON geit, Eng. gāt/goat |
| *gʰedʰ- | to join, to unite | Lith. guodas, Ltv. gods, Eng. gōd/good, Gm. guot/gut, Goth. gōþs; gōds, ON gōðr, Skr. gadhyas, OCS godŭ, Russ. god, Polish gody, Toch. kātk/kātk |
| *gʰel- | to call | Eng. gellan/yell, Gk. khelidōn, Skr. pragalbhas, Goth. gōljan, Gm. gellan/gellen, Lith. gulbinti/, ON gjalla |
| *gʰelōu- | tortoise | Gk. khelōnē, OCS želŭvĭ, Russ. žolv', Lith. želvė, Polish żółw |
| *gʰend- | to take | Alb. gjend, Eng. begetan/beget; forgetan/forget, Gm. firgezzen/vergessen, ON geta, Goth. bigitan, Gk. khandarō, Ir. geind/geinn, Welsh gaing, Lat. prehendere |
| *gʰers- | horror | Lat. fastus, ON gersta, Lith. grasa, Ltv. grasīt, Arm. garšim/karšim, Av. grəəhma, Gm. gerstī/, Toch. krās/krās |
| *gʰleu- | to joke | Eng. glēo/glee, Lith. glauda, Ltv. glaust, Gk. khleuē, ON glý, Russ. glum, OCS bezŭ gluma |
| *gʰos-ti- | stranger/guest | Lat. hostis, OCS gostĭ, Russ. gost', Gm. gast/Gast, Goth. gasts, Polish gość, Eng. gæst/, ON gestr, Luw. gaši |
| *gʰouro- | fear | Skr. ghora, Goth. gaurs, Gm. gōrag/, Russ. žurit', Eng. gyrn/, ON gaurr |
| *gʰreH₁- | to grow, to become green | Eng. grōwan/grow; grēne/green; græs/grass, Gm. gruoen/-- , gruoni/grün, gras/Gras, Goth. gras, ON groa; grænn; gras |
| *gʰrendʰ- | beam | Lith. grindys, Ltv. grīda, ON grind, Polish grzęda, Russ. grjada, Kamviri ugṛa, Eng. grindel/, Gm. grindil/ |
| *gʰérsdʰo- | barley | Lat. hordeum, Gm. gersta/Gerste, Eng. gerst/--, Alb. drithë, Gk. kri |
gʷ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *gʷeH₂dʰ- | to sink | Gk. bathos, Skr. gāhate, Av. vigāθō, Ir. bádud/báthaim, Welsh boddi |
| *gʷeiH₃- | sinew | Lat. fīlum, OCS žitsa, Russ. žila, Arm. jil/čil, Lith. gija, Ltv. dzija, Welsh giau, Polish żyła |
| *gʷeiH₃w- | to live | Skr. jīv, Lat vivere, Lith. gyventi, Ltv. dzīvs, Old Prussian gi(j)wan, OCS žiti, Russ. žit', Polish żyć, Eng. cwicu/quick, ON kvikr, Gm. quec/keck, Goth. quis, Gk. bios, Ir. bethu/beatha, Welsh byd, Gaul. Biturīges, Pers. gaiθā/zēstan, Av. gaēθā; jiġaēsa, Toch. śo/śai, Arm. keam/geam, Oscan bivus |
| *gʷelbʰ- | womb | Eng. wamb/womb, Gm. wamba/Wamme, Goth. wamba, ON vomb, Skr. garbhas, Gk. delphus, Lith. gimda, |
| *gʷem-, *gʷeH₂- | to come | Lat. veniō, Skr. jigāti, Av. jamaiti, Toch. kum/käm, Eng. cuman/come, Arm. yeki/yegi, Gm. coman/kommen, Kamviri âca, ON koma, Pers. jamijāh/, Goth. qiman, Oscan kúmbennieís, Lith. gimti, Ltv. dzimt, Old Prussian gimsenin, Alb. pregjim, Gk. bēma |
| *gʷer- | mount | Russ. gora, Lith. guras, Skr. giris, Av. gairi, Gk. deiros, Alb. gur, Arm. ler, Polish góra, OCS gora |
| *gʷer- | to devour | Alb. ngrënë/ngranë, Arm. ker/ger, Lith. gerti, Ltv. dzert, Ir. bráge/bráighid, Welsh breuant, Skr. girati, Av. jaraiti, Gk. bora; brōma, Lat. vorāre, Gm. quedar/Köder, ON krás, Russ. žrat', Polish żreć |
| *gʷer- | to praise | Lat. grātēs, Russ. žrec, Alb. grish, Lith. girti, Ltv. dzirt, Skr. gṛnāti, Ir. bard/bárd, Old Prussian girtwei, Toch. krant-/krent-, Welsh bardd, Oscan brateis, Av. aibigərənte |
| *gʷerH₃- | heavy | Lat. gravis, Eng. cweorn/quern, Skr. guru, Av. gouruzaθra, Lith. gurstu, Ltv. gurstu, Toch. krāmärts/krāmär, Gk. baros, ON kvern, Goth. kaúrjōs, Pers. /girān, Welsh bryw, Ir. bair/, Old Prussian girnoywis, Gm. quirn/Querne, OCS žŭrnŭvi, Polish żarna, Russ. žërnov |
| *gʷetu- | resin | Gm. kuti/Kitt, Eng. cudu/cud, ON kváða, Skr. jatu, Lat. bitūmen, Welsh bedwen, Scottish Gaelic beithe |
| *gʷou- | cow/bull | Skr. gaus, Av. gáus, Ltv. govs, Russ. govjado, Toch. ko/keŭ, Arm. kov/gov, Eng. cū/cow, Umbrian bum, Gk. bous, Ir. bó/bó, Welsh buw, Gm. kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Pers. --/gāv, Oscan buv-, ON kú, Osset. gal/ Thrac. bonassos |
| *gʷrebʰ- | womb | Gk. brephos, Ir. brommach/, OCS žrĕbę, Russ. žerebënok, Polish źrebię |
| *gʷruHǵʰ- | to bite | Lith. graužti, Ltv. grauzt, Russ. gryzt', Welsh brwyn, Polish gryźć, Alb. me gicë, Gk. brukhō, Ir. brón/brón, Arm. krcem/grdzem, OCS gryzǫ |
| *gʷén-eH₂- | woman | OCS žena, Russ. žena, Polish żona, Av. gənā, Gk. gunē, Eng. cwēn/queen, Skr. gnā;jani, Old Prussian genno, Arm. kin/gin, Alb. zonjë, Ir. ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Goth. qino, ON kona, Gm. quena/--, Pers. /zan, Phryg. bonekos, Toch. śäṁ/śana, Luw. wanatti- |
gʷʰ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *gʷʰeleǵʰ- | gland | Arm. gełdzk'/geġdz/keġc, Lith. geležuones, Russ. železa, Polish zołza |
| *gʷʰer- | warm | Alb. zjarr, Russ. žar, Lith. garas, Ltv. gars, Phryg. germe, Arm. jerm/čerm, Eng. bearnan/burn, ON brenna, Gm. brinnan/brennen, Goth. brinnan, Gk. thermos, Skr. ghṛṇa, Kashmiri germi, Thrac. germas, Pers. garmapada/garm, Ir. fogeir/, Hitt. war, Old Prussian goro, Av. garəma, Welsh gori, Kashmiri garū'm |
| *gʷʰedʰ- | to ask | Eng. biddian/bid; bed/bead, Gm. pittan/bitten; beta/Gebet, Goth. bidjan; bida, ON biðja, Skr. gadhya, Lat. manifestus |
| *gʷʰen- | to press | Skr. hanti, Av. jainti, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Old Prussian guntwei, Russ. gnat', Polish gnać, Alb. gjanj, Arm. gan/kan, Ir. gonim/gonadh, ON gunnr, Gk. theinō, Hitt. kwen, Pers. ajanam/, Eng. gūþ/--, Gm. gundfano/--, OCS gŭnati |
| *gʷʰen- | to strike, slay, kill | Eng. bana/bane, Pers. /zahr, Skr. han, Gm. pano/Bahn, ON bani, Goth. banja, Av. jainti, Arm. gan/kan, Gk. theinō, Ir. gonim/, Alb. gjah, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Russ. gnat', Polish gnać, Hitt. kwen, Lyd. qẽn- |
| *gʷʰH₂í- | bright, shining | Lith. giedras, Ltv. dziedrs, Gk. phaidros |
h₁, e/o
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *H₁ar-mo- | arm | Osset. arm, Arm. armunk/armung, Lat. armus, OCS ramo, Goth. arms, Eng. earm/arm, Skr. irmas, Old Prussian irmo, Gm. aram/Arm, ON armr, Gk. arthron/ |
| *H₁dont- (nom. *H₁dont-s, gen. *H₁dent-ós) | tooth | Lat. dentis, Gk. odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lith. dantis, Skr. dantam, Eng. tōþ/tooth, Gm. zand/Zahn, Goth. tunþus, Russ. desna, Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Pers. /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Ir. dét/déad, ON tǫnn, Osset. dændag |
| *H₁ed- | to eat | Lith. ėsti, Ltv. ēst, Old Prussian ist, Russ. jest', Polish jeść, Skr. ad, Av. ad, Arm. utel/udel, Hitt. at, Luw. ad-; az-, Palaic ata-, Lat. edō, Oscan edum, Gk. edō, Eng. etan/eat, Gm. essan/essen, ON eta, Goth. itan, Ir. esse/, Thrac. esko-, Toch. /yesti |
| *H₁edʰ- | sharp | Russ. jel', Lith. eglė, Ltv. egle, Lat. ebulus, Gaul. odocos, Old Prussian addle, Gm. attuh/, Polish jodła |
| *H₁eH₁ter- | intestines | Gk. ētor/, Ir. inathar/, Lat. uterus, ON ǽðr, Eng. ǣdder/, Gm. ādra/Ader |
| *H₁eH₂-ter- | fire | Arm. airel, Ir. áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Skr. atharvan, Av. ātarš, Pers. Āçiyādiya/ādar, Lat. āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Serb. vatra |
| *H₁ei- | to go | Lith. eiti, Ltv. iet, Old Prussian eit, Russ. idti, Polish iść, Goth. iddja, Eng. ēode/--, Skr. eti, Av. aēiti, Gk. eimi, Lat. ire, Umbrian ier, Oscan eítuns, Kamviri ie, Gaul. eimu, Toch. i/i, Ir. ethaim/, Pers. aitiy/, OCS idǫ, Luw. i- |
| *H₁eibʰ- | to copulate | Gm. eiba/--, Skr. yabhati, Russ. jebat', Illyr. Oibalos, Gk. oiphō/, Polish jebać |
| *H₁el- | elbow | Gm. elina/elle, Gk. ōlenē, Arm. volok', Lith. uolektis, Ltv. olekts, Russ. lokot', Skr. āṇi, Welsh elin, Eng. eln/ell, Ir. uilin/uille, Goth. aleina, ON aln, Alb. llërë/llânë, Av. arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, OCS pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Pers. /āran |
| *H₁engʷ- | gland | Alb. angërr, Gk. adēn, Lat. inguen, ON ökkvinn |
| *H₁epero- | boar | Lith. Vepriai, Ltv. vepris, Gm. ebur/Eber, Eng. eofor/--, Russ. vepr', Polish wieprz, Skr. vapati, Lat. aper; vepres, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thrac. ebros, ON jǫfurr |
| *H₁er- | goat | Arm. oroj/oroč, Lith. ėriukas, Ltv. jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Lat. ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Ir. heirp/earb, Gk. eriphos, Gm. irah/, OCS jarina |
| *H₁erH₁gʷo- | pea | Gk. orobos, Ir. orbaind/, Lat ervum, Gm. arawīz/Erbse, ON ertr |
| *H₁es- (*H₁ésmi [1ps]) | to be | OCS jestĭ, Russ. est', Lith. esmi, Ltv. esmu, Old Prussian asmai, Gk. esti, Ir. am/, Skr. asti, Av. asti, Lat. est, Umbrian sent, Oscan súm, Eng. is/is, Arm. ē, Polish jest, Alb. është/âsht, Gm. ist/ist, Goth. ist, ON es, Hitt. asa, Lyc. es, Luw. as, Lyd. e-, Palaic aš-, Toch. ṣe/ṣei, Pers. astiy/ast, |
| *H₁eu- | to dress | Av. aoθra, Russ. obut', Polish obuć, Lith. auti, Ltv. aut, Lat. exuo;induo,, Arm. aganum/akanum; aganim/akanim, Old Prussian auclo, Umbrian anovihimu, Arm. , Ir. fuan/, Welsh gŵn, OCS obujǫ |
| *H₁euHdʰ-r̥- | udder | Lith. ūdruoju, Eng. ūder/udder, Gm. ūtir/Euter, ON jūgr, Gk. outhar/, Skr. ūdhar, Lat. ūber, Russ. vimja, Polish wymię |
| *H₁eus- | to burn | Alb. ushël, Lith. usnis, Ltv. usna, Lat. ūrō, Gk. heuō/, Gm. eimuria/, Eng. ǣmerge/ember, ON usli, Skr. oṣati, |
| *H₁ewegʷʰ- | to praise | Skr. vāghat, Av. raštarəvaġənti, Gk. eukhomai, Arm. gog/kok, Lat. vovēre, Umbrian vufetes |
| *H₁eǵʰi- | hedgehog | Russ. ëž, Lith. ežys, Ltv. ezis, Phryg. eksis, Gk. ekhinos, Gm. igil/Igel, Arm. ozni, Eng. igil/--, ON ígul, Osset. wyzyn, Polish jeż, Phryg. eksis, Alb. esh |
| *H₁eǵʰs | out | Lat. ex, Gk. eks, Gaul. ex-, Ir. ass/as, Russ. iz, Alb. jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, Lith. iž, Ltv. iz, Old Prussian is, Welsh a |
| *H₁eḱwo- }} | horse | Lat. equus, Toch. yuk/yakwe, Gaul. epos, Gk. hippos, Skr. aśva, Av. asva-, Lith. ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, Eng. eoh/--, Gm. ehwaz/--, Goth. aiƕtundi, ON iór, Hitt. aśuwas, Arm. ēš, Welsh ebol, Ir. ech/each, Thrac. esvas, Lyc. esbe-, Phryg. es', Pers. aspa/asb, Osset. jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon |
| *H₁nōm-n̥- | name | Toch. ñom/ñem, Lat. nōmen, Umbrian nome, Eng. nama/name, Gm. namo/Name, ON nafn, Goth. namo, Skr. nāman, Av. nąman, Gk. onoma, OCS imę, Russ. imja, Alb. emër/êmën, Ir. ainm/ainm, Welsh anu, Hitt. lāman, Kamviri nom, Pers. nāma/nām, Arm. anun, Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes |
| *H₁oH₁s- | mouth | Skr. ās;oṣṭha, Av. aosta, Lat. ōs, Lith. uosta, Ltv. osta, Russ. usta, Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, Eng. ōr/--, Hitt. aiš, ON oss |
| *H₁oH₁ḱ-u- | quick | Gk. ōkupous, Lat. ōcior, Welsh diog, Av. āsu, Skr. āśu, Russ. jastreb, OCS jastrębŭ |
| *H₁omH₁-so- | shoulder | Gk. ōmos, Lat. umĕrus, Skr. aṃsa, Goth. ams, ON ass, Toch. es/āntse, Arm. us |
