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Riverina

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For the electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives, see Division of Riverina.

File:Riverina NSW.png
Location of the the Riverina region in New South Wales.

The Riverina is a prosperous agricultural region of south-western New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

The classification of the Riverina region used by government agencies and other bodies, can vary, but in common usage it generally comprises of the agricultural and pastoral areas of New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range and in the drainage basin of the snow fed Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers [1] The northern boundary beyond the Riverina is determined by the Lachlan River catchment area and is referred to as the Central West. [2] Along the Murray to the south, the Riverina borders the state of Victoria. West of the confluence of the Murray and Murrumbidgee is the beginning of the more arid Far West region.

The combination of flat plains, warm to hot climate and an ample supply of water for irrigation makes the Riverina distinct from other regions in Australia.

Geography

 
The Old Man Plain, extensive saltbush plain between Hay & Wanganella
 
The closed Hampden Bridge over the Murrumbidgee River at Wagga Wagga - the new Wiradjuri Bridge is in the background.

In general, the Riverina is an alluvial plain formed by deposition carried from the Great Dividing Range by streams 15,000 - 30,000 years ago. The terrain includes rolling hills to the east, becoming flatter to the west. Most of the plain is less than 200 metres above sea level.[3] The western Riverina consists largely of featurless Saltbush plain.

The geology of the Riverina comprises several troughs and sedimentary basins. The western Riverina is presumed to be a continuation of the Ballarat and Bendigo geological zone while eastern sections are underlain by western portions of the Lachlan Fold Belt. There is potential for the Riverina to host several mineral deposit types including coal, petroleum, coal seam methane, gypsum, orogenic gold, Cobar style polymetallic systems, heavy mineral sands and possibly diamonds in these fold belt rocks and basins.[3][4] Riverina soils are generally sandy along the river channels, with more saline grey and brown clays found on rarely flooded areas on the perimeter of the floodplain. As the Murrumbidgee passes downstream, the water and soil become more saline.[3]

The Riverina is drained by the large Murray-Darling Basin. Rivers and streams in the Riverina generally flow east to west. As well as the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, other streams include Billabong Creek and the Edward River, an anabranch of the Murray. Much of the water carried by these streams is diverted. In 2001/2002, 52% of the Murray and Murrumbidgee water runoff was diverted, 77% of which was used for irrigation.[5]

The Riverina is included in the Hot Dry Zone (with cooler winters) climatic zone by the Bureau of Meteorology. Places in this zone can be very hot in the summer months while in the winter, nights can be very cold.[6] Mean daily maximum temperatures in the Riverina range from 31.0°C in January and 12.4°C in July in Wagga Wagga[7] to 33.2°C in January and 14.8°C in July in Hillston.[8]

Rainfall levels in the Riverina are generally low with the median annual rainfall over most of the region between 250-500 millimetres, rising to between 500-800mm on the eastern fringe. Rain generally falls in the winter in the northern Riverina and around Hay while in the south rainfall patterns are fairly consistent thoughout the year.[9] Corowa, in the south eastern Riverina has an average rainfall of 539.4 millimetres per year[10] while mean annual rainfall at Hay is 367.2 mm.[11] Drought in 2006 has seen the lowest ever recorded rainfall in towns such as Lockhart, Tarcutta and Narrandera.[12]

Situated between the large cities of Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide, the Riverina is a crossroads for much traffic. Major transportation links in the region include the Hume Highway, Newell Highway and Sturt Highway; all part of the Australian National Highway . Other highways include the Riverina Highway, Cobb Highway, Olympic Highway, Kidman Way, Irrigation Way and Burley Griffin Way.

Riverina bioregion

 
Location of the Riverina bioregion

The New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service has divided the state of New South Wales into 17 distinct bioregions. Bioregions are quite large areas of land that capture a geophysical pattern which is linked to fauna and flora ecosystems. The Riverina bioregion is an area of land that comprises part of the larger Riverina area but also extends into Victoria. It has been defined by the New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service as extending from Ivanhoe in the Murray Darling Depression Bioregion south to Bendigo, and from Narrandera in the east to Balranald in the west. 74.03 per cent of the bioregion is in NSW, the remainder in Victoria. The NSW portion of the bioregion occupies just under 9% of the State.[13]

