Wikipedia

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

organismo che ha responsabilità nell'assegnazione degli indirizzi IP
Versione del 28 feb 2025 alle 21:58 di 5.91.113.1 (discussione)
Disambiguazione – "IANA" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando il comune della Romania nel distretto di Vaslui, vedi Iana.

L'Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) è un organismo dell'ICANN.[2] Grazie ad un accordo con il dipartimento del commercio degli Stati Uniti d'America, IANA ha la responsabilità nell'assegnazione degli indirizzi IP.[2] In collaborazione con l'Internet Engineering Task Force mantiene un registro dei protocolli utilizzati su Internet.[2]

Jon Postel è considerato il padre di IANA[1]

Informazioni generali

Lo IANA delega la gestione di blocchi di indirizzi IP ad enti locali denominati Regional Internet Registries (RIR). Ogni RIR assegna gli indirizzi per una specifica zona del mondo. I RIR a loro volta formano un ente chiamato Number Resource Organization il cui scopo è rappresentarne gli interessi nella definizione delle policy di assegnazione e gestione degli indirizzi.

Lo IANA delega la gestione degli indirizzi IPv4 ai RIR assegnando loro blocchi molto estesi di indirizzi (tipicamente una o più classi A). A loro volta i RIR, ognuno secondo le proprie politiche di assegnamento, attribuiscono blocchi più piccoli. Solitamente ai Provider vengono assegnati interi blocchi di classe C per gestire le connessioni dei loro clienti, mentre all'utenza finale (piccole e medie imprese) vengono assegnati blocchi di IP molto più limitati. Solo in casi eccezionali vengono assegnati intere classi B.

Al momento, esistono processi di delega anche per quel che riguarda l'assegnazione di blocchi IPv6, ma la richiesta non è ancora molto stringente considerando