| *H₁oḱtō(u) | eight | Arm. ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Alb. tëte/tetë, Lith. aštuoni, Ltv. astoņi, Gaul. oxtū, Gm. ahto/acht, Eng. eahta/eight, Gk. oktō, Av. ašta, Ir. ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Lyc. aitãta-, Kamviri uṣṭ, Lat. octō, Oscan uhto, ON átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Osset. ast/ast, Pers. ašta/hašt, OCS osmĭ, Polish osiem, Russ. vosem', Skr. aṣṭa, Toch. okät/okt, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth |
| *H₁reudʰ-ó- | red | Lat. ruber, Eng. rēad/red, Lith. raudonas, Ltv. ruds, Skr. rudhira, Russ. rdet', Gk. eruthros, Toch. rtär/ratre, Av. raoðita, Goth. rauþs, ON rjóðr, Gm. rōt/rot, Oscan Rufriis, Umbrian rufru, Ir. ruad/ Welsh rhudd, Gaul. Roudos |
| *H₁reug- | to vomit | Russ. rygat', Polish rzygać, Lith. riaugėti, Ltv. raugāties, Gk. ereugomai, Lat. ructāre, Eng. rēocan/reek, Gm. rouhhan/rauchen; itruchen/, ON reykja, Pers. /āroġ, Arm. vorcam/vordzam, |
| *H₁reugʰmen- | cream | Lith. rūgti, Ltv. raugs, Av. raoġna, Pers. /roġān, ON rjúmi, Eng. rēam/ream, Gm. roum/Rahm |
| *H₁reus-men- | throat | Skr. rōmantha, Lat. rūmen, Welsh rhumen, Lith. raumuo, Ltv. raumins |
| *H₁r̥tḱo- | bear | Gk. arktos, Lat. ursus, Skr. ṛkṣa, Pers. /xers, Arm. arj/arč, Gaul. Artioni, Alb. ari, Kamviri ic, Osset. ærs, Welsh arth, Av. aršam, Hitt. ḫartagga |
| *H₁égni- | fire | Skr. agni, Hitt. agniš, Lat. ignis, Lith. ugnis, Ltv. uguns, OCS ognĭ, Polish ogień, Russ. ogon', Alb. enjte |
| *H₁éH₃g-o- | berry | Toch. oko/oko, Lith. uoga, Ltv. oga, OCS agoda, Russ. jagoda, Polish jagoda, Goth. akran, ON akarn, Gm. ēker/Ecker, Eng. æcern/acorn, Ir. áirne/, Welsh aeron |
| *H₁ésH₂r̥- (nom-acc. *H₁ésH₂r̥, gen. *H₁esH₂n-ós) | blood | Skr. asṛk, Old Lat. aser, Ltv. asins, Hitt. ešar, Lyc. esêne-, Luw. ašhar-, Toch. ysār/yasar, Gk. eiar, Arm. ariun |
| *H₁óH₂wyo- (nom-acc. *H₁óH₂wyom, gen. *H₁óH₂wyo-s) | egg | Lat. ōvum, Gk. ōion, Russ. jajco, Gm. ei/Ei, Eng. ǣg/Cockney, Ir. /ubh, Welsh ŵy, Alb. ve;vo, ON egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Arm. dzu/cu, Pers. /xāyah, OCS ajĭse, Kurd. hék |
| *H₁ói-no- | one | Alb. një/nji, Lith. vienas, Ltv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, ON einn, Old Prussian aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, OCS edinŭ, Polish jeden, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Lat. ūnus, Umbrian uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un |
h₂, a
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *H₂ebl-o- | apple | Lith. obuolys, Ltv. ābols, Eng. æppel/apple, Russ. jabloko, Ir. uball/ubhall, Gm. aphul/Apfel, Polish jabłko, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Skr. abala, ON eple, Gaul. avallo, OCS jabloko |
| H₂eǵʰ- | plough animal | Arm. ezn/yez(n)/yez(n), Ir. ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Skr. ahī, Av. azī |
| *H₂ego- | fault, sin | Skr. āgas, Gk. agos, Eng. acan/ache |
| *H₂ekʷ- | water | Lat. aqua, Russ. Oka, Goth. aha, Gm. aha/Ache, Eng. īg/island, Hitt. akwanzi, Luw. ahw-, Palaic aku-, ON á, Goth. aƕa |
| *H₂ep- | water | Skt. ap |
| *H₂egʷs-iH₂- | axe | Lat. ascia, Eng. æx/axe, Gm. ackis/Axt, Gk. aksinē, ON øx, Goth. aqizi |
| *H₂egʷʰno- | lamb | OCS jagnę, Russ. jagnënok, Gk. amnos, Ir. úan/uan, Eng. ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Lat. agnus, Umbrian habina, Polish jagnię |
| *H₂eig- | sick | Lat. aeger, Toch. /aikare, ON eikenn, Lith. ingas, Ltv. angus, OCS jęsa, Russ. jaga, Polish jędza, Eng. inca/, Arm. yekro/yegro |
| *H₂eim- | copy | Hitt. ḫimma, Lat. aemulus; imāgō |
| *H₂eiti- | part | Av. aēta, Oscan aeteis, Gk. aitios, Ir. áes/aois, Welsh oes |
| *H₂eiw- | vital force | Skr. āyu, Lat. aevum, Av. āyū, Toch. āym/, Eng. æfre/ever, Gm. īo/je; êwig/ewig, Goth. aiws, ON ei, Gk. aiōn, Alb. eshë |
| *H₂eiǵ- | goat | Skr. eḍa, Av. izaēna, Arm. aic/aidz, Gk. aiks |
| *H₂eiǵ- | oak | Lith. ąžuolas, Lat. aesculus, Gk. krataigos/, ON eik, Eng. āc/oak, Gm. eihha/Eiche |
| *H₂eiḱ- | spear/pike | Gk. aiklos/, Lat. īcō, Old Prussian aysmis, OCS igla, Polish igła, Av. išarə, Lith. iešmas, Ltv. iesms, ON eigin, Russ. igla |
| *H₂eiḱ- | to be master of, to possess | Eng. āgan/ought, Goth. aigan, Gm. eigan/eigen, ON eiga, Skr. īṣṭe, Av. īšti |
| *H₂ek-mon- | stone | Gk. akmōn, Lith. akmuo, Ltv. akmens, Skr. aśman, Av. asman, Russ. kamen', Eng. hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, ON hamarr, Hitt. aku, Pers. asman/, Gaul. acaunum, Gm. hamar/Hammer |
| *H₂el-yó- *H₂el-nó- | other | Lat. alius, Eng. elles/else, Skr. araṇa, Gk. allos, Oscan allo, Toch. ālak/allek, Arm. ayl, Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Welsh ail, Goth. alijs, Gm. elilenti/elend, ON elligar, Lyd. aλaś |
| *H₂elbʰ-it- | barley | Alb. elb, Gk. alphi/ |
| *H₂elbʰó- | white | Lat. albus, Umbrian alfu, Hitt. alpas, Gm. Alps, Welsh elfydd, Russ. lebed', Eng. ælf/elf, Gk. alphos, Lyc. alb-, ON alfr |
| *H₂elud- | beer | Lith. alus, Ltv. alus, Lat. alūmen, Eng. ealu/ale, Gk. aludoimo/, ON ǫl, Old Prussian alu, OCS olŭ |
| *H₂en- | ancestor | Gk. annis/anōn, Lat. anus, Illyr. ana, Gm. ano/ahn, Lith. anyta, Hitt. hannas, Arm. han, Russ. vnuk, Old Prussian ane |
| *H₂en- | spirit | Skr. ānas, Goth. uzanan; andi, Ir. anál/anál, Gk. anemos, Lat. animus, OCS vonja, Russ. von', Welsh anysbryd, ON anda; ǫnd, Eng. eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Av. åntya, Lith. anuoti, Arm. hov, Alb. ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Toch. āñcäm/āñme |
| *H₂engwi- | eel | Lat. anguilla, Lith. ungurys, Gm. angar/Engerling, Russ. ugor', Gk. egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis |
| *H₂enH₁-ti- | duck | Lat. anas, Lith. antis, Skr. ātis, Russ. utie, Gm. anut/Ente, Eng. ened/--, ON ǫnd, Old Prussian antis, Gk. nēssa/ |
| *H₂enk- | angle | Gm. ango/, Osset. ængur, Skr. aṅkas, Lat. ancus, Lith. anka, Ltv. āķis, Gk. agkōn, Russ. ugol, ON angi, Av. aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Ir. ēcath/, Hitt. hink |
| *H₂enǵʰ- | narrow | Gk. ankhō/, Skr. aṁhu, Av. ązaṅhē, Russ. uzkij, Goth. aggwus, ON aungr, Arm. anjuk/ančug, Gm. engi/eng, Hitt. hamenk, OCS ǫzŭkŭ, Polish wąski, Lith. ankšta, Toch. eṁts/entse, Eng. enge/, Welsh ehang, Ir. /cumung |
| *H₂ep- | river, lake | Hitt. ḫap(a), Palaic ḫapnas, Luw. ḫapinni, Ltv. upe, Lith. upė, Old Prussian ape, Eng. ōfer/, Gm. /Ufer, Skr. āp, Av. afš, Lat. amnis, Toch. āp/āp |
| *H₂ep- | to reach | Av. apayeiti, Lat. apex, Skr. āptas, Gk. apto, Arm. unim, Hitt. apanzi, Toch. oppäśśi/, Polish opaść |
| *H₂eps-eH₂- | aspen | Eng. æspe/aspen, Gm. aspa/Espe, ON ǫsp, Lith. epušė, Ltv. apse, Old Prussian abse, Gk. aspris/ |
| *H₂er- | nut | Russ. orex, Alb. arrë, Gk. arna, Polish orzech |
| *H₂erg- | to lock | Gk. arkeō, Lat. arcēre, Arm. argel/arkel, Goth. arka, Old Prussian arkan, Polish arkan, Hitt. ḫark-, Toch. --/ārk, Oscan trííbarakavúm, Lith. raktas; užrakinti |
| *H₂erH₁- | to plow | Toch. āre/āre, Lat. arō, Gk. arotēr, Lith. arti, Ltv. art, OCS orati, Russ. orat', Arm. araur, Ir. airim/, Polish orać, Goth. arjan, Eng. erian/--, ON arðr, Welsh arddu, Old Prussian artoys, Gm. erien/ |
| *H₂erǵó-, *H₂erǵí- | white, shining | Gk. arguros, Lat. arguō, Hitt. ḫarkiš, Toch. ārki/arkwi, Eng. eorcnanstān/--, Gk. erchan/--, Skr. arjuna, Ir. argat/airgead, Av. arəzah, Welsh ariant, Oscan aragetud, Arm. arcat'/ardzat', Phryg. arg, Thrac. arzas, Gaul. Argentoratum, Goth. unairkns |
| *H₂eu- | to help | Skr. avati, Lat. aveō, Av. avaiti, Arm. aviun, Gaul. Avicantus, Goth. ewyll, Gk. -aones, Lith. aušti, Ltv. aust, Ir. con ói/, Toch. olar/aulāre, ON auð, Eng. īþe/, Gm. ōdmuoti/ |
| *H₂eug- | to glance | Gk. augē, Alb. agon, Russ. jug, OCS jugŭ |
| *H₂eug- | to increase | Lith. augti, Ltv. augt, Lat. auctis, Gk. auksōn, Skr. ugra, Toch. ok/auk, Eng. eacan/eke, Gm. wahsan/wachsen; ouh/auch, ON auka, Goth. aukan, Old Prussian auginnons, Umbrian uhtur |
| *H₂euH₂o- *H₂éuH₂-yo- | paternal grandfather, maternal uncle | Lat. avus ;avunculus, Gaul. avontīr, Gk. aia, Lith. avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Arm. hav, Eng. ēam/--, Ir. aue/ó, Goth. awó, Gm. ōheim/Oheim, OCS uy, Russ. uj, Polish wuj, Hitt. huhhas |
| *H₂eus- | dawn | Lat. aurōra, Lith. aušra, Ltv. ausma, Gm. ōstra/Osten, Skr. uṣās, Russ. utro, Eng. ēast/east, Gk. hēos, ON austr, Av. ušastara, Ir. fáir/, Welsh gwawr |
| *H₂ewi- (nom. *H₂ewi-s, gen. *H₂wei-s) | bird | Lat. avis, Av. vīš, Skr. vis, Arm. hav, Welsh hwyad, Gk. aetos, Lith. višta, Ltv. vista, Umbrian avif, Ir. /aoi |
| *H₂eǵ- | goat | Skr. aja, Pers. /azg, Lith. ožys, Ltv. āzis, Ir. ag/agh, OCS jazno, Russ. jaz', Old Prussian wosux, Alb. dhi |
| *H₂eǵʰero- | lake | Lith. ežeras, Ltv. ezers, Russ. ozero, Illyr. oseriates, Gk. Akherōn, OCS jezero, Polish jezioro, Old Prussian assaran |
| *H₂eḱ- | sharp | Gk. akros, Lat. ācer, Skr. aśris, OCS ostrŭ, Russ. ost'; ostryj, Ir. aicher/, Lith. aštrus, Ltv. asmens, Goth. ahs, Pers. /ās, Gaul. Akrotalus, Welsh eithiw, Oscan akrid, Umbrian peracri, Arm. asełn/aseġ/aseġ, Alb. athët, Toch. āk/āke, Eng. ecg/edge, ON egg, Gm. egga/Ecke, Polish ostry, XMK akrounoi |
| *H₂ner- | power | Lat. neriōsus, Welsh nerth, Alb. njer, Skr. nar, Luw. anarummi, Lyd. nãrś, Lith. noras, Russ. nrav, Gaul. Nertobriga, Arm. air, Gk. anēr, Oscan ner, Umbrian nerf, Ir. nert/, Phryg. anar |
| *H₂nos- | nose | Lat. nasus, Skr. nasa, OCS nasu, Russ. nos, Lith. nosis, Ltv. nāss, Eng. nosu/nose, Av. nah, Gm. nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsuṛ, Old Prussian nazy, Pers. nāham/, ON nös |
| *H₂ous- | ear | Lat. auris, Gk. ous, Skr. usi, OCS ucho, Russ. uši, Goth. auso, Lith. ausis, Ltv. auss, Gaul. ausia-, Alb. vesh, Gm. ōra/Ohr, Ir. au/, Av. usi, Pers. gaušā/guš, Eng. éare/ear, ON eyra, Arm. unkn/akanj/aganč, Old Prussian āusins. See also Hausos. |
| *H₂s-tér- | star | Lat. stella, Gk. astēr, Gm. sterro/Stern, Eng. steorra/star, ON stjarna, Goth. stairno, Arm. astł/astġ/asdġ, Skr. tāras;stṛbhis, Welsh seren, Toch. śre/śćirye, Kamviri ṛâšto, Pers. /setāre, Osset. sthaly/, Hitt. šittar, Kurd. stérk/estére |
| *H₂u-per | over | Lat. super, Gk. huper, Skr. upari, Av. upairi, Eng. ofer/over, Gm. ubar/über, Goth. ufarō, ON yfir, Gaul. Uertragus, Ir. for/for, Pers. upariy/bar, Welsh gwarthaf, Oscan supruis, Umbrian super, Arm. ver, Av. upairi |
| *H₂wap- | bad, evil | Hitt. ḫuwapp, Eng. yfel/evil, Gm. ubil/Übel, Goth. ubils |
| *H₂yuH₁ení- | young | OCS junu, Russ. junyj, Skr. yuvan, Gaul. Jovincillus, Lith. jaunas, Ltv. jauns, Eng. geong/young, Av. yavan, Lat. juvĕnis, Umbrian iuengar , Gm. jung/jung, Welsh ieuanc, ON ungr, Goth. juggs, Welsh ieuanc, Ir. óc/óg, Pers. /javān |
| *H₂éd-es- | cereal | Hitt. hattar, Lat. ador, Gm. azzic/, Goth. atisk, Toch. āti/atiyo, Av. āðūfrāðana, Arm. hat/had |
| *H₂ég-ro- | field | Skr. ajra, Gk. agros, Lat. ager, Umbrian ager, Goth. akrs, Eng. æcer/acre, Arm. art/ard, Gm. achar/Acker, ON akr |