River channels in the region support River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and River cooba (Acacia stenophylla) communities. Nearby higher areas contain Black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) woodlands and a salt-tolerant grass, saltbush and daisy understorey. Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) occur along with Cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on areas rarely subjected to flooding. The area away from the rivers often consists of treeless plains, consisting of various saltbush (Atriplex) species, cotton bush (Maireana aphylla) and varieties of Danthonia and Stipa native grasslands.[14]

Significant mammals endemic to forests in the bioregion include various species of glider, such as sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), feathertail gliders (Acrobates pygmaeus) and squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) as well as Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) A wide variety of birdlife makes its home in wetlands in the Riverina, including many migratory species. Competition from introduced species and the effect of clearing, grazing and pasture improvement has led to a decline in the diversity of native flora and fauna in the area.[14]

History

Aboriginal people are thought to have inhabited the Riverina for 40,000 years. Some of the aboriginal communities in the area include the Wiradjuri, Nari-Nari, Mudi-Mudi, Gurendji and the Yida-Yida. Along the Murray lived groups such as the Bangerang, Yorta Yorta, Baraba-Baraba, Wamba-Wamba, Wadi-Wadi and Dadi-Dadi communities. The rivers played a leading role in the lifestyle of the Aboriginal people, acting as a source of food and a means of communication and trade.[15]

Exploration and pastoral settlement

The first European explorer in the Riverina was John Oxley in 1817 following the Lachlan River to what is now the town of Booligal.[15] Oxley was followed by Charles Sturt, who followed the Murrumbidgee downstream to Lake Alexandrina in South Australia between 1828-1831[16] and Major Thomas Mitchell in 1836 on his way to the Wimmera and the Western District.[17]

Pastoral settlement followed soon after, with grazing runs established along the Murray and Murrumbidgee as far west as Hay by 1839. The settlers often came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants. In the Narrandera district, a battle took place between settlers and the local Narrungderra clan at a ___location now known as Massacre Island, reportedly leaving only one survivor.[18]

 
Welaregang Station

Cattle was the major industry in the 1840s with sheep becoming predominant in the 1860s.[15] At this time many Victorians settled in the Riverina to breed sheep and cattle to feed the miners taking part in the Victorian Gold Rush. The herds were considered inferior at first, but these pastures were good for stock, and the land which seemed a desert was actually good fattening country.[19] In the 1860s and 1870s, German settlers from the Barossa Valley travelled upstream to settle in the eastern Riverina. 56 German farmers, in 1869, took six weeks to travel six hundred miles in covered wagons to establish the town of Walla Walla.[20] [21] Nearby Holbrook was originally named Germantown after these settlers until changing its name in 1914 as a result of tensions caused by World War I.[22]

Moulamein appears to make legitimate claims as the oldest town in the Riverina,[23] and indeed to being older than Melbourne[24].

The name "Riverine", coined from the Entre Ríos Province (between two rivers) in Argentina, South America, was in use as early as 1857: a long letter under the caption "Riverine Colony" appeared in the Albury Border Post of January 24 that year.[19] The name was coined by Dunmore Lang who translated it from the Spanish.[25]

Riverboats and railways

From 1853, the Riverina was linked to markets through a series of riverboats along the Murray and Murrumbidgee to the river ports of Mannum and Goolwa in South Australia[citation needed] and from 1864, to Echuca connected by rail to Melbourne.[26] Riverboats reached as far upstream as Gundagai and Albury. The riverboat era peaked in the twenty years from 1870-1890, declining with the coming of the railway and finally ending with the disruption to the workforce caused by World War I.[27]

 
Map of the Riverina in 1916. Note that the area where Griffith and Leeton would later be built was largely uninhabited until the development of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area.

From Melbourne, broad gauge railway lines opened to Deniliquin in 1876 and west to Moulamein and Balranald in 1926.[26] The Moulamein- Balranald section closed in the 1980s. The main northeast line reached Wodonga in 1873, and was connected to Albury at a break-of-gauge in 1883. The Melbourne-Shepparton railway line was extended to Tocumwal in 1908 and the Melbourne-Yarrawonga was extended to Oaklands in 1938, both lines meeting standard gauge lines that were subsequently closed. Victorian Railways commenced construction of a railway from Robinvale to Koorakee and Lette in New South Wales in 1924, but this railway was never completed. The Murray River bridge between Robinvale and Euston was instead converted to a road bridge, which will be demolished when the the new road bridge currently under construction is completed. A branch line was built from Kerang to Murrabit in 1924 and Stony Crossing (originally called Poonboon) in 1928 under an agreement with New South Wales.[28] No passenger services were carried on the section beyond Murrabit after 1932 and it was closed about 1943.[29]

