Rubaʿi
Rubāʿī (in arabo رباعی? rubāʿiyy, plurale رباعيات rubāʿiyāt)[1] è il termine usato per una quartina, una poesia o un verso di una poesia composta da quattro righe. Si riferisce specificamente a una forma di poesia persiana o alla sua forma derivata in inglese e in altre lingue.
Storia
Nella poesia persiana classica, il ruba'i è scritto come un poema a quattro righe (o due coppie), con uno schema di rima AABA o AAAA.[2][3][4][5]
Questo è un esempio di ruba'i dal Dīwān-i Shams di Rūmī:
Dar dīda u jān-i ʿāshiqān rēkhta bād
Har jān ki laṭīf gasht u az luṭf guzasht
Bā khāk-i Ṣalāḥ-i Dīn dar āmēkhta bād»
«Che gli splendori di Salahuddin siano risvegliati,
E riversati negli occhi e nelle anime degli innamorati.
Possa ogni anima che è diventata raffinata e ha superato la squisitezza
Essere mescolata con la polvere di Salahuddin![6]»
Metro
Il metro consueto di un ruba'i persiano, che viene utilizzato per tutte e quattro le righe della quartina sopra citata di Rūmī, è il seguente:[7]
- – – u u – u – u – – u u –
In the above scheme, "–" represents a long syllable, and "u" a short one. As variations of this scheme, any sequence of – u can be replaced by a single "overlong" syllable, such as gēkh, tīf, luṭf in the poem above, containing either a long vowel followed by a consonant other than "n", or a short vowel followed by two consonants. An overlong syllable can also freely be substituted for the final syllable of the line, as with bād above.
Another variation is that occasionally a sequence of two short syllables (u u) can be replaced by a single long one (–).
A third variation is to use the same metre as above, but with the eighth and ninth syllables reversed:
- – – u u – – u u – – u u –
In inglese
The verse form AABA as used in English verse is known as the Rubaiyat Quatrain due to its use by Edward FitzGerald in his famous 1859 translation, Rubʿayyāt di ʿUmar Khayyām. Algernon Charles Swinburne, one of the first admirers of FitzGerald's translation of Khayyam's medieval Persian verses, was the first to imitate the stanza form, which subsequently became popular and was used widely, as in the case of Robert Frost's 1922 poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening".
FitzGerald's translation became so popular by the turn of the century that hundreds of American humorists wrote parodies using the form and, to varying degrees, the content of his stanzas, including The Rubaiyat of Ohow Dryyam, The Rubaiyat of A Persian Kitten, The Rubaiyat of Omar Cayenne and The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Jr.
Quartina VII dalla quarta edizione del Rubaiyat di Fitzgerald:
Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring
Your Winter-garment of Repentance fling:
The Bird of Time has but a little way
To flutter—and the Bird is on the Wing.
Vieni, riempi la coppa e nel fuoco della primavera
Getta il tuo abbigliamento invernale di pentimento:
L'uccello del tempo ha solo un piccolo modo
Per svolazzare — e l'uccello è in volo.[8]
In extended sequences of ruba'i stanzas, the convention is sometimes extended so that the unrhymed line of the current stanza becomes the rhyme for the following stanza.[9] The structure can be made cyclical by linking the unrhymed line of the final stanza back to the first stanza: ZZAZ.[10] These more stringent systems were not, however, used by FitzGerald in his Rubaiyat.
Note
- ^ Il nome persiano è preso in prestito dall'arabo رباعي rubāʿiyy "consistente in quattro, quadripartito, quadruplo" le cui consonanti radici ر ب ع (r-b-ʿ) si trovano anche nel numero أربعة arbaʿah "quattro". Vedi J.M. Cowan (a cura di), The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, quarta edizione, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994.
- ^ Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Princeton University Press, 1974, p.611
- ^ Introduction to The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, translated by Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs, Penguin Classics, 1981, ISBN 0-14-044384-3, p. 9 [1]
- ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, v. 4, edited by R. N. Frye, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-20093-8, pgs. 633-634 [2]
- ^ Elwell-Sutton, L. P. "The Foundations of Persian Prosody and Metrics," Iran, v. 13 (1975), p. 92.
- ^ The Splendors of Salahuddin, su dar-al-masnavi.org.
- ^ L. P. Elwell-Sutton (1986), “ʿARŪŻ,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, II/6-7, pp. 670-679.
- ^ [3]
- ^ Robin Skelton, The Shapes of Our Singing: A Comprehensive Guide to Verse Forms and Metres from Around the World, Spokane, WA, Eastern Washington University Press, 2002, p. 106, ISBN 0-910055-76-9.
- ^ Lewis Turco, The Book of Forms: A Handbook of Poetics, Lebanon, NH, University Press of New England, 2000, p. 245, ISBN 1-58465-022-2.
Voci correlate
- Rubʿayyāt di ʿUmar Khayyām
- Parwaze Taffakkur - pubblicato nel 2015 contenente circa 250 rubaiyat persiani del famoso poeta indiano Syed Waheed Ashraf[1]
Collegamenti esterni
- (EN) robāʿī, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- Dr.Amjad Parvez, A splendid poetry collection, 25 March 2013. URL consultato l'11 April 2014.