| *H₂ént-i | front | Hitt. ḫanta, Luw. hantili, Lyc. xñtawata, Lith. ant, Eng. ende/end, Gm. endi/Ende, Goth. and, ON endr, Gk. anti, Ir. étan/, Lat. antiae, Oscan ant, Toch. ānt/ānte |
| *H₂érkʷo- | bow | Lat. arcus, Goth. arƕazna, Eng. arwe/arrow, Gk. arkeuthos, Russ. rakita, Polish rakieta, Ltv. ērkšķis, ON ǫrvar, Umbrian arçlataf |
| *H₂éwiǵ- | oats | Lat. avēna, Lith. aviža, Ltv. auza, Russ. ovës, Polish owies, Gk. aigilōps/, Old Prussian wyse, OCS ovĭsŭ |
| *H₂éy-es- (nom. H₂eyos, gen. H₂eyesos) | metal | Skr. ayas, Lat. aes, Umbrian ahesnes, Gm. ēr/Erz, Eng. ār/ore, Av. ayaṅh, Goth. aiz, ON eir, Gaul. Isarnodori, Ir. iarn/iarann, Welsh haearn, Pers. /āhan |
| *H₂éǵʰ-r/n̥- | day | Skr. ahar, Av. azan |
| *H₂ó-sd-o- | branch | Arm. ost/vost/vosd, Gk. ozos, Eng. ōst, Gm. ast/Ast, Goth. asts, Hitt. ḫašda- |
h₃, o
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *H₃el-no- | alder | Lat. alnus, Lith. alksnis, Ltv. elksnis, Russ. olxa, XMK aliza, ON alr, Gm. elira/Erle, Eng. alor/alder, Old Prussian aliskande, Gaul. alisa, Hitt. alanzan, Polish olcha |
| *H₃em- | bitter | Gk. ōmos, Lat. amārus, Arm. hum, Skr. amla, Eng. ampre/, ON apr, Ltv. amols, Alb. ëmblë, XMK abro- |
| *H₃engʷ- | to anoint | Skr. anakti, Arm. aucanem/audzanem, Ir. /imb, Lat. unguō, Umbrian umtu, Old Prussian anctan, Gm. ancho/, Welsh ymenyn |
| *H₃erbʰo- | work | Lat. orbus, Arm. orb/orp, Ir. orbe/, Skr. arbha, Hitt. arpa, Gk. orphanos, Gm. arbeit/Arbeit, Eng. earfoð/--, OCS rabŭ, Polish robota, Russ. rebënok, Gaul. Orbius, Goth. arbi, ON arfr, Lith. irbu |
| *H₃ers- | to protrude | Gk. oura, Arm. or, Hitt. arras, Eng. ears/arse, Ir. err/earr, Gm. ars/Arsch, ON ars |
| *H₃erǵʰi- | testicle | Gk. orkhēs, Arm. ordzik'/orcik', Ir. uirge/, Lith. aržilas, Ltv. ērzelis, Av. ərəzi, Alb. herdhe |
| *H₃eyó- | multicolored, reddish | Lith. ieva, Ltv. ieva, Eng. īw/yew, Gm. īwa/Eibe, ON ýr, Gk. oiē, Gaul. ivo, Ir. éo/eó, Welsh iwen, Russ. iva |
| *H₃nobʰ- | navel | Lat. umbilīcus, Skr. nabhya, Av. nāba, Ltv. naba, Gm. nabalo/Nabel, Eng. nafela/navel, ON nafli, Gk. omphalos, Ir. imbliu/imleacán, Kashmiri naf, Old Prussian nabis, Pers. /nāf |
| *H₃nógʰ-o- / *H₃nógʰ-ro- / *H₃nógʰ-i- | nail | Gk. onukhos, Lat. unguis, Skr. aṅghri, Gm. nagel/Nagel, OCS noguti, Russ. nogot', Lith. nagas, Ltv. nags, Av. nakhara, Arm. ełgungn/yeġung/yeġunk, Welsh ewin, Eng. nægl/nail, Pers. /nāxun, Ir. inga/ionga |
| *H₃okʷ- | eye | Lat. oculus, OCS oko, Russ. oko, Toch. ak/ek, Arm. akn/ač'k'/ač'k', Skr. akṣan, Gk. ophthalmos, Eng. ēge/eye, Gm. ouga/Auge, Goth. augo, Alb. sy, Lith. akis, Ltv. acs, Kamviri âčẽ, Ir. enech/oineach, Welsh enep, ON auga, Polish oko, Old Prussian ackis |
| *H₃or-no- | eagle | Gm. arn/Aar, Arm. arciv/ardziv, Eng. earn/erne, Gk. orneon, Russ. orel, Lith. erelis, Ltv. ērglis, Hitt. ḫaran, Polish orzeł, Welsh eryr, ON ari, Goth. ara, Alb. orë, Old Prussian arelis, Ir. irar/ |
| *H₃ost- / kost- | bone | Lat. os; costa, Alb. asht, Gk. ostoun, Russ. kost'; ostov, Skr. asthan, Av. asti, Hitt. ḫastāi, Welsh asgwrn, Kamviri âṭi, Pers. /ostexān, Polish kość, Toch. /ásta, Arm. oskr/voskr/vosgr, Luw. ḫāš |
| *H₃owi- (nom. H₃owi-s, gen. H₃ewy-ós) | sheep | Russ. ovca, Lith. avis, Ltv. avs, Skr. avika, Eng. ēowu/ewe, Gm. ouwi/Aue, Goth. awēþi, ON ǽr, Gk. ois, Ir. ói/, Hitt. ḫawi, Luw. ḫāwi-, Welsh ewig, Toch. --/āuw, Arm. hoviv, Polish owca, Lat. ovis, Umbrian uvem, Old Prussian awins, Lyc. xabwa |
| *H₃reǵ- | to straighten | Lat. regere, Gk. oregein, Eng. riht/right, Gm. reht/recht, ON réttr, Goth. raihts, Thrac. rhesus, Toch. räk/räk, Arm. arcvi/ardzvi; *H₃rēǵ-(H₃ón-) / "ruler, king": Skr. rājan, Oscan regaturei, Lat. rēx, Gaul. rīx, Ir. ríg/rígh, Welsh rhi, Av. raz, Pers. /rahst, |
| *H₃és-H₃en- (nom. *H₃esH₃ōn, gen. *H₃esH₃n-ós) | harvest | Russ. osen', Old Prussian assanis, Eng. earnian/earn, Goth. asans, Gm. aran/Ernte, ON ǫnn, Gk. opōra, Polish jesień, Lat. annōna, Arm. ashun |
| *H₃és-no- H₃és-i- | ash | Lat. ornus, Lith. uosis, Ltv. osis, Russ. osina, Gm. asc/Esche, Eng. æsc/ash, Old Prussian woasis, ON askr, Welsh onnen, Alb. ah, Arm. hac'i, Gk. akherōis/ |
ḱ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ḱak- | branch | Arm. čyuġ/jyuġ, Lith. šaka, Ltv. saka, Skr. śākhā, Russ. soxa, Alb. thekë, Goth. hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Ir. gēc/gēag, Gm. huohili/ , Pers. /šāxe(h) |
| *ḱalH₂mo- | reed | Gk. kalamos, Lat. culmus, Toch. kulmãṃts/, Eng. healm/haulm, Ltv. salms, Old Prussian salme, Russ. soloma, ON halmr, Gm. halm/Halm, Ir. /giolcach (-cach being diminutive suffix) |
| *ḱas- | gray | Lat. cānus, Skr. śaśa, Gm. hasu/; haso/Hase, Old Prussian sasins, Eng. hasu/; hara/hare, ON hǫss; heri, Welsh ceinach, Pashto soe |
| *ḱat- | battle | OCS kotora, Gaul. catu, Eng. heaþu, Gm. hathu/, Skr. śātayati, ON hoð, Ir. cath/cath, Welsh cad, Toch. /keta |
| *ḱeH₂d- | hate | Eng. hete/hate, Gm. haz/haß, Goth. hatis, ON hatr, Skr. riśadas, Av. sādra/, Gk. kēdos, Oscan cadeis amnud, Ir. caiss/cais, Welsh câs |
| *ḱel- | warm, cold | Ltv. silt, Lith. šilti, Ir. clithe/, Welsh clyd, ON hlǽr, Eng. hlēow/lukewarm, Gm. lāo/lau, Skr. śiśira, Av. sarəta, Osset. sald, Pers. /sard, Lat. calēre, Kurd. šíle/kul/germ |
| *ḱer- | horn | Lat. cerĕbrum, Russ. čerep, Old Prussian kerpetis, Gk. kare, Av. sarah, Skr. śiras, Arm. sar, Bret. kern, Gm. hirni/Hirn, ON hjarni, Pers. /sar, Toch. /krāñi, Osset. sær, Alb. krye |
| *ḱerberó- | piebald | Gk. kerberos, Skr. śarvara, Russ. sobol', Ir. corbaim/, Lith. kirba |
| *ḱerd- (nom. *ḱēr, acc. *ḱérd-m̥ gen. *ḱr̥d-ós) | heart | Lat. cor, Skr. hṛdaya, Av. zərədā, Hitt. karts, Lyc. kride, Palaic kart-, Gk. kardia, Eng. heorte/heart, OCS srĭdĭce, Russ. serdce, Lith. širdis, Ltv. sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Arm. sird/sirt, Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Ir. cride/croidhe, Polish serce, Gm. herza/Herz, Goth. hairto, ON hjarta, Osset. zærdæ |
| *ḱerH₂- | to mix | Eng. hrēr/rare, Gm. hruoren/rühren, ON hrǿra, Skr. śrāyati, Av. sar, Gk. kratēr |
| *ḱermus- | cherry | Gk. kerasos/keradion, Lith. šermukšlė, Ltv. cērmaukša, Russ. čerëmuxa |
| *ḱern- | horn | Lat. cervus; cornūs,, Russ. serna, Eng. horn/horn, Skr. śiras, Av. srvā, Gk. keras, Welsh corn, Kamviri ṣiṅ, Gm. horn/Horn, Goth. haurn, ON horn, Hitt. karawar, Osset. sykha/, Arm. sar, Lith. širšė, Ltv. sirsis, Old Prussian sirwis, Alb. sorkadh; ka, Russ. korova, Gaul. karnuks, Ir. corn/corn, Pers. /šāx, Polish krowa, Kurd. ser |
| *ḱers- | to run | Lat. currō, Gaul. carros, Gk. epikouros, Welsh carrog, Ir. carr/, Toch. kursär/kwasär, Gm. horsk/, ON horskr, Eng. horsc/ |
| *ḱewH₁ro- | northwind | Russ. sever, Lith. šiaurys, Arm. c'urt/c'urd, Eng. scūr/shower, Gm. scūr/Schauer, Goth. skura, ON skúr, OCS severu |
| *ḱiker- | pea | Lat. cicer, Arm. siseṙn, Gk. krios, Lith. kekė |
| *ḱlei- | to lean | Lat. clīnō, Ir. clóin/, Gk. klinē, Eng. hleonian/lean, Arm. leṙ, Lith. šlieti, Ltv. sliet, Russ. sloj, Skr. śrayati, Av. srinu, Gm. hlīnen/lehnen, Welsh clwyd, Old Prussian slayan, Toch. kälyme/kälymiye, Goth. hlain, ON hlein |
| *ḱlep- | to steal | Lat. clepō, Gk. kleptō, Arm. goġnal/koġnal, Goth. hlifan, Ir. cluain/, Old Prussian auklipts, Lith. slėpti, Ltv. slēpt |
| *ḱleu- | clean | Lat. cloāca, Gk. kludōn, Gaul. Cluad, Eng. hlūttor/, Lith. šluoti, Ltv. slaumi, Russ. sleza, Welsh clir, Gm. hlūttar/lauter, Goth. hlūtrs, ON hlér, OCS slĭza |
| *ḱleu- | to hear | Lat. cluēre, Gaul. clu, Gk. kleos, Illyr. cleves, Lith. klausyti; šlovė, Ltv. klausīt, OCS slovo, Russ. slovo, Skr. śru, Av. surunaoiti, Gm. hlut/laut, Eng. hlud/loud, Toch. klyos, ON hljóðr, Goth. hliuþ, Toch. klāw/klāw, Arm. lu, Alb. quhem, Polish słowo |
| *ḱlouni- | buttock | Lat. clūnis, ON hlaun, Kamviri slaunis, Skr. śroṇi, Av. sraoni, Welsh clun, Lith. šlaunis |
| *ḱm̥tóm | hundred | Lat. centum, Lith. šimtas, Ltv. simts, Gm. hunt/hundert, Eng. hundred/hundred, Goth. hund, ON hundrað, Gk. hekaton, Av. sata, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/cead, Kashmiri śath, Osset. sædæ, Pers. /sad, OCS sŭto, Polish sto, Russ. sto, Skr. śata, Av. satem, Toch. känt/kante, Welsh cant |
| *ḱon- | shell | Lat. conguius, Gk. kogkhos, Skr. śaṅkha |
| *ḱubʰ- | shoulder | Lat. cubitus, Alb. sup, Gm. huf/Hüfte, Eng. hype/hip, Gk. kubos, Av. supti, Skr. śupti, Goth. hups, Welsh gogof, Pers. /šāne |
| *ḱwen- | holy | Lith. šventas, Ltv. svinēt, Russ. svjatoj, Av. spanyah, Goth. hunsl, Polish święty, Old Prussian swints, ON hunsl, Eng. hūsel/housel, OCS svętŭ, Kurd. khawén |
| *ḱwon- (nom. *ḱwōn, gen. *ḱun-ós) | dog | Lat. canis, Gk. kuōn/, Arm. šun, Phryg. kunes, Toch. ku/ku, Gaul. cuna, Eng. hund/hound, Skr. śvan, Av. spā, Russ. suka, Polish suka; kundel(?), Gm. hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lith. šuo, Ltv. suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thrac. dinu-, Goth. huns, ON hundr, Welsh ci, Ir. cū/cú, Hitt. śuwanis, Lyd. kan-, Dacian kinu-, Alb. shakë, Pers. /sag |
| *ḱóino- | grass | Gk. koina, Arm. xot/xod, Lith. šienas, Ltv. siens, Russ. seno, Polish siano |
| *ḱórw-eH₂- | crow | Alb. sorrë, Lith. šarka, Gk. koraks, Russ. soroka, Skr. śāri, Lat. cornīx, Umbrian curnāco |
k
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *kaiko- | one-eyed | Lat. caecus, Skr. kekara, Lith. keikti, Gk. kaikias, Ir. caech/, Welsh coeg, Goth. haihs, Polish Kajko |
| *kailo- | whole | Welsh coel, Gm. heil/heil, Eng. hālig/holy, ON heilagr, Goth. hailags, OCS cĕlŭ, Russ. celyĭ, Old Prussian kailūstiskan, Polish cały |
| *kakka | excrement | Lat. cacāre, Russ. kakat', Gk. kakkaō, Arm. k'akor/k'agor, Ir. cacc/cac, Gm. /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lith. kaka, Pers. /keke(h) |
| *kal- | handsome | Skr. kalya, Gk. kallos |
| *kan- | to sing | Gk. kanakheō/, Ir. canim/, Russ. kanyuk, Goth. hana, Eng. hen/hen, Gm. hano/Hahn, ON hani; hœna, Welsh canu, Pers. /āvāz xāndan, Lat. canō, Umbrian kanetu, Kurd. xwéndin/wenín |
| *kant- | corner | Gk. kanthos, Lat. cantus, Gaul. kantem, Goth. cant, Russ. kut, Polish kant; kąt, Lith. kampas |
| *kapro- | goat | Skr. kapṛtha, Gk. kapros, Lat. caper, Umbrian kabru, Gaul. cabros, Ir. gabor/, Welsh gafr, ON hafr, Eng. hæfer/, Gm. habaro/Haber |
| *kaput- | head | Skr. kapucchala, Lat. caput, Eng. heafod/head, Gm. houbit/Haupt, ON haufuð, Goth. haubiþ |
| *kat- | cub | Lat. catulus, Umbrian katel, Russ. kotit'sja, ON haðna, Ir. cadla/ |
| *ke(n)g- | hook | Lith. kengė, Pers. /čang, Ir. ailcheng/, Russ. kogot', Eng. hoc/hook, ON haki; hǫnk, Gm. hâco/Haken |
| *ked- | to fume | Gk. kedros, Skr. kadru, Lith. kadagys, Ltv. kadags, OCS kadilo, Russ. čad, Old Prussian kadegis |
| *keH₂ro- | wax | Gk. kēros, Lith. korys, Ltv. kāre, Ir. /céir, Lat. cēra |
| *kel- | glue | Gk. kolla, Lith. klijai, Russ. klej, Polish klej |