Standard gauge rail services from Sydney came with the extension of the Main Southern railway line to Cootamundra and Junee in 1878 and the construction of the Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge in 1881[30] allowed the line to be extended past Wagga Wagga to Henty and Albury later that year.[31] A branch line was constructed to Temora in 1893 and extended to Barellan in 1908, Griffith in 1916 and Hillston in 1923.[32] Further south, a branch line was completed from Junee to Narrandera in 1881 and extended to Hay by 1882.[33] Another branch pushed south from Narrandera toward the Victorian border reaching Jerilderie in 1884 and the Murray at Tocumwal in 1898.[34] The coming of the railways meant that towns like Darlington Point, an important river port from 1858 until the early twentieth century, became less so as riverboats began to decline.[15]

Irrigation and closer settlement

Large scale irrigation commenced with the the establishment of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in 1912 which diverted water from the Murrumbidgee River near Narrandera. The River Murray Waters Agreement of 1915 allowed 26 weirs to be constructed with locks to provide permanent riverboat access to Echuca. When riverboat transport was no longer significant, the weirs supported irrigation. Irrigation in the region continued to develop with the construction of the Hume Dam between 1919 and 1931, the Burrinjuck Dam built in 1928 and Blowering Dam built in 1968[15]

Development and promotion of the MIA led to large scale settlement on land described by Oxley as "country which, for barrenness and desolation, can I think, have no equal." Settlers came from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities. In particular, the Italian community prospered in the Area, owning nearly half of all the farms around Griffith by 1954.[35] Later, further irrigation was developed for areas in the Murray valley starting with the Wakool Irrigation District in 1932, then the Deniboota and Denimein Irrigation Districts in 1938, the Berriquin Irrigation District in 1939 and the Tullakool Irrigation Area in 1942. The Coleambally Irrigation Area, established in 1968, was the last of the major government-sponsored irrigation developments in New South Wales.[5]

Agriculture

 
A Centre pivot irrigation system near Rennie. Much of the agricultural industry in the Riverina relies on irrigation.
 
The Riverina supports vast quantities of sheep

The high soil fertility and abundance of water in the Riverina floodplain has made the Riverina region one of the most productive farming regions in Australia with rice, wheat, maize, canola, citrus and wine grapes being grown in the area. The Riverina contains many irrigation schemes including the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. 182,000 hectares are under irrigation in the region.[36]

 
A large grain silo at Yerong Creek

For the first several decades of European pastoral activity from the 1830s, cattle were mainly grazed but by the 1860s sheep were the predominant stock.[15]

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the region's agricultural and horticultural production was worth more than $ AUD 1 billion. The region produces:

  • over 25 per cent of the state's fruit and vegetables
  • 90 per cent of NSW citrus products
  • 80 per cent of NSW wine/grape production
  • livestock feedlots, sales and processing facilities
  • nearly 20 per cent of all NSW crop production and two thirds of its total value.[36]

In 1991-92 sheep and lamb numbers in the region were close to 7 million and there were 500,000 meat cattle.[19]

Wool

Much of the dryland areas of the Riverina contain large sheep stations, producing medium class wool. The Peppin Merino sheep was first bred in the area around Wanganella. As many as 70 percent of today’s Australian Merinos are said to be directly descended from the Peppin-developed sheep.[37]. The Riverina is home to many merino studs and the saltbush plains are regarded as one of Australia's best wool growing regions.[38]

Rice

The Riverina produces the vast majority of rice grown in Australia, particularly in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA), but also around the Finley, Coleambally and Deniliquin areas.[39] The first commercial rice crop in the Riverina were grown in the Leeton and Yanco district in 1924, expanding to Wakool during World War II, the Denimein and Deniboota Irrigation Areas in the 1950s and Coleambally and Finley in the 1960s. In recent years, rice is also grown in the Hay, Carrathool and Hillston areas.[40]