| *kenk- | kneecap | Skr. kañkāla, Lith. kenkle, Ltv. cinksla, Eng. hēla/heel, ON hǽll |
| *kerp- | to pluck | Gk. karpos, Lat. carpere, Eng. hærfest/harvest, Ir. carr/, Welsh par, Goth. ƕaírban, ON hverfa, Toch. kārp/kärp, Gm. hwerban/werben, Lith. kirpti |
| *klen- | maple | Russ. klën, Polish klon, ON hlynr, Lith. klevas, Ltv. kļava, XMK klinotrokhon, Eng. hlin/linn, Welsh celyn |
| *knid- | louse | Russ. gnida, Polish gnida, Ltv. gnīda, Welsh nedd, Gm. hniz/Nisse, Gk. konis, Alb. thërijë/thëni, Arm. anic/anidz, Ir. /sned, Eng. hnitu/nit |
| *kob- | to succeed | Gaul. Vercobius, Ir. cob/, Eng. gehæp/, ON happ, OCS kobĭ, Russ. kob', Toch. akappi/ |
| *koiló- | naked | Ir. cóil/, Welsh cul, Ltv. kails |
| *kom | with | Lat. cum, Ir. com-/, Eng. ge-/--, gemōt/gemot, Gm. ga-/ge-, Goth. ga-, ON g-, Gk. koinos, Russ. k, Polish k, OCS kŭ |
| *krem- | onion | Gk. kremuon, Ir. crem/creamh, Eng. hramsan/ramson, Lith. kermušė, Ltv. cermaukša;cērmūkslis, Russ. čeremša, Welsh craf |
| *kreuH₂- | blood | Skr. kravis, Lat. cruor, Lith. kraujas, Ltv. krevele, OCS kruvi, Russ. krov', Ir. cró/creo, Gk. kreas, ON hrár, Av. xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, Gm. hrāo/roh, Old Prussian crauyo, Eng. hrēaw/raw |
| *kroksko- | leg | Alb. krah, Lith. kirkaliai, OCS kraka, Russ. okorok, Skr. kiṣku |
| *ksweid- | milk | Lith. sviestas, Ltv. sviests, Skr. kṣvidyati, Av. xšvīd |
| *kuep- | to boil | Skr. kupyati, Lat. cupere, Lith. kvepėti, Ltv. kvēpēt, Russ. kipet', Alb. kapit, Gk. kapnos, ON hvap, Toch. kāp/kāp, Old Prussian kupsins, OCS kypĕti, Goth. afƕapjan, Hitt. kup |
| *kwas- | to cough | Skr. kasāte, Ir. /casachdach, Russ. kašljat', Lith. kosėti, Ltv. kāsēt, Gm. huosto/Husten, ON hósta, Kamviri kâsa, Polish kaszleć, Alb. kollje, Welsh pas, Toch. /kosi, Eng. hwōsta/ |
| *kwat- | sour | Skr. kvathas, Lat. cāseus, OCS kvasŭ, Russ. kvas, Ltv. kūsāt, Alb. cos, Polish kwas, Goth. ƕaþō, Eng. hwaþerian/ |
| *kóro- | war | Lith. karas, Ltv. kaŗš, Gk. koiranos, Ir. cuire/, Gm. heri/Heer, Eng. herebeorg/harbour, Russ. kara, Polish kara, ON herr, Goth. harjis, Gaul. Tricorii, Pers. kāra/kārzār, Old Prussian kargis, Kurd. šer |
| *kóslo- | hazel | Lat. corulus, Lith. kasulas, Eng. hæsel/hazel, ON hasl, Gm. hasal/Hasel, Ir. coll/coll, Welsh collen |
kʷ
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *kʷe | Enclitic "and" | Lat. -que, Goth. -u(h), Gk. -te, Skr. ca, Lyc. -ke, Luw. -ku |
| *kʷeiH- | quiet | Lat. quiēs, ON hvīla, Eng. hwil/while, Gm. hwila/Weile, Goth. ƕeila, OCS počiti, Russ. počit', Skr. ciram, Av. šāitiš, Pers. šiyātiš/šāh, Lyc. tezi, Toch. /śāte, Polish odpoczywać, Arm. hangč'im/hankč'im, Lith. tylus |
| *kʷetwóres (m), *kʷetwesóres (f), *kʷetwōr (n) | four | Lat. quattuor, Arm. č'ork'/č'ors/č'ors, Alb. katër/katër, Lith. keturi, Ltv. četri, Gaul. petor, Gm. feor/vier, Eng. fēower/four, Gk. tessares, Av. čaθwar, Ir. cethir/ceahair, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Oscan petora, ON fjórir, Old Prussian keturjāi, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Pers. /čahār, OCS četyri, Polish cztery, Russ. četyre, Skr. catur, Toch. śtwar/śtwer, Thrac. ketri-, Umbrian petor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Lyc. teteri, Kurd. čwar |
| *kʷrei- | to buy | Skr. krīṇāti, Lith. kraitis, Ltv. kriens, Ir. crenaim/, Russ. krenut', Toch. kuryar/käry, Gk. priamai, Arm. gnel/knel, Welsh prynu |
| *kʷrép-o- / *kʷr̥p-eH₂- | body | Lat. corpus, Skr. kṛpā, Av. kərəfš, Alb. shkrep, Gm. href/, Eng. hrif/midriff, Gk. prapis, Welsh corff, Ir. crí/ , Russ. krup |
| *kʷr̥-mi- | grub | Skr. kṛmi, Lith. kirmis, Ltv. cērme, Alb. krimb/krymb, Ir. cruim/, OCS čermnyi, Russ. červ', Welsh pryf, Osset. kalm, Pers. /kirm, Old Prussian girmis |
| *kʷékʷlo- / *kʷol-o- | wheel | Gk. kuklos, Lat. colus, Toch. kukäl/kokale, Skr. cakra, Russ. koleso, Eng. hwēol/wheel, Pers. čarka/čarx, Ir. cul/--, Old Prussian kelan, Osset. calx/, Polish koło, Av. čaxra, Alb. sjell, ON hjōl, Lith. kelias, Luw. kaluti- |
l
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *laiwó- | left (direction) | Lat. laevus, Gk. laios, Russ. levyj, Illyr. Levo, Eng. lǣw/, Lith. išlaivoti, Polish lewy, ON lǽn, Gm. lēwes/, OCS lĕvŭ |
| *laks- | salmon | Toch. laks/läks, ON lax, Lith. lašiša, Ltv. lasis, Russ. losos', Polish łosoś, Gm. lahs/Lachs, Eng. leax/--, Old Prussian lalasso |
| *laku- | pond | Gk. lakkos, Lat. lacus, Gm. lagu/, Ir. loch/loch, Arm. lič/lij , Eng. lagu/--, Lith. lekmenė, ON lǫgr, Serb. lokva |
| *las- | eager | Skr. laṣati, Lat. lascīvus, Russ. laska, Lith. lokšnus, Eng. lust/lust, Gm. lust/Lust, Goth. lustus, ON lyst, Gk. lilaiomai, Ir. lainn/ |
| *lat- | swamp | Gk. lataks, Lith. Latupė, Ltv. Late, Gaul. Arelate, Ir. lathach/lathach, Gm. letto/letten, Welsh llaid |
| *lebʰ- | lip | Lat. labĭum, Gm. /Lippe; lefs/Lefze Eng. lippa/lip, Welsh llefaru, Russ. lobzat', Pers. /lab, Lith. lūpa, Kurd. léw |
| *legʰ- | to lie down | Lat. lectus, OCS ležati, Russ. ležat', Gk. lekhethai/, Gm. liggan/liegen, Ir. lige/luighe, Welsh gwely, Eng. lecgen/lie, Polish leżeć, Gaul. legasit, ON liggja, Goth. ligan, Toch. lake/leke, Lith. lagaminas, Ltv. lagača |
| *leH₂w- | to pour, wash | Gk. lousis, Lat. lavare, Gaul. lautro, Arm. loganam/lokanam, Hitt. lahhu- 'to pour', Gm. louga/Lauge, Eng. lēðran/lather, ON laug, Ir. lóathar/, Welsh luddw |
| *leH₃p- | cow | Alb. lopë, Ir. lāeg, Welsh llo |
| *lei- | to pour | Gk. leibó, Skr. riyati, Hitt. lilái-, Alb. lise", Goth. leithu, Lith. lieti, Old Prussian isliuns, OCS liti, Russ. lit', Polish lac', Ir. lie/ Kurd. rijyan |
| *leig- | to jump | Gk. elelizdō/, Lith. laigyti; liuoksėti, Goth. laiks, Gm. leih/Leich, Skr. rejati, Pers. /ālēxtan, Eng. lāc/--, ON leikr |
| *leikʷ- | to leave | Lat. linquō, Lith. likti, Ltv. likt, Ir. léicid/, Gm. līhan/leihen, Arm. lk'anem, Gk. leipō, Skr. riṇakti, Av. raexnah, Pers. /rēxtan, Old Prussian polijcki, Russ. olek, Eng. lǣnan/lend, ON ljá, Goth. leiƕan |
| *leiǵʰ- | to lick | Lat. lingere, Skr. leḍhi, Ir. ligim/, Gk. leikhein, Arm. luzel, Russ. lizat', Gm. leckôn/lecken, Eng. liccian/lick, Kamviri liza, Polish lizać, Alb. lëpij, ON sleikja, Pers. /lēsēdan, Av. raēzate, Lith. laižyti, Ltv. laizīt, Welsh llywu, Goth. bilaigon, Kurd. lésínewe |
| *lendʰ- | kidney | Gm. lenti/Lende, Eng. lenden/--, ON lend, Russ. ljadvie, Lat. lumbus |
| *lendʰo- | steppe | Old Prussian lindan, Eng. land/land, ON land, Ir. land/lann, Welsh llan, OCS ledina, Russ. ljada, Polish ląd, Gm. /Land, Gaul. landa |
| *lengʷʰ- | lightweight | Lat. levis, Alb. lehtë, Gk. elakhistos, Skr. laghu, Av. ragu, Russ. lëgkij, Lith. lengva, Ltv. liegs, Old Prussian lāngiseilingins, Goth. līhts, Eng. lēoht/light, Gm. līht/leicht, ON lēttr, Toch. /lankŭtse, Ir. lugu/lugha, Welsh llai, OCS lĭgŭkŭ, Polish lekki, Russ. lëgkij, Welsh lai, Kashmiri lo.t |
| *leubʰ- | to love | Russ. ljubit', Skr. lubhyati, Eng. lufu/love, Lith. liaupsė, Alb. lum, Gm. liob/Liebe, Polish lubić, ON ljúfr, Goth. liufs, Lat. libido, Oscan loufit, OCS ljubŭ |
| *leudʰ-o- | people | Lat. līber, Lith. liaudis, Ltv. ļaudis, OCS ljudĭje, Russ. ljud, Gk. eleutheros, Ir. luss/, Skr. rodhati, Av. raoða, Gm. liut/Leute, Polish lud, ON ljóðr, Alb. lind, Oscan Lúvfreís, Welsh llysiau, Goth. liudan, Eng. lēod/, Old Prussian ludis |
| *leugʰ- | to tell a lie | Eng. lyge/lie, Gm. liogan/lügen, ON ljúga, Goth. liugan, Lith. lugoti, OCS lŭgati, Russ. lgat', Welsh llu, Ir. luige/, Polish łgać |
| *leuk-; *lóuk-o- | bright; light | OCS luci, Russ. lug, Skr. rocate, Gk. leukos, Eng. lēoht/light, Gm. lioht/licht, Kamviri luka, Goth. liuhaþ, ON leygr, Toch. luk, Oscan Lúvkis, Umbrian Vuvçis, Welsh llug, Ir. loscaim/loiscim, Lat. lux, Lith. lauka, Ltv. lauks, Hitt. lalukkes, Lyc. luga, Luw. luha-, Arm. loys, Kamviri ṛuč, Gaul. leux, Av. raočant |
| *leuk-s | lynx | Gk. lugks, Lith. lūšis, Ltv. lūsis, Old Prussian luysis, Gm. luhs/Luchs, Eng. lox/--, Russ. rys', Polish ryś, Arm. lusanun, Ir. lug/ |
| *leuǵ- | to break | Gk. lugros/, Alb. lungë, Arm. lucanel/ludzanel, Ir. lucht/, Gm. /Lücke; /Luke, Lith. laužti, Ltv. lauzt, Skr. rujati, Av. uruxti, Welsh llwyth, Eng. tōlūcan/ |
| *lino- | flax | Lat. līnum, Gk. linon, Lith. linas, Ltv. lini, Old Prussian linno, Ir. lín/líon, Alb. liri/lîni, Goth. lein, Polish len, Russ. lën, Welsh llin, Eng. lin/linen, Gm. lin/Leinen, ON lín, OCS lĭnŭ |
| *luHs- | louse | Lith. liulė, Welsh llau, Eng. lūs/louse, Gm. lūs/Laus, ON lús |
| *lāu- | to acquire | Gk. leia, Goth. laun, OCS lovŭ, Russ. lovit', Ir. lúag/, Welsh llawen, Gm. lōn/Lohn, Lith. lavinti, ON laun, Eng. lēan/, Skr. lotam, Polish łowić |
m
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *magʰ- | to be able | Pers. magus/, Lith. magėti, Ltv. megt, Eng. meaht/might; mæg/may, OCS mogǫ, Gm. magan/mögen, Polish mogę, ON mega, Russ. moč', Skr. magha, Toch. mokats/, Gk. mēkhos, Goth. magan, Arm. mart'ans |
| *magʰó- | young | Goth. magus, Gaul. Magurīx, Ir. maug/, Av. maġava, Alb. makth, Ltv. mač, Gm. magad/Magd, Eng. mægð/maid, Welsh meudwy, ON mǫgr |
| *mak- | pouch | Lith. maišas, Ltv. maks, Ir. mén/, Welsh megin, Gm. mago/Magen, Eng. maga/maw, ON magi, OCS mosina, Russ. mošna, Polish moszna, Old Prussian dantimax |
| *man- | hand | Gk. mane, Lat. manus, Eng. mund/--, Gm. munt/Vormund |
| *marko- | horse | Gaul. markan, Ir. marc/marcach, Welsh march, Eng. mere/mare, Gm. marah/Mähre, ON marr |
| *mat- | mattock | Lat. mateola, Skr. matya, Russ. motyga, Polish motyka, Gm. modela, Gaul. matog, Welsh matog |
| *me | me | Alb. mua, Lat. me, Umbrian mehe, Eng. mec/me, Gm. mih/mich, Ir. mé/mé, Russ. menja;mne;mnoj, Hitt. ammuk, Lyc. amu, Lyd. amu, Goth. mik, ON mik;mér, Polish mi;mię;mnie, Gk. eme, Skr. mam, Av. mam, Welsh mi, Pers. /man, Venetic mego, Lith. man, Kurd. (i)m(in) |
| *med- | to advise | Lat. meditor, Welsh meddu, Gk. medomai, ON meta, Eng. ǣmtig/empty, Arm. mit/mid, Skr. masti, Av. azdā, Pers. azdā/, Umbrian meřs, Oscan meddiss, Av. midiur/, Toch. mem/maim, Goth. mitan, Gm. mezzan/ |
| *medʰ-u- | mead | Skr. madhu, OCS medŭ, Russ. med, Lith. medus, Ltv. medus, Eng. meodu/mead, Gk. methu, Av. maðu, Kamviri mura, Kashmiri mäch, Polish miód, Welsh medd, Toch. mit, Gm. metu/Met, ON mjǫðr, Ir. mid/, Old Prussian meddo, Osset. mydy, Luw. maddu- |
| *medʰyo- | between | Gaul. Mediolānum, Eng. ælemidde/middle, Russ. meždu, Gm. mitti/Mitte, Skr. madhya, Kamviri pâmüč, Goth. midjis, ON meðal, Polish między, Illyr. metu, Lith. medis, Ltv. mežs, Arm. mēj/mēč, Oscan mefiaí, Pers. /mēān, Old Prussian median, Lat. medium, Oscan mefiaí, Welsh mewnin, Ir. mid/, Av. maiðya, OCS mežda |
| *meH₁ns- (nom. *meH₁ns, gen. *mH₁n̥t-ós) | moon, month | Gk. mēn, Toch. mañ/meñe, Lat. mēnsis, Eng. mōna/moon, OCS meseci, Polish miesiąc, Russ. mesjac, Skr. māsa, Arm. amis, Av. maoṅh, Ir. mí/mí, ON mani, Gm. mano/Mond, Goth. mena, Alb. muaj, Lith. mėnuo, Ltv. meness, Welsh mis, Kamviri mos, Pers. /māh, Osset. mæj, Old Prussian menig, Kurd. mang |