Today, more than one million tonnes of Australian rice is produced each year and exported to over 70 countries, generating $ AUD 500 million in export income that supports 63 towns in the Riverina and northern Victoria.[41] The headquarters of Ricegrowers Limited, who trade under the SunRice name[42], is located in Leeton, Australia's rice capital.[43] Major rice mills are located in Leeton, Coleambally and the largest rice mill in the southern hemisphere in Deniliquin.[44]

Wine

 
A riverina vineyard situated in Tumblong

The Riverina region is one of the most prosperous grape growing regions in Australia along with the Barossa Valley in South Australia. The region grows 55 percent of varietal grapes in New South Wales and 15 percent of the total grape production within Australia and 80% of wine/grape production of New South Wales; the region is Australia's largest producer of wine. Over 50% of the Riverina's wine production is exported. As a producer of specialist wine grapes, its wine style of international importance is Botrytised Semillon and the outstanding speciality, made from these grapes is a Sauternes style dessert wine. [36] [45]

Irrigation made the growing of grapes for wine possible. The first grapes were planted at Hanwood in the spring of 1913 by John James McWilliam and his eldest son Jack who had come to the district from their winery in Junee. Irrigation was by carting of water until the irrigation channels were opened a few months later. The first grapes were picked in 1916 and sent to Junee for processing. Penfolds established their winery in the region in 1919.[19]

Notable wineries in the Riverina include Casella Wines (Yellow Tail), De Bortoli Wines (Noble One), McWilliams Wines and Miranda Wines.

Cities, towns and settlements

At the 2001 census, the population of the Murray-Murrumbidgee (Statistical Region Sector), consisting almost entirely of the Riverina, was 255,881, 2.9% of whom are indigenous and 7.4% born outside Australia. Other than the United Kingdom and Ireland, the largest ethnic groups in the Riverina were Italians and German.[46]

The Riverina includes three cities; Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith. Other large towns include Leeton, Deniliquin, Cootamundra, Narrandera and Hay.

File:Culcairn Township.jpg
The town of Culcairn in the eastern Riverina. Many of the buildings in the central shopping area in Culcairn are heritage listed.[47]

Wagga Wagga is the largest inland city in New South Wales[48] and serves as an important employment, educational, cultural, social and entertainment centre for surrounding towns throughout the Riverina. Wagga Wagga's facilities are of metropolitan standards with shopping, cafes, recreational facilities and nightlife present within the city.

Albury offers similar facilities to Wagga Wagga to the far south of New South Wales and northern Victoria. The three largest centres in population in the region after Wagga Wagga and Albury are Griffith, Leeton and Deniliquin and they provide advanced services to the outlying farming regions.

Parts of the Riverina experienced substantial population growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s; in the five year period betwen 1996 and 2001, Griffith's population increased by 10.8%.[49] Wagga Wagga's population is declining slowly and is aging with strong growth in age groups 40 and over.[50]

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Towns of the Riverina, New South Wales.

Politics

The Riverina is represented at the federal level in two divisions of the Australian House of Representatives, the Division of Riverina[51], covering the Murrumbidgee valley; and the Division of Farrer[52], the area along the Murray River. In 2007, Riverina is held by the National Party and Farrer by the Liberal Party, who, in coalition, govern Australia. At the state level, the electoral districts of Albury, Burrinjuck, Murrumbidgee, Murray-Darling and Wagga Wagga cover the Riverina region.[53]

There are a range of Local Government authorities in the region, ranging from the cities of Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith to the very small (in population) shires of Urana, Conargo and Jerilderie. These Councils are arranged into three Regional Organisation of Councils (ROC)s, Murray ROC[54], Riverina ROC[55] and Riverina Eastern ROC[56] covering the entire region.

Facilities and services

 
Charles Sturt University Crest

Higher Education in the Riverina is provided by Charles Sturt University (CSU), with campuses serving the Riverina in Albury and Wagga Wagga.[57] The university was established in 1989 with the amalgamation of the Albury and Wagga Wagga campuses of the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education with the Mitchell College of Advanced Education in Bathurst.[58] CSU provides specialist services to the Riverina in areas such as viticulture and winemaking.[59]

The Riverina Institute of TAFE provides technical and vocational training at a number of campuses throughout the region.[60]

Most larger centres have public high schools and most smaller centres are serviced by a public primary school.[61]