| *mei- | small | Hitt. meiu-, Lat. minor, Gk. meiōn, OCS mĭnii, Russ. menee, Gm. min/minder, Goth. mins, ON minnr, Skr. mināti, Oscan menvum, Toch. /maiwe, Eng. min/, Luw. mawa |
| *mei- | to change | Lat. mūnus, Eng. gemǣne/mean, Gm. gimeini/gemein, Goth. gamains, Skr. menis, OCS mĕna, Russ. menjat', Lith. mainyti, Ltv. mains, Ir. móin/, Skr. mayaite, Welsh mwyn, Polish zmiana, Av. maēni |
| *meigʰ- | to urinate | Skr. mehati, Av. maēsati, Lith. myžti, Ltv. mīzt, Russ. mezga, Arm. mizel, Toch. --/miśo, Gk. omeihein, ON míga, Goth. maihstus, Eng. māsc/mash, Gm. /Maisch; miskan/mischen, Lat. mingere, Kurd. méz |
| *meldʰ- | lightning | Old Prussian mealde, Lith. milna, Russ. molnija |
| *melH₁- | to grind, rub, break up | OCS melję, Russ. melju, Lith. malti, Ltv. malt, Toch. malyw-/mely-, Eng. melo/meal, Alb. miell, Arm. malem, Gk. mulos, Goth. malan, ON mala, Gm. malan/mahlen, Lat. molere, Umbrian kumaltu, Welsh malu, Ir. melim/meilim, Hitt. malla, Polish mleć |
| *melk- | wet->milk | Lith. malkas, Ltv. malks, Gk. melkion, OCS mlĕko, Russ. moloko, Polish mleko |
| *melǵ- | to milk | Lat. mulgeō, Eng. melcan/milk, Gm. melcan/melken, Goth. miluks, ON mjölk, Toch. malke/malkwer, Gk. amelgō, Ir. bligim/, Welsh blith, Lith. melžti, Russ. molozivo, Skr. marjati, Alb. mjel |
| *memso- | flesh | Skr. māṃsa, Lat. membrum, Old Prussian mensā, Goth. mimz, Russ. mjaso, Alb. mish, Arm. mis, Toch. /mīsa, Gk. mēnigks, Kashmiri maz, Lith. mėsa, Ltv. miesa, Ir. mír/mír |
| *men- | mind | Gk. menos, Lat. mēns, Skr. manas, Av. manah, Eng. gemynd/mind, Goth. muns, ON minni; man, Gm. minna/Minne, Lith. mintis, Ltv. minēt, Old Prussian mēntimai, OCS mineti, Russ. mnit', Arm. mitk'/midk', Alb. mund, Pers. mainyāhay/, Toch. mnu/mañu, Ir. dermet/dearmad, Welsh cof |
| *mer- | to die | Lat. mortŭus, OCS mrĭtvŭ, Russ. meret', Lith. mirti, Ltv. mirt, Skr. marati, Av. miryeite, Arm. meṙnil, Gk. brotos, Eng. morþor/murder, Gm. mord/Mord, ON morð, Goth. maurþr, Gaul. marvos, Kamviri mṛe, Osset. maryn/, Polish mord; umrzeć, Ir. marb/marbh, Welsh marw, Pers. amariyata/mordan, Hitt. mer, Kurd. mirin |
| *meǵ- | great | Gk. megas, Lat. magnus, Arm. mec/medz, Illyr. mag, Gaul. Magiorīx, Alb. madh, Skr. mahayati, Toch. māk/mākā, Goth. mikils, Phryg. meka-, Eng. micil/much, ON mikill, Av. mazant, Pers. /meh, Hitt. makkes, Ir. mochtae/, Welsh Maclgwn, Gm. mihhil/-- Kurd. mezin |
| *misdʰo- | fee | Skr. mīḍha, Av. mīžda, Goth. mizdō, Russ. mzda, Gk. misthos, Gm. mieta/Miete, Pers. /muzd, Eng. mēd/meed, OCS mĭzda |
| *mon- | neck | Skr. manyā, Lat. monīle, Eng. manu/mane, Gm. mana/Mähne, Ir. muin/muin, Gk. mannon, Russ. monisto, Welsh mwnwgl, Gaul. maniakēs, ON mǫn, Av. minu |
| *mor- | blackberry | Gk. moron, Arm. mori, Lat. mōrum, Hitt. muri, Ir. smér/smeur, Welsh mwyaren |
| *mori- | bog | Lat. mare, Polish morze, Russ. more, Gaul. Aremorici, Lith. marios, Ltv. mare, Skr. maryādā, Eng. mersc/marsh, Gm. meri/Meer, Old Prussian mary, Welsh môr, Ir. muir/muir, Goth. marei, Alb. përmjerr |
| *morwi- | ant | Lat. formīca, Ir. moirb/, Av. maoiri, Skr. vamra, Gk. murmēs, ON maurr, Crimean Gothic miera, Arm. mrjiun/mrčiun, Polish mrówka, Alb. morr, Pers. /murče, OCS mravie, Russ. murovej, Toch. /warme, Kurd. Mérú |
| *mosgo- | brain | Russ. mozg, Av. mazga, Skr. majjan, Kashmiri massunt, Old Prussian musgeno, Gm. marag//Mark, Pers. /maġz, Polish mózg, Toch. mäśśunt/, Lith. smagenės, Ltv. smadzenis, Eng. mearg/marrow, ON mergr, Kurd. méšk |
| *mreǵʰú- | short | Lat. brevis, Av. mərəzujiti, Gm. murgi/, Eng. mirige/merry, Gk. brakhus, Gk. gamaúrgjan |
| *mu- | fly | Lith. musė, Ltv. muša, Lat. musca, Russ. muxa, Gm. mucka/Mücke, Eng. mycg/midge, Alb. mizë, Gk. muia, Arm. mun, Kashmiri ma.čh, OCS mŭšĭ, Polish mucha, ON mý, Pers. /magas, Old Prussian muso |
| *muH₁s- | mouse | Skr. mūṣ, Av. mus, Lat. mūs, Gk. mūs, Russ. myš', Arm. muk/mug, Alb. mi, Gm. mus/Maus, Eng. mūs/mouse, Kamviri musa, Pers. /muš, ON mús, Polish mysz, Lith. musė |
| *máH₂ter- | mother | Arm. mayr, Alb. motër, Lith. motina, Ltv. māte, Old Prussian mūti, Gaul. mātir, Ir. máthir/máthair, Kashmiri mā.j, Lat. māter, Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer, Gk. mētēr, Russ. mat', Skr. mātṛ, Av. mātar, Toch. mācar/mācer, Gm. muoter/Mutter, Eng. mōdor/mother, Welsh modryb, Kamviri motr, ON móðir, Pers. /mādar, Phryg. mater, Osset. mad/madæ, Polish matka, OCS mati |
| *mánu- | person | Skr. manu, Av. Manuščiθra, Eng. mann/man, Gm. man/Mann, Goth. manna, ON maðr, OCS mǫžĭ, Russ. muž, Lith. žmogus, Kamviri mânša, Pers. /mard, Polish mąż, Kurd. mér |
| *mélH₁-it- | honey | Gk. melitos, Lat. mel, Arm. meġr, Alb. mjaltë, Gaul. Melissus, Ir. mil/, Goth. miliþ, Eng. mildēaw/mildew, Gm. milltou/Mehltau, Welsh mêl, Hitt. milit, Luw. mallit-, Palaic malit- |
| *méne / *me-ós | my, mine | Kurd. ímin Eng. /mine, Gm /mein |
| *móiso- | (animal) hide | Lith. maišas, Ltv. maiss, Skr. meṣa, Av. maēša, ON meiss, Russ. mex, Gm. meissa/, Old Prussian moasis, Alb. meshinë; mill |
n
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *nebʰ-o-, *nebʰ-i- | cloud | Lat. nebŭlō, OCS nebo, Russ. nebo, Skr. nabhas, Gk. nephos, Hitt. nepiš, Lyc. tabahaza, Luw. tappaš-, Gm. nebul/Nebel, Eng. nifol/--, Welsh nef, Kamviri niru, Polish niebo, Lith. debesis, Ltv. debess, Av. nabah, Ir. nem/neamh, ON niflhel |
| *neH₁tr- | snake | Lat. natrix, Eng. nǣddre/adder, Gm. natara/Natter, Welsh neidr, Goth. nadrs, ON naðr, Ir. nathir/nathair |
| *neH₂-u- | corpse | Toch. nut/naut, Goth. naus, OCS navi, Russ. nav'/, Welsh newyn, Gm. not/, ON nār, Eng. néo-/--, Old Prussian nowis, Lith. novyti, Ltv. nāve, Ir. núne/ |
| *neigʷ- | to wash | Lat. noegeum, Ir. nigim/nighim, ON nykr, Gm. nihhus/Nix, Gk. niptō, Skr. nenekti, Welsh enneint, Eng. nicor/ |
| *neik- | to winnow | Lith. niekoti, Ltv. niekāt, Gk. neiklon, Welsh nithio |
| *nem- | to allot/distribute | Lat. numerus, Ir. nem/nimh, Gm. neman/nehmen, Gk. nemō, Goth. niman, ON nema, Lith. nuomas, Ltv. noma, Eng. niman/numb, Av. nəmah, Toch. /ñemek, Russ. nemoj |
| *neḱ- | dead person, death | Skr. naśyati, Av. nasyeiti, Gk. nekros, Lith. našlys, Lat. nex, Toch. näk/näk, Ir. éc/eug, Welsh angeu, ON Naglfar |
| *ni | down | Skr. ni, Eng. niþera/nether-, Gm. nidar/nieder, ON niðr, Gk. neiothen, OCS nizu, Russ. niz |
| *nogʷó- | naked | Eng. nacod/naked, Goth. naqaþs, Skr. nagna, Hitt. nekumant, Gk. gumnos, Lat. nūdus, Lith. nuogas, Ltv. nogs, Ir. nocht/, Gm. nackot/nackt, Polish nagi, ON nakinn, Av. maġna, Welsh noeth, OCS nagŭ, Russ. nagoj, Kashmiri naṅgay |
| *nokʷt- (nom. nokʷt-s, gen. nekʷt-s) | night | Gk. nuks, Lat. nox, Lith. naktis, Ltv. nakts, Gm. naht/Nacht, Skr. nakti, Hitt. nekuz 'of night' (< genitive *nekʷt-s), Russ. noč', Alb. natë, Ir. innocht/anochd, Toch. nakcu/nekcīye, Welsh nos, Eng. niht/night, Polish noc, Old Prussian naktin, Goth. nahts, ON nótt, OCS nosti |
| *(H₁)néwn̥ | nine | Arm. inn/inn/innĕ, Alb. nëntë/nândë, Lith. devyni, Ltv. deviņi, Gaul. navan, Gm. niun/neun, Eng. nigon/nine, Gk. ennea, Av. nauua, Ir. nói/naoi, Kashmiri nav, Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Kamviri nu, Lat. novem, Oscan nuven, ON níu, Old Prussian newīnjai, Pers. nava/noh, OCS devętĭ, Polish dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Skr. nava, Toch. ñu, Umbrian nuvim, Goth. niun, Welsh naw |
| *néH₂-u- | swim | *néH₂-u- "ship": Skr. nāu, Ir. nau/, Gk. naus, Lat. nāvis, Av. navāza, Pers. nāviyā/nav, Arm. nav, ON nōr, Osset. nau, Alb. anije, Welsh noe, Eng. nōwend/-- |
| *népot- (nom. *népōt-s gen. *nept-ós) | grandson/nephew | Lat. nepōs, Skr. napāt, Av. napāt, Gk. anepsios/, Alb. nip, Russ. nestera, Eng. nefa/--, Gaul. nei, Gm. nevo/Neffe, Welsh nai, Kamviri nâvo, Pers. napā/nave, Lith. nepuotis, Ir. necht/; níath/, OCS nestera, Polish nieściora |
| *nu | now | Alb. tani, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, Gm. nu/nun, Lat. nunc, Eng. nū/now, Gk. nu/, Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, ON nū, Pers. nūra/, Old Prussian teinu, Skr. nū, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Goth. nu, Old Church Slavonic nu |
| *néwo- | new | (full grade of nu "now".) Lat. novus, OCS novŭ, Russ. novyj, Gk. neos, Hitt. newa, Eng. nīwe/new, Skr. nava, Av. nava, Lith. naujas, Ltv. naujš, Gaul. Noviodūnum, Arm. nor, Gm. niuwi/neu, Kamviri nuĩ, Kashmiri nōv, Osset. nog/, Polish nowy, Welsh newydd, Pers. /now, Toch. ñu/ñuwe, Old Prussian nauns, Oscan Núvellum, Goth. niujis, Ir. nue/nua, ON nýr, Thrac. neos, Luw. nāwa |
| *ní-sdo- | nest | secondary root, from ni- + sed. OCS gnĕzdo, Russ. gnezdo, Eng. nest/nest, Arm. nist, Skr. nidas, Ir. net/net, Gm. nest/Nest, Polish gniazdo, Welsh nyth, Lat. nidus |
p
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *pasto- | solid | Skr. pastyam, Gm. festi/fest, Eng. fæst/fast Arm. hast/hasd, Goth. fastan, ON fastr |
| *peg- | breast | Skr. pakṣas, Lat. pectus, Ltv. paksis, Russ. pax, Toch. päśśäṃ/päšcane |
| *peH₂- | to protect | Skr. pāti, Toch. pās/pāsk, Gk. poimēn, Lat. pāstum, Gm. fuoten/Futter, Eng. fēdan/feed, Lith. piemuo, Goth. fōdjan; fōdr, Av. pāiti, Pers. xšaθrapāvan/, ON føða; fōðr |
| *peH₃i- | to drink | Russ. pit'ë, Skr. pā, Gk. pinō, Alb. pi, Ir. ibim/ibhim, Welsh yfed, Polish pić, Lith. puota, Old Prussian poutwei, Hitt. pas, Thrac. pinon, Arm. əmpelik'/əmbelik', Lat. pōtōāre, Umbrian puni, OCS pitijĭ |
| *peisk- | fish | Lat. piscis, Ir. íasc/iasc, Goth. fisks, ON fiskr, Eng. fisc/fish, Gm. fisc/Fisch, Russ. peskar', Polish piskorz, Welsh pysgodyn |
| *pekʷ- | to cook | Lat. coquere, Alb. pjek, Russ. peku, Skr. pacati, Toch. päk/päk, Welsh poeth, Gk. pepsis, Kamviri puk, Lith. kepti, Ltv. cept, OCS pekǫ, Pers. /puxtan, Polish piekę, Old Prussian pektis, Eng. āfigen/ |
| *pel- | flour | Old Prussian pelwo, Lat. palea, Skr. palāla, Lith. pelūs, Ltv. pelus, Russ. polova, Polish plewa |
| *pel- | gray | Alb. plak, Arm. alik', Skr. palita, Av. pouruša, Pers. /pūrū, XMK pellus, Gk. pelitnos, Lat. palleō, Ir. laith/, Welsh llwyd, Lith. pelekas, Ltv. pelēks, Old Prussian pele, Russ. pelësyj, ON fǫlr, Gm. falo/, Eng. fealo/, Kurd. bor |
| *pel- | skin | Gk. pelos; pilon, Lat. pellis, Russ. pelena, Goth. fill, Gm. fël/Fell, Eng. filmen/film, Lith. plėnė, Ltv. plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, ON feldr |
| pelH₂- | flat | Hitt. palḫiš, Arm. lain, Lith. plōna, Ltv. plāns, Old Prussian plonis, Gaul. Arelicca, Ir. lár, Welsh llawr, Eng. feld/field, Gm. feld/feld, Gk. planēs; plassō, Skr. pṛthu, Av. fraθah, Lat. plānus, Polish płaski, Russ. ploskij: nidar ploskŭ, OCS ploskŭ |