The health service in the Riverina is administered by Greater Southern Area Health Service, formed on 1 January 2005 with the amalgamation of the Greater Murray Area Health Service, servicing the Riverina and Southern Area Health Service, servicing areas east of the Great Dividing Range and south of Wollongong.[62] Base Hospitals are located at Albury, Wagga Wagga and Griffith while Denilquin, Hillston, Henty and Narrandera among others are home to regional hospitals.[63]

CountryLink, a division of the New South Wales Rail Corporation, provide rail services to Griffth, Albury and Wagga Wagga with connecting buses reaching smaller communities.[64] V/Line provide services linking Griffith, Deniliquin and the towns along the Murray with public transport access to Melbourne.[22]

The Riverina is host to two major Australian Defence Force training facilities. The Army Recruit Training Centre is located at Kapooka, 9.5 kilometres south west of Wagga Wagga[65] and RAAF Base Wagga is the home of the RAAF Ground Training Wing base. These bases along with a Royal Australian Navy Defence Communications Station play an integral role in the local economy.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). It is speculated that the phenomenon may arise in rural areas where the population is large enough to sustain the presence of a large number of sporting codes, but small enough to ensure that talented individuals are exposed to adult-level competition at an earlier age.

Unusually for New South Wales, Australian rules football is quite popular, and there are many clubs and leagues in the district, including the Riverina Football League, Farrer Football League, Hume Football League and Coreen & District Football League. In addition, many clubs along the border play in Victorian leagues such as the Ovens & Murray Football League, Murray Football League, Picola & District Football League and the Golden Rivers Football League.[66]

 
Evonne Goolagong Park in Barellan, the home town of the dual Wimbledon champion.

In the northern part of the Riverina, Rugby League and Rugby Union are both strong. Rugby League competitions in the district include Group 9, Group 17 and Group 20 Rugby League.[67] Teams from Corowa and Finley play in the Goulburn Murray Rugby League.[68] Rugby Union in the district is run by the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union, with clubs from Albury, Wagga Wagga, Temora and Hay competing in the Southern Inland Rugby Union.[69]

Other popular sports in the Riverina include Bowls, Cricket, Netball, Tennis and Horse Racing. The Riverina is home to many racecourses and picnic race meetings are held regularly at places such as Corowa, Berrigan, Carrathool, Tumut and Lockhart .[70]