| *pent- | road | Lat. pontis, Gk. pontos, Skr. panthā, Av. pantå, Russ. put', Goth. finþan, Eng. findan/find, Gm. findan/finden, ON finna, Arm. hun, Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, Ir. /és, OCS pǫtĭ, Pers. paθim/ |
| *perd- | to fart | Russ. perdet', Skr. pardate, Lith. persti, Ltv. pirst, Phryg. perdomai, Alb. pjerth;pordh, Eng. feortan/fart, Gm. ferzan/furzen, ON freta, Polish pierdzieć, Gk. perdein, Av. pərəðaiti, Welsh rhech |
| *perkʷu- | oak | see Perkwunos. Lat. quercus, Lith. perkunas, Ltv. pērkons, Skr. parkatī, ON fura, Eng. furh/fir, Gm. foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Goth. faírguni |
| *pers- | dust | Toch. pärs/pärs, Av. paršuya, Lith. purkšti, Ltv. pārsla, ON fors, Hitt. pappars, Skr. pṛsati, OCS praxŭ, Russ. prax |
| *persn-eH₂- | heel | Lat. perna/pernis, Skr. pārṣni, Hitt. parsina, Goth. fairsna, Gm. fërsana/Ferse, Gk. ptera, Eng. fiersn/-- , Pers. /pāšne(h), Lith. pentinas |
| *perḱ- | rib | Lith. piršys, Skr. parśus, Av. parəsu, Osset. fars, OCS persi |
| *pes- | penis | Gk. peos, Lat. pēnis, Gm. faselt/Fasel, ON fösull, Eng. fæsl/--, Skr. pasas |
| *pet- | to fly | Eng. feðer/feather, Gm. fedarah/Feder, ON fjǫðr, Lat. petō, Skr. patati, Hitt. pattar, Gk. pteruks, Welsh eterin, Pers. udapatatā/, Arm. t'ṙč'im, Ir. ette/iteóg, Welsh aden, Av. pataiti, Ltv. pētīt |
| *pet- | to open arms | Gk. petalon, Av. paθana, Eng. fæðm/fathom, ON faðmr, Gm. fadam/Faden, Scottish Gaelic aitheamh |
| *peḱu- | wealth/cattle | Gk. pekō, Lat. pandō, Lith. pekus, Old Prussian pecku, Skr. paśu, Av. pasu, Goth. faihu, Eng. feoh/fee, Alb. pilë, Gm. fihu/vieh, ON fé, Arm. asr |
| *pH₂tér- | father | Lat. pater, Oscan patír, Umbrian pater, Gk. patēr, Toch. pācar/pācer, Gaul. ātir, Skr. pitṛ, Gm. fater/Vater, Ir. athir/athair, Eng. fæder/father, Welsh gwaladr, Kashmiri petū'r, Pers. pitā/pedar, Osset. fyd/, ON faðir, Goth. fadar, Gaul. Ateronius |
| *pisd-eH₂- | vulva | Russ. pizda, Lith. pyzda, Ltv. pīzda, Alb. pith |
| *pleH₂k- | to hit | Lat. plangō, Eng. flōk/fluke; flōcan/, Gk. plēttō, OCS plakati, Russ. plakat', Polish płakać, Lith. plakti, Ir. lén/, Goth. flōkan, ON flókinn, Gm. fluoh/Fluch |
| *plek- | to plait/braid | Gk. plekein, Lat. plectere, ON flétta, Goth. flahto, Gm. flehtan/flechten, Eng. fleohtan/--, Skr. praśna, Av. ərəzato frašnəm, OCS plesti, Russ. pletu, Polish pleść, Alb. plaf, Lith. pinti |
| *pléu-mon- | lung | Gk. pleumōn, Skr. kloman, Lith. plaučiai, Ltv. plaušas, Russ. pljuče, Old Prussian plauti, Serb. pluća |
| *plōu- | flea | Lith. blusa, Ltv. blusa, Russ. bloxa, Polish pchła, Arm. lu, Skr. pluṣi, Gk. psulla, Alb. plesht, Pashto vrāž.a, ON flo, Eng. flēah/flea, Gm. flōh/Floh |
| *pénkʷe | five | Arm. hing/hing/hink, Alb. pesë/pesë, Lith. penki, Ltv. pieci, Gaul. pempe, Gm. fimf/fünf, Eng. fīf/five, Phryg. pinke, Gk. pente, Av. paṇča, Ir. cóic/cúig, Kashmiri pā.~tsh, Kamviri puč, Luw. panta, Oscan pompe, ON fimm, Old Prussian pēnkjāi, Osset. fondz/fondz, Pers. panča/panj, OCS pętĭ, Polish pięć, Russ. pjat', Skr. pañca, Toch. päñ/piś, Lat. quinque, Umbrian pumpe, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump |
| *pneu- | to breathe | Gk. pneuma, ON fnysa, Eng. fnēosan/sneeze Gm. fnehan/ |
| *pod- | foot | Lith. pėda, Ltv. pēda, Lat. pēs, Umbrian peři, Skr. pāda, Eng. fōt/foot, Arm. votk'/vodk', Gk. podi, Alb. poshtë, Toch. peṃ/paiyye, Osset. fad/, Gm. fuoz/Fuß, OCS pēs, Russ. pešij, Polish pieszy, Old Prussian pe'da', Hitt. pata, Lyc. pede-, Luw. pati-, Av. pâdha, ON fótr, Goth. fotus, Pers. /pa, Gaul. candetum, XMK argiopus |
| *poimno- | foam | Lat. pūmex, Lith. puta, Skr. phena, OCS pĕna, Polish piana, Russ. pena, Eng. fām/foam, Gm. feim/Feim, Osset. fink, Old Prussian spoayno |
| *porḱo- | farrow | Gk. porkos, Lat. porcus, Lith. paršas, Old Prussian parstian, Russ. porosja, Polish prosię; prosiak, Eng. fearh/farrow, Ir. orc/, Gm. farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, Kurdish purs, Saka pāsa, Gaul. orko |
| *prai- | to like | Skr. prīṇāti, OCS prĕjǫ, Russ. prijat', Ltv. prieks, Gk. praos, Av. frā/, Goth. freis, Eng. frēond/friend, Gm. friunt/Freund, Polish przyjaźń(?); sprzyjać, ON Frigg, Welsh rhydd, Ir. ríar/ |
| *preu- | to jump | Russ. prygat', Skr. pravate, Gm. frosc/Frosch, Eng. frogga/frog, ON froskr, Lith. šokt, Pers. /Paredan |
| *preḱ- | to ask, to pray | Lat. poscō, Toch. prak/prek, Skr. pṛcchati, OCS prositi, Russ. prosit', Lith. piršti, Ltv. pirslis, Gm. frāga/fragen; forscōn/forschen, Eng. frignan/--, ON fregna, Goth. fraihnan, Pers. /pursēdan, Av. pərəsaiti, Oscan aparsam/, Arm. harc'nel, Welsh archaf, Ir. /arco, Toch. pärk/pärk, Umbrian pepurkurent |
| *priH₁-mó- / *prō-to- | foremost (-> first) |
Alb. i parë, Av. pairi, Lith. pirmas, Ltv. pirmais, Gm. furist/Fürst; fruo/früh, Eng. fyrst/first, Gk. prōtos, Hitt. para, Av. paoiriia, Ir. er/air, Kamviri pürük, Lyc. pri, OCS pĭrvŭ, Oscan perum, ON fyrstr, Old Prussian pariy, Osset. fyccag;farast/farast, Polish pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Skr. prathama, Toch. parwät/parwe, Lat. primus, Umbrian pert, Welsh ar |
| *psten- | breast | Gk. stēthos, Arm. stin/sdin, Skr. stana, Av. fštāna, Lith. spenys, Ltv. spenis, ON speni, Gm. spunni/Spanferkel, Ir. sine/sine, Alb. gji, Old Prussian spenis, Pers. /pestan, Eng. spane/-- |
| *puHr- | wheat | Skr. pūra, Gk. puros/, Lith. pūrai, Ltv. pūŗi, Old Prussian pure, Eng. fyrs/furze, OCS pyre, Russ. pyrej |
| *pulH₂- | hair | Skr. pula, Ir. ulcha/ulcha, Gk. puligges/ Kurd. purt |
| *péH₂wr̥- (gen. *pH₂un-ós) | bonfire | Hitt. paḫḫur, Toch. por/pūwar, Gk. pur, Umbrian pir, ON fúrr, Eng. fȳr/fire, Polish perz, Arm. hur, Gm. fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Goth. fōn, Czech pýř |
r
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *rap- | turnip | Lat. rapum, OCS repa, Russ. repa, Lith. ropė, Gm. raba/Rübe, Gk. rhapus, Polish rzepa |
| *rebʰ- | to roof | Gk. erephō, OCS rebro, Russ. rebro, Eng. ribb/rib, ON rif, Gm. ribba/Rippe, Polish żebro |
| *resg- | to plait | Lat. restis, Lith. regsti, Ltv. režģīt, OCS rozga, Russ. rozga, Skr. rajju, Eng. resc/, Polish rózga |
| *rotH₂-o- | wheel | Lat. rota, Alb. rrath, Lith. ratas, Ltv. rats, Gaul. Rotomagus, Gm. rad/Rad, Eng. rodur/, Ir. /rath, Skr. ratha, Welsh rhod, Av. raθa, ON rǫðull |
s
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *(s)mei- | to laugh | OCS smĕjǫ, Russ. smejat', Skr. smayate, Lith. smagintis, Ltv. smaids, Toch. smi/smi, Lat. mīrus, Gk. meidos, Ir. míad/, Polish śmiech, Eng. smearcian/smirk, OCS smĕjǫ |
| *(s)mer- | to remember | Eng. murnan/mourn, Skr. smarati, Av. smaraiti, Lat. memor, Ir. airmmert/, Welsh armerth, Gaul. Smerius, Goth. maúrnan, ON Mímir, Gm. mornēn/, Gk. mermeros, Arm. mormok'/mormos/mormos, Lith. pamiršti, Kurd. bír |
| *(s)neH₁- | to spin | Ltv. snāte, Skr. snāyati, Ir. snáthat/snáthad, Eng. nǣdl/needle, Gm. nādala/Nadel, Goth. nēþla, ON nál, Russ. nit', Lat. neō, Gk. nēθō, Welsh nodwydd |
| *(s)tauro- | bison | Av. staora, Goth. stiur, Lith. tauras, Ltv. tauriņš, Gk. tauros, Gaul. Tarbos, OCS turu, Russ. tur, Polish tur, Eng. steor/steer, Gm. stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, ON stjórr, Lat. taurus, Oscan turuf, Alb. taroç, Ir. tarb/ |
| *(s)teg- (*stegō [1ps]) | to cover | Gk. stégō, Lat. tegō, Skr. sthagati, Lith. stogas, Ltv. stags, Ir. tech/teach, Gm. thecken/decken, Eng. þæc/thatch, ON þekja, Russ. stog, Polish stóg, Old Prussian stogis, Umbrian tehteřim, Welsh ty |
| *(s)teH₂-i- | to hide | Skr. stāyat, Av. tāyu, Russ. tajt', Ir. táid/, Hitt. tayezzi, Gk. tēusiē/, Toch. /enestai |
| *(s)ter- | sterile | Gk. steira, Lat. sterilis, Arm. sterj/sderč, Alb. shtjerre, Gm. stero/, Skr. starī, Goth. stairō, Eng. stierc/, Bulg. sterica |
| *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- | thousand | Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse |
| *saus- | to dry | Alb. tha, Lith. sausa, Ltv. sauss, Old Prussian sausā, Eng. sēar/sear, Gm. sōrēn/--, Skr. śuṣyati, Av. haoš, Pers. uška/xošk, Russ. suxoj, Gk. hauos/, Lat. sūdus |
| *sed - | to sit | OCS sĕdĕti, Russ. sidet', Polish siedzieć, Lat. sedeō, Lith. sėdėti, Ltv. sēdēt, Gaul. essedum, Eng. sittan/sit, Gm. sizzan/sitzen; sezzal/, ON sitja, Goth. sitan, Gk. hedzomai/, Ir. saidim/suidh, Welsh seddu, Skr. sad, Av. nišaðayeiti, Pers. niyašayadan/nešastan, Arm. nstil/nsdil, Old Prussian sīdons, Umbrian sersitu, Toch. sätk/ |
| *seH₁- | to sow | Russ. seyat', Lith. sėti, Ltv. sēt, Eng. sāwan/sow, Old Prussian semen, OCS sĕti, Russ. semja, Gm. sāen/säen, ON sá, Goth. saian, Lat. serere, Umbrian semenies, Polish siać, Welsh hil, Ir. sí/síol, Toch. sāry/, Hitt. sai, Skr. sāyaka, Umbrian semenies |
| *seH₁i- | to sift | Alb. shosh, Lith. sietas, Ltv. siets, Ir. sithlad/síolthughadh, Welsh hidl, ON sáld, Gk. ēthō, Russ. sito, Polish sito, OCS sito |
| *seH₂g- | to seek out | Hitt. šak(k), Eng. sǣcan/beseech, Gm. suohhen/suchen, Goth. sōkjan, ON sǿkja, Gk. hēgesthai, Ir. saigim/, Welsh haeddu, Lat. sagīre |
| *sekʷ- | to follow | Lat. sequor, Lith. sekti, Ltv. sekt, Gk. hepomai, Ir. sech/seach, Welsh hep, ON seggr, Skr. sacate, Av. hačaitē, Eng. secg/--, Pers. hačā/, Toch. säk/, Gm. beinsegga/ |
| *selp- | butter | Toch. ṣälyp/ṣalype, Gk. helpos, Hitt. salpa-, Alb. gjalpë, Skr. sarpis, Eng. sealf/salve, Osset. carv/, Pers. /čarbi, Gm. salba/Salbe, Goth. salbon |
| *sem- | summer | Skr. samā, Eng. sumor/summer, Av. ham, Arm. amaṙ, Gm. sumar/Sommer, ON sumar, Welsh haf, Ir. samrad/samhradh, Toch. ṣme/ṣmāye |
| *sem- (nom. sēm-s, gen. sem-ós) *sm̥- [prefix] | one | Lat. semel, Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama |
| *semi- | half | Lat. sēmis, Gm. sami/--, Eng. sām-/sand-blind, Goth. sami-, Skr. sami, Gk. hēmisus, Kamviri sâmaũ |
| *senH₁ó- | old | Lat. senex, Lith. senas, Ltv. sens, Gaul. Senognatus, ON sina, Skr. sana, Av. hana, Arm. hin, Gk. henos, Welsh hyn, Goth. sineigs, Ir. sen/ |
| *septm̥ | seven | Arm. evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ, Alb. shtatë/shtatë, Lith. septyni, Ltv. septiņi, Gaul. sextan, Gm. sibun/sieben, Eng. seofon/seven, Gk. hepta, Av. hapta, Ir. secht/seacht, Hitt. šipta-, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Lat. septem, Oscan seften, ON sjau, Old Prussian septīnjai, Osset. avd/avd, Pers. /haft, OCS sedmĭ, Polish siedem, Russ. sem', Skr. sapta, Toch. ṣpät/ṣukt, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith |
| *septm̥-ḱómt-H₂ | seventy | Lat. septuāgintā, Gk. heptákonta, Ir. /seachtó, Skr. saptatih |
| *serpe- | to creep | Alb. gjarpër/gjarpën, Gk. herpō, Lat. serpō, Skr. sṛp, Kashmiri so.rūph |
| *seuyó- | left (direction) | Skr. savya, Welsh aswy, Av. haoya, Toch. --/saiwai, OCS šujĭ, Russ. šuj |
| *skand- | to leap | Skr. skandati, Gk. skandalon, Ir. scendim/scinn, Lat. scandere |
| *skap- | tool | Russ. ščepa, Lith. kapoti, Ltv. kaplis, Gm. skaft/, Gk. skeparnion, Lat. capus, Pers. /kāfad, Alb. kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, ON skapt, OCS kopajǫ |
| *smek- | chin | Ir. smech/smeach, Lith. smakras, Ltv. smakrs, Skr. śmaśru, Hitt. zamakur, Arm. mauruk/maurug, Alb. mjekër, Lat. maxilla |
| *smeru- | grease | Ir. smiur/, Gk. smuris, Lat. medulla, Gm. smero/Schmer, Welsh mer, Eng. smerian/smear, Polish smar, Toch. /ṣmare, Lith. smarsas, ON smjǫr, Goth. smaírþr |
| *sneigʷʰ- | snow | Lith. sniegas, Ltv. sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russ. sneg, Ir. snechta/sneachta, Skr. snēha, Eng. snāw/snow, Gk. nipha, Gm. sneo/Schnee, ON snjór, Goth. snaiws, Polish śnieg, Welsh nyf, Av. snaēža, Toch. /śiñcatstse |
| *sneudʰ- | mist | Av. snaoða, Welsh nudd, Gk. nuthon, Lat. nūbēs |
| *snúso- | daughter-in-law | Skr. snuṣā, Eng. snoru/--, Gk. nuos, Lat. nurus, Arm. nu, OCS snŭxa, Polish snecha, Russ. snoxa, Alb. nusa, Crimean Gothic schuos, ON snor, Gm. snur/Schnur |
| *sol- | salt | Lat. sāl, Umbrian salu, Toch. sāle/sālyiye, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sāļš, Eng. sealt/salt, Gk. hals, Arm. aġ, Ir. salann/, OCS soli, Russ. sol', Gm. salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Alb. gjelbson, ON salt, Goth. salt, Old Prussian sal, Skr. salila, Illyr. Salapia |
| *solwo- | whole | Toch. salu/solme, Gk. holos, Arm. olj/volj/volč, Ir. slán/slán, Alb. gjallë, Skr. sarva, Av. haurva, Kamviri sũdi, Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Lat. salvus, Oscan salavs, Umbrian saluvom, Russ. sulej, Pers. haluva/, OCS sulĕi |
| *sp(y)eu- | to spit | Lat. spuere, Gk. ptuein, OCS pljujǫ, Lith. spjauti, Ltv. spļaut, Eng. spiwan/spew, Gm. spīwan/speien, ON spýja, Goth. spiewan, Skr. ṣṭīvati, Av. spāma, Arm. t'us, Pers. /tuf, Osset. thu, Russ. pljuju, Polish pluć |
| *sperg- | sparrow | Gm. sperk/sperling, Eng. spearwa/sparrow, Goth. sparwa, ON spǫrr, Toch. ṣpār/ṣpāra-, Gk. sparasion, Old Prussian spurglis, Pers. /parasto, Lat. parra, Umbrian parfam, Ir. serriach/ |
| *splenǵʰ- | spleen | Gk. splēn, Lat. liēn, Ir. selg/sealg, Av. sparazan, Skr. plīhan, Lith. blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pṛu, Arm. p'aycałn/p'aycaġ/p'aydzaġ, OCS slĕzena, Russ. selezënka, Polish śledziona, Bret. felc'h |
| *srebʰ- | to gulp | Lat. sorbēo, Arm. arbi/arpi, Alb. gjerbë, Gk. rhopheō, Ir. srub, Lith. srėbti, Ltv. surbt;surbju, Russ. serbat', Polish siorbać |
| *steH₂- | to stand | Av. hištaiti, Skr. tiṣṭhati, Eng. standan/stand, Lat. stō, Umbrian stahmei, Oscan staíet, Lith. stoti, Ltv. stāt, Old Prussian stacle, OCS stati, Russ. stat', Gm. stān/stehen, Polish stać, Phryg. eistani, Goth. standan, ON stóð, Pers. aištata/istādan, Alb. shtuara, Welsh gwastad, Toch. ṣtām/stām, Gk. histami, Ir. tá/tá, Hitt. išta, Luw. išta-, Arm. stanam/sdanam, Lyc. ta- |
| *steigh- | to stride, to step | Alb. shteg, Lith. stigti, Ltv. steigt, Ir. techt/teachd, Welsh taith, Goth. steigan, ON stígan, Eng. stǣger/stair, Gm. stīgan/steigen, Gk. stikhos, Skr. stighnoti, Russ. dostigat', Polish ścigać, OCS postigǫnti |
| *suH₁- | swine | Eng. sū/sow, Ltv. sivēns, Russ. svin, Skr. sūkara, Alb. thi, Gk. hus, Gm. sū/Sau, Toch. --/suwo, Ir. socc/, Welsh hwch, Polish świnia, Lat. sūs, Umbrian sif, ON sýr, Goth. swein, Av. hū |
| *suro- | cheese | Lith. sūris, Russ. syr, ON surr, Alb. hirrë, Polish ser |
| *swe-sór- | sister | Eng. sweostor/sister, Gm. swester/Schwester, Skr. svasṛ, OCS sestra, Russ. sestra, Polish siostra, Kamviri sus, Ir. siur/siur, Arm. k'uyr, Toch. ṣar/ṣer, Gk. eor/--, Lat. soror. Welsh chwaer, Gaul. suiior, ON systir, Goth. swistar, Av. xvaṅhar, Lith. sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Pers. /xāhar |
| *swe-ḱuro- | father-/mother-in-law | Russ. svekrov', Skr. śvaśura;śvaśrū, Lith. šešuras, Gm. swigur/Schwieger, Welsh chwegr, Arm. skesur/sgesur, Gk. hekuros, Lat socrus, Alb. vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., Eng. swēor/--, Av. xvasura-, Polish świekra, Goth. swaíhrō, ON svǽra, OCS svekŭrŭ |
| *sweH₂d-u- | sweet | Eng. swēte/sweet, Gk. hēdus, Lat. suāvis, Gaul. Suadurīx, Polish słodki, Gm. suozi/süss, ON sötr, Welsh chwant, Ir. sant/, Skr. svādu, Lith. sūdyti, Av. xʷāsta, Goth. sutis, Toch. swār/swāre |
| *swei- | to whistle | Russ. svist, Lith. švilpti, Ltv. svilpiens, Skr. kṣveḍati, Ir. ind fet/fead, Welsh chwythu, Polish świst, Gk. sizō/, Lat. sibāre, Goth. swiglōn, Gm. swegala/, Eng. swegalōn/, OCS svistati |
| *sweid- | sweat | Arm. k'rtink'/k'rdink', Alb. djersë, Eng. swǣtan/sweat, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sviedri, Skr. svedate, Gk. hidros, Lat. sūdor, Gm. sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, ON sveiti, Av. xvaēda |
| *swel- | to burn | Ltv. svelt, Lith. sveltu, Goth. swiltan, ON svalr, Eng. swelan, Gk. hēlios, Skr. svarati, Toch. slam/sleme |
| *swep- | sleep | Lith. sapnas, Skr. svapnas, Lat. somnus, ON svefn, Toch. ṣpäṃ/ṣpane, Gk. hupnos, Av. xvafna, Ir. suán/suan, OCS sunu, Russ. son, Arm. k'nel, Alb. gjumë, Welsh hun, Eng. swefan/--, Pers. /xāb |
| *swep- | to throw | Lat. supāre, Skr. svapū, Lith. supti, Ltv. šūpāt, OCS svepiti sę, Russ. sypat', ON sófl, Polish sypać |
| *swergʰ- | to be ill | Goth. saurga, Gm. soraga/Sorge, Skr. sūrkṣati, Ir. serg/, Lith. sirgti, Ltv. sirgt, Eng. sorg/sorrow, ON sorg, Alb. dergjet, OCS sraga, Russ. soroga, Toch. särk/sark, Arm. erk/erg |
| *sweḱs / seḱs | six | Arm. vec'/vec'/vec', Alb. gjashtë, Lith. šeši, Ltv. seši, Gaul. suex, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Eng. siex/six, Gk. heks, Av. xš.uuaš, Illyr. ses-, Ir. sé/sé, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Lat. sex, Oscan sehs, ON sex, Old Prussian usjai, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Pers. /šeš, OCS šestĭ, Polish sześć, Russ. šest', Skr. ṣaṣ, Toch. ṣäk/ṣkas, Umbrian sehs, Goth. saihs, Welsh chwech |
| *swonos- | to sound | Skr. svanati, Lat. sonāre, Eng. swan/swan, Gm. swan/Schwan, ON svanr, Av. xvanatčaxra, Ir. senim/seinm |
| *swordó- | black | Lat. sordēre, Eng. sweart/swarthy, Gm. swarz/schwarz, Goth. swarts, ON svartr, Lith. sartas |
| *syuH₁- | to sew | Skr. sīvyati, Lat. suere, Eng. seowian/sew, Lith. siūti, Ltv. šūt, Russ. šit', Polish szyć, ON sýja, Goth. siujan, Gk. humēn, Old Prussian schumeno, Gm. siuwen/Saum, OCS šijǫ, Hitt. suel |
| *séH₂w-l/n- | sun | Lat. sōl, Lith. saulė, Ltv. saule, Welsh haul, Gk. hēlios, Alb. (h)yll, Eng. sigel/--; sunne/sun, OCS slunice, Russ. solnce, Skr. sūras, Av. hvarə, Gm. sunna/Sonne, ON sól; sunna, Goth. sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Ir. súil/súil, Toch. swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Old Prussian saule, Pers. -farnah-/ |
| *sew- | press | See Soma; *sú(H₂)-nu- "son": Skr. sūnu, Av. hunu, Lith. sūnus, Old Prussian sūnus, Eng. sunu/son, Gm. sunu/Sohn, Goth. sunus, ON sonr, OCS synŭ, Russ. syn, Polish syn, Gk. nios, Old Prussian soūns, Toch. se/soy, Ir. suth/suth, Thrac. sukis |
t
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *tag- | to touch | Eng. þaccian/, Gk. tetagōn/, Gaul. Taximagulus, Ir. taise/tais, Lat. tangere |
| *tark- | to twist | Skr. tarku, Old Prussian tarkue, Russ. torok, Toch. tark/tärk, Gk. atraktos, Lat. torqueō, Gm. drahsil/drechseln, Alb. tjerr, Ir. /trochal, Welsh torri, Eng. þrǣstan/, Polish troki |
| *teH₂w- | to melt | OCS tajetŭ, Russ. tajat', Osset. thayun, Eng. þawian/thaw, Gm. thouwen/verdauen, Arm. t'anam, Gk. tēkō, Lat. tabēre, ON þeyja, Welsh tawdd, Ir. tám/, Skr. toyam, Lith. tyras, Ltv. tīrelis, Polish tajać |
| *temó- | dark | Skr. tamas, Lith. temti, Ltv. timt, Av. təmah, OCS tĭmĭnŭ, Russ. tëmnyj, Ir. temel/, Gm. themar/Dämmerung, Polish ciemny, Alb. terr, Ir. temel/, Pers. /tār, Toch. /tamāsse, Illyr. Tomaros, Gk. Temmikes/ |
| *tenú- | thin | Lat. tenuis, Ir. tanae/tana, OCS tĭnŭkŭ, Russ. tonkij, Skr. tanu, Gk. tanus, Eng. þynne/thin, Gm. thunni/dünn, Polish cienki, ON þunnr, Av. tanū, Pers. /tan, Lith. teva, Ltv. tievs |
| *tep- | warm | Alb. ftoh/ftof, Hitt. tapašša, Ir. té/, Welsh tan, ON þefr, Eng. þefian/, Skr. tapati, Av. tāpaiti, Pers. /tafte(h), Lat. tepēre, Polish ciepły, Russ. tëplyj, OCS teplostĭ |
| *ter / *tero | over | Eng. þurh/through, Gm. durh/durch, Goth. þaírh, Lat. trāns, Umbrian traf, Skr. tiras, Av. tarə, Ir. tar/, Welsh trimuceint |
| *ter- | to cross over | Gk. terthron, Alb. shtir, Hitt. tarḫzi, Skr. tarati/, Gm. dremil/, Kamviri târa, Av. tar, Pers. viyatārayāma/, Osset. tærin, Illyr. Taros, Arm. t'arm, Lat. terminus, Umbrian termnome, Oscan teremenniú, ON þrǫmr |
| *ters- | dry | Skr. tṛṣyati, Av. taršu, Arm. t'aṙamim, Gk. tersomai/, Alb. ter, Lat. terra;torrēre;torreō, Eng. þurst/thirst, Gm. durri/dürr, Goth. þaursus, ON þurr, Lith. trōkšti, Ir. tírim/tirim, Kashmiri treśiho.t |
| *teter- | grouse | Russ. teterev, Polish cietrzew, Lith. teterva, Ltv. teteris, Skr. tittira, Gk. tetraōn, Ir. tethra/, ON þiðurr, Arm. tatrak/dadrak, Old Prussian tatarwis, Pers. /tadarv |
| *teut-eH₂- | tribe | Gaul. teuto, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam, Old Prussian tauto, Ir. túath/túath, Illyr. teuta, Hitt. tuzzi, Lyc. tuta, Lith. tauta, Ltv. tauta, Eng. þeoð/--, Gm. diutisc/Deutsch, Goth. þiuda, ON þjóð |
| *teḱs- | to plait | Lat. textō, Lith. tašau, Ltv. tešu, Gk. tektōn, Russ. tesla, Gm. dehsa/, Skr. takṣati, Av. tašaiti, Pers. ustašana/taš, OCS tešǫ, Hitt. takš, ON þexla, Ir. tál |
| to settle | secondary root from ad + ḱei. Arm. šēm, Eng. hām/home, Gm. heim/Heim, ON heimr, Goth. heims, Gk. ktizō, Skr. kṣeti, Av. šaēiti, Lat. situs | |
| *tong- | to think | Alb. tangë/tângë, Eng. þencan/think, Gm. thenken/denken, Lat. tongēo, Oscan tanginúd, ON þekkja, Toch. tuṅk/taṅkw, Goth. þangkjan, Lith. dūmoti |
| *treb- | dwelling | Lat. trabēs, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lith. troba, Ltv. traba, Eng. þorp/thorp, Gm. thorf/Dorf, Gk. teremnon, Welsh treb; tref, ON ðorp; þorp, Goth. þaúrp, Ir. díthrub/ |
| *treud- | to press | Lat. trūdō, Alb. treth, Welsh trym, Ir. tromm/trom, Eng. þrēat/threat, Gm. firthriogan/verdrießen, ON þrjóta, Goth. usþriutan, OCS trudŭ, Russ. trud |
| *trosdo- | thrush | Lat. turdus, Lith. strazdas, Ltv. strazds, OCS drozgu, Russ. drozd, Polish drozd, ON þrǫstr, Eng. þrysce/thrush, Gm. thrōskala/Drossel, Ir. truit/truid, Welsh drudwy, Gk. strouthos |
| *tréies (m), *trisóres (f), *treiH₂ (n) tri- [prefix] | three | Arm. erek'/yerek'/yerek', Alb. tre/tre, Lith. trys, Ltv. trīs, Gaul. treis, Gm. drī/drei, Eng. þrēo/three, Gk. treis, Hitt. tri-, Av. θri, Illyr. tri-, Ir. treí/trí, Kashmiri tre, Lyc. trei, Kamviri tre, Oscan trís, ON þrír, Old Prussian tri, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Pers. çi/se, OCS trĭje, Polish trzy, Russ. tri, Skr. tri, Toch. tre/trai, Lat. trēs, Umbrian trif, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Phryg. thri- |