See also

References

  1. ^ Riverina Region Map (pdf)
  2. ^ Lachlan River catchment area (gif)
  3. ^ a b c "Riverina - Landform". National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  4. ^ "Riverina Western Regional Assessment". New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  5. ^ a b Meyer, Wayne (2005). "The Irrigation Industry in the Murray and Murrumbidgee Basins" (PDF). CRC for Irrigation Futures Technical Report No. 03/05. CRC for Irrigation Futures. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  6. ^ "Hot Dry Zone (with cooler winter)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  7. ^ "Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for WAGGA WAGGA RESEARCH CENTRE". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  8. ^ "Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for HILLSTON AIRPORT". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  9. ^ "Seasonal rainfall zones of Australia". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  10. ^ "Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for COROWA AIRPORT". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  11. ^ "Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for HAY (MILLER STREET)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  12. ^ "New South Wales in 2006:El Niño brings an exceptionally hot and very dry year". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  13. ^ "Riverina bioregion". Bioregions of NSW. National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  14. ^ a b "Riverina - Biodiversity". Bioregions of NSW. National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Riverina - regional history". Riverina bioregion. National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  16. ^ Sturt, Charles (2004). "Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2007-02-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ Mitchell, Thomas (2004). "Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia, Vol 2". Project Gutenburg. Retrieved 2007-02-02. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 39 (help)
  18. ^ "History of Narrandera". Narrandera Shire Council. 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  19. ^ a b c d "Riverina History & Data". Riverina Wine Grape Growers. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  20. ^ "About Greater Hume - Walla Walla". Greater Hume Shire Council. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  21. ^ "Walla Walla - In Brief". Greater Hume Shire Council. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  22. ^ a b "Walkabout - Holbrook". Fairfax. Retrieved 2007-01-31. Cite error: The named reference "???" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  23. ^ Geographical Names Board of NSW
  24. ^ "Old Court House Moulamein". History and Local Attractions. Council of the Shire of Wakool. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  25. ^ Brown, A.J. (2005). "The Constitution We Were Meant To Have: Re-examining the origins and strength of Australia's unitary political traditions" (pdf). Department of the Senate Occasional Lecture Series. Australian Senate. Retrieved 2007-01-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ a b "Important VR dates". Mark Bau's VR Website. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  27. ^ "History of the Swan Hill Riverboats:May 2000 Feature". Swan Hill Genealogical & Historical Society Inc. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  28. ^ "Border Railways Act 1922". Australian Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2006-06-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ "Poonboon" (PDF). Australian Association of Time Table Collectors. Retrieved 2006-06-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ "Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge, Wagga Wagga, NSW". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  31. ^ "Main South Line". www.nswrail.net. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  32. ^ "Temora - Roto Line". www.nswrail.net. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  33. ^ "Hay Branch". www.nswrail.net. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  34. ^ "Tocumwal Branch". www.nswrail.net. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  35. ^ "The city of Griffith - Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area". Griffith Geneological and Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  36. ^ a b c "Riverina - food basket of Australia". Regions of NSW. New South Wales Department of State and Regional Development. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  37. ^ Australian Association of Stud Merino Breeders. - Merino Sheep in Australia. Retrieved 15 January 2007
  38. ^ "Agriculture in the Hay district". Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  39. ^ "The Australian Rice Growing Region". SunRice. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  40. ^ "Information sheet: History of rice in Australia". Ricegrowers Association of Australia Inc. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  41. ^ "Rice Facts". Ricegrowers Association of Australia Inc. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  42. ^ "About SunRice". Ricegrowers Ltd. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  43. ^ "SunRice Address Book". Ricegrowers Ltd. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  44. ^ "SunRice Deniliquin". Ricegrowers Ltd. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  45. ^ "Riverina, New South Wales". Wine Regions. Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation. 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  46. ^ "2001 Census Community Profile Series : Murray-Murrumbidgee (Statistical Region Sector)" (XLS (ZIP)). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-31. The Murray-Murrumbidgee (Statistical Region Sector) also includes Wentworth Shire, outside the Riverina as described in this article and doesn't include some small towns in Bland Shire, included in this article. The effect of removing Wentworth and adding the small towns is negligible. A list detailing the make up of the ABS Statistical Regions can be found here.
  47. ^ "Travel - Culcairn". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  48. ^ As at the 2001 census, Wagga Wagga is the 28th in the 50 largest Urban Centres by population as per Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Selected Characteristics for Urban Centres, Australia, 2001. Web access. Although Albury-Wodonga has a larger population, it of course includes the Victorian city of Wodonga. The population of Albury in 2001 was 42,438 which is less than Wagga's figure of 44,272. There are no other inland NSW cities ranked higher on the list.
  49. ^ "Griffith Regional Profile". Riverina Regional Development Board. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  50. ^ "Wagga Wagga Regional Profile". Riverina Regional Development Board. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  51. ^ "Riverina". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  52. ^ "Farrer". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  53. ^ "New South Wales Index Map" (gif). New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  54. ^ "Murray Regional Organisation of Councils". Australian Local Government Association. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  55. ^ "Riverina Regional Organisation of Councils". Australian Local Government Association. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  56. ^ "Riverina Eastern Regional Organisation of Councils". Australian Local Government Association. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  57. ^ Charles Sturt University - Campuses. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
  58. ^ "Regional Archives:History of Charles Sturt University". Charles Sturt University. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  59. ^ "New small scale winery to show the way to wine industry". Charles Sturt University. 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  60. ^ Riverina Institute of TAFE. - Campuses. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
  61. ^ "School Locator". New South Wales Department of Education and Training. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  62. ^ "About Greater Southern Area Health Service Health". NSW Health. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  63. ^ "Greater Southern Area Health Service - Services and Contact Details". NSW Health. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  64. ^ "CountryLink:Network Map". Rail Corporation New South Wales. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  65. ^ "Army Rectruit Training Centre - Location". [[Department of Defence (Australia)|]]. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  66. ^ "Senior Leagues and Clubs". AFL NSW/ACT. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  67. ^ "History- Divisional Championships". New South Wales Country Rugby League. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  68. ^ "GMRL Clubs". Goulburn Murray Rugby League. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  69. ^ "Official website". Southern Inland Rugby Union. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  70. ^ "Clubs - Southern District". Racing NSW. Retrieved 2007-01-29.


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