| *twék-o- | skin | Skr. tvacas, Hitt. tuekkas, Gk. sakos, Kurd. twékl(e) |
| *télpo- | space | Skr. talpa, Lith. tilpti; telpu, Ltv. tilpt; telpu, Russ. tolpa, Toch. tsälp/tälp, Ir. -tella/ |
| *tón-r̥- | thunder | Eng. þunor/thunder, ON þórr, Gm. Donar/Donner, Lat. tonāre, Skr. tányati, Pers. /tundar, Pashto taṇā |
| *túH₁s-ont- | a massive number (-> thousand) |
Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Eng. þusend/thousand, Goth. þusundi, Lith. tūkstantis, Ltv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, ON þúsund, Polish tysiąc, Russ. tysjača, Toch. tumane/tmām |
w
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *uksin- | ox, bull | Eng. oxa/ox, Gm. ohso/Ochse, Goth. auhsa, Goth. ych(?), ON oxi, Skr. ukṣan, Av. uxšan |
| *wadʰ- | to pledge | Lat. vas;vadis, Goth. wadi, ON veð, Eng. weddian/wed, Gm. wetti/Wette, Lith. vadas, Ltv. vadot, |
| *wail- | wolf | Arm. gayl/kayl, Ir. fáel/faol |
| *wāt- | to blow, inspire | Lat./Gaul. vates, Ir. fáith, ON óðr, Germanic *Wōdanaz |
| *webʰ- | to weave | Eng. wefan/weave, Gm. weban/weben, ON vefa, Gk. huphē, Pers. baftan/, Skr. ubhnāti, Toch. wäp/wāp, Av. ubdaēna, Pers. /bāfad, Alb. vegjë |
| *wedʰ- | to lead | Russ. vedu, Lith. vesti, Ltv. vads, Ir. fedid/fedim, Av. vāðayeiti, Hitt. uwate, OCS vedǫ, Polish wieść, Welsh arweddu, Old Prussian west |
| *weH₁- | to blow | Eng. weder/weather, Gm. waian/wehen, ON vindr, Lat. ventus, Skr. vāti, Gk. aemi, Av. vāiti, Hitt. ḫuwantiš, Lith. vėjas, Ltv. vējš, Old Prussian wins, Goth. winds, Toch. want/yente, OCS vĕjetŭ, Russ. vejat', Polish wiać, Welsh awel |
| *weid- | to see, know | Skr. vid, Av. vaēða, Gk. idei, Lat. vidēre, Russ. vedat', Phryg. wit-, Eng. witan/wit, Gm. wizzan/wissen, Arm. gitem/kidem, Kashmiri vūčhūn, Polish widzieć; wiedzieć, ON vita, Goth. weitan, Ir. fis/fis, Gaul. Vindomagus, Welsh gwyn, Lith. vaidintis, Old Prussian widdai, OCS vidĕti |
| *weik- | to choose | Skr. vinakti, Av. avavaēk, Lat. victima, Goth. weihan, Eng. wēoh/--, ON vé, Gm. wīhen/weihen |
| *weik- | victory | Lith. veikti, Ltv. veikt, OCS vĕkŭ, Russ. vek, ON veig, Gm. wīgan/--, Ir. fichim/, Gaul. Ordovices, Welsh gwych, Eng. wīgan/--, Goth. weihan, Arm. vēg/vēk, Lat. vincere, Oscan vincter, Polish wiek |
| *weis- | to sprout | Lat. virēre; viridis, Eng. wīse/, Gm. wīsa/Wiese, ON vísir, Lith. veisti, Ltv. viest |
| *weiḱ- | village | Gm. weihs/, Lith. viešas, Ltv. viesis, Russ. ves', Av. vīs, Alb. vis, Skr. viś, Lat. vīcus, Gk. oikos, Polish wieś, Old Prussian waispattin, Toch. /īke, OCS vĭsĭ |
| *wekʷ- | to speak | Gk. epos, Skr. vakti, Av. vačah, Gm. giwahanen/erwähnen, Old Prussian wackītwei, Toch. wak/wek, ON váttr, Lat. vōx, Umbrian subocau, Ir. foccul/, Welsh gwaethi, Gaul. Vepolitanos, Hitt. ḫuek |
| *wel- | wool | Eng. wull/wool, Gm. wolla/Wolle, ON ull, Goth. wulla, Skr. ūrṇā, Av. varənā, Lat. lāna, Gk. lēnos, OCS vlŭna, Russ. volna, Polish wełna, Lith. vilna, Ltv. vilna, Ir. olan/olann, Welsh gwlan, Hitt. hulana, Old Prussian wilnis, Pers. /gurs |
| wl̥p-eH₁- | fox | Av. urupis, Pers. /rōbāh, Arm. ałvēs/aġvēs/aġvēs, Gk. alōtēks, Lat. volpēs, Lith. lapė, Ltv. lapsa |
| *wem- | to vomit | Lat. vomere, Gk. emeso, Skr. vamiti, Av. vam, Lith. vemti, Ltv. vemt, ON váma, Old Prussian wynis, Pers. /vātāk |
| *wer- | ram | Skr. uraṇa, Arm. gaṙn/kaṙn, Pers. /barra, Gk. arnos, Ir. felb/, Toch. /yrīye, ON vara, Eng. waru/ware, Gm. /Ware, Polish wór |
| *werH₃- | to speak | Lith. vardas, Ltv. vārds, Eng. word/word, Russ. vrat', Skr. vrata, Av. urvāta, Hitt. ueria, Gk. eirō, Gm. wort/Wort, ON orð, Goth. waurd, Old Prussian wīrds, Ir. fordat/, Umbrian uerfalem, OCS vračĭ, Lat. verbum |
| *wes- | to dress | Alb. vesh, Eng. werian/wear, Gm. werian/Wehr, Goth. wasjan, ON verja, Lat. vestis, Gk. hendunai, Arm. zgenum/zkenum, Skr. vaste, Av. vastē, Hitt. waš, Toch. wäs/wäs |
| *wes- | to feast | Hitt. weši, Lat. vescor, Av. vastra, Skr. anuvāvase, Welsh gwest, Gm. wist/, Ir. fíach/, Goth. wisan, ON vist, Eng. wesan/ Lith. švest, Polish wesele |
| *wet- | year | Gk. etos, Skr. vatsa, Eng. weðer/wether, Gm. widar/Widder, Goth. wiþrus, ON veðr, Hitt. witt, Alb. vjet, Ir. fethim/feithim, Corn. guis, Lith. vetuša, OCS vetŭxŭ, Russ. vetxij, Polish wiotchy, Lat. vetus, Oscan Vezkeí |
| *wewer- | squirrel | Lat. vīverra, Welsh gwywer, Gk. Skiuros, Russ. veverica, Lith. voverė, Ltv. vāvere, Pers. /varvarah, ON íkorni, Gm. eihhurno/Eichhorn, Eng. ācweorna/--, Polish wiewiórka, Old Prussian weware |
| *weǵ- | lively | Lat. vegeō, Eng. wacan/wake, Skr. vāja, Av. vazra, Toch. wasir/wasir, Gm. wahhēn/wachen, Goth. wakan, ON vaka, Pers. vazrka/buzurg |
| *weǵʰ- | to ride | Eng. wegan/weigh, Lat. vehō, Oscan veia, Umbrian ar'veitu, Gk. ekhos/, Skr. vahati, Av. vazaiti, Russ. vezti, Polish wieźć, Alb. vjedh;udhë, Gm. biwegan/bewegen, ON vega, Goth. gawigan, Ir. fén/, Welsh gwain, Lith. vežti, Ltv. vest, Old Prussian vessis, Umbrian ařveitu, Gaul. Uecturius, Toch. wkäṁ/yakne, OCS vezǫ |
| *wi | apart, away | Skr. vi, Av. vi-, Hitt. na-wi 'not yet', Eng. wið/with; wid/wide, Gm. widar/wieder; wit/weit Goth. wiþra, ON viðr; viðr |
| *wi-dʰew-eH₂- | widow | Skr. vidhyati, Av. viðavā, Goth. widuwō, Old Prussian widdewu, OCS vŭdova, Russ. vdova, Ir. fedb/, Gm. wituwa/Witwe, Welsh gweddw, Polish wdowa, Eng. widuwe/widow, Pers. /bēve(h), Gk. eitheos, Lat. vidua; dīvidō, Umbrian uef, Lith. vidus, Ltv. vidus |
| *wiH₁-ḱm̥t-íH₁ | twenty | Lat. vīgintī, Arm. k'san, Alb. njëzet/njizet, Gaul. vocontio, Gk. eikosi, Av. visaiti, Ir. fiche/fiche, Kashmiri vuh, Pers. /bēst, Kamviri vici, Skr. viṅśati, Toch. wiki/ikäṃ, Welsh ugain |
| *winǵʰ- | elm | Alb. vidh, Russ. vjaz, Lith. vinkšna, Ltv. vīksna, Eng. wice/Wych Elm, Kurdish viz, Polish wiąz |
| *wl̥kʷo- | wolf | Lat. lupus, Lith. vilkas, Ltv. vilks, Eng. wulf/wolf, Gaul. vail, Gm. wolf/Wolf, Gk. lukos, Alb. ujk;ulk, Skr. vṛka, Av. vehrka-, Toch. --/walkwe, Pers. varka/gorg, Old Prussian wilkis, Goth. wulfs, ON úlfr, OCS vlĭkŭ, Russ. volk, Polish wilk, Luw. walwa, Welsh gweilgi |
| *worn- | raven | Lith. varnas, Russ. vorona, Polish wrona, Toch. --/wrauña |
| *wred- | root | Russ. vred, Eng. wyrt/wort, Gm. wirz/Wurz, Lat. rādīx, Gk. rhiza, Alb. rrënjë/rrânzë, Welsh gwraidd, Ir. frém/fréamh, Goth. vaurts, ON urt, Toch. /witsako, Pers. /riše(h) |
| *wrúgʰ-yo- | rye | Lith. rugys, Ltv. rudzi, Russ. rož, ON rugr, Eng. ryge/rye, Gk. Rhyzi, Gm. roggo/Roggen, Old Prussian rugis |
| *wr̥-mi- | worm | Lat. vermis, Goth. waurms, Eng. wyrm/worm, Arm. vord/vort, Lith. varmas, Welsh gwraint, Gk. rhomos, Gm. wurm/Wurm, ON ormr, Old Prussian wormyan |
| *wés-no- | price | Skr. vasna, Lat vēnus, Gk. hōnos, Arm. gin/kin, Hitt. uššaniya |
| *wés-per-o- | evening | Lat. vespera, Arm. gišer/kišer, Gk. hesperos, Lith. vakaras, Ltv. vakars, Ir. fescor/feascar, Russ. večer, Goth. veig, Welsh ucher, Polish wieczór |
| *wés-r/n̥- | spring | Lat. vēr, OCS vesna, Russ. vesna, Skr. vasanta, Lith. vasara, Ltv. vasara, ON vár, Av. vaṅri, Arm. garun/karun, Kamviri vâsut, Pers. /bahār, Polish wiosna, Gk. ear, Ir. errach/earrach, Welsh gwanwyn |
| *wíH-ro- | man | Skr. vīra, Av. vīra, Lat. vir, Umbrian viru, Lith. vyras, Ltv. vīrs, Toch. wir, Gm. wer/Werwolf, Goth. wair, ON verr, Eng. wer/werewolf, Old Prussian wirs, Ir. fer/fear, Welsh gwr, Gaul. uiro- |
| *wed | wet | *wód-r̥- "water": Eng. wæter/water, OCS voda, Russ. voda, XMK bedu, Gk. hudōr, Lat. unda, Lith. vanduo, Ltv. ūdens, Skr. udan, Alb. ujë, Ir. uisce/uisge, Hitt. watar, Arm. get/ked, Toch. wär/war, Umbrian utur, Goth. watō, Welsh gwer, ON vatn, Kashmiri odūr, Thrac. udrēnas, Gm. wazzar/Wasser, Phryg. bedu, Polish woda, Old Prussian wundan; *ud-ro- " otter": Skr. udra, Lat. lutra, Av. udra, Ir. /odar; uydr/; odoirne/ (ūdra/udris?), OCS vydra, Russ. vydra, Gk. hudros, Eng. oter/otter, Gm. ottar/Otter, ON otr, Lith. ūdra Osset wyrd; *udero- "belly": Lat. uterus; venter, Skr. udara, Av. udaras, Lith. vėdaras, Ltv. vēders, Gm. wanast |
| *wóps-eH₂- | wasp | Lat. vespa, Lith. vapsva, Eng. wæps/wasp, OCS vosa, Russ. osa, Av. vawžaka, Gm. wafsa/Wespe, Kamviri ušpik, Ir. foich/, Old Prussian wobse, Polish osa |
| *wēsu- | good | Skr. vasu, Gaul. Uisurix, Toch. wṣe/yaṣi, Illyr. Veselia, OCS veselŭ, Russ. vesëlyj, Ltv. vesels, Av. vaṅhu, Phryg. vasu, Hitt. wasu, Lyd. viśi-, Goth. iusiza, Gm. Wisurīh/, Welsh gwych, Gk. eu/, OCS veselŭ, Kurd. baš |
y
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *yeg- | ice | Eng. gicel/icicle, ON jaki, Gm. ichil/gicht, Ir. aig/oighear, Welsh ia, Lith. iža, Ltv. ieze, Russ. ikra |
| *yeH-ro- | year | Goth. jēr, Eng. gēar/year, Av. yārə, Gk. ōra, Lat. hōrnus, Gm. jar/Jahr, ON ár, Pers. dušiyaram/, Lith. jōrė, OCS jara, Russ. jarovoj, Polish jar |
| *yenH₂ter- | brother-in-law's wife | Lat. ianitrīcēs, Gk. einatēr, Lith. jentė, Ltv. ietere, Russ. jatrov', Skr. yātar, Kamviri iâri, Arm. ner, Phryg. ianatera, Polish jątrew |
| *yewes | law | Skr. yos, Lat. iūs, Av. yaoždaðāiti, Ir. huisse/ |
| *yugóm | yoke | Skr. yuj;yunakti, Lat. iūgum, Av. jug, Lith. jungas, Ltv. jūgt, Eng. geoc/yoke, Gm. joh/Joch, ON ok, Goth. juk, OCS igo, Russ. igo, Polish juka, Gk. zugos, Gaul. Veriugodumnus, Kamviri iu, Toch. yuk/yuk, Welsh iau, Arm. luc/ludz , Pers. /yoġ, Hitt. iukan, OCS igo |
| *yéwo- | barley | Skr. yava, Lith. javai, Ltv. jauja, Av. yava, Russ. ovin, Gk. zeiai/, Pers. /jav, Hitt. ewa, Ir. eorna/, Osset. jæw, Kurd. yawa/jo |
| *yēkʷ-r/n- | liver | Skr. yaknas, Lat. jecur, Lith. jeknos, Ltv. aknas, Av. yākarə, Ir. iuchair/iuchair, Gk. hēpar, Russ. ikra, Kamviri iâñi, Pers. /jegar |
Abbreviations
- Alb.: Albanian (Tosk/Gheg)
- Anatolian
- Hitt. Hittite
- Arm.: Armenian (Old Armenian/Eastern/Western)
- Baltic
- Lith.: Lithuanian
- Latv.: Latvian
- Old Prussian
- Celtic
- Germanic
- Gm.: German (Old High German/German)
- Eng.: English, (Old English/English language
- ON: Old Norse
- Goth.: Gothic
- Gk.: Greek (Ancient Greek/Modern Greek)
- Indo-Iranian
- Italic
- Slavic
- OCS: Old Church Slavonic
- Russ.: Russian
- Polish
- Toch.: Tocharian
- Venetic
- Dacian
- Phrygian
- XMK: Ancient Macedonian
- Illyr.: Illyrian
- Thracian
References
- Calvert Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European roots: Second Edition, Houghton Mifflin, September 14, 2000 - ISBN 0395986109
- Carl Darling Buck, A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages: A contribution to the history of ideas, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (June 15, 1988) - ISBN 0226079376
- Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959).
- Rix et al., Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben (1998, 2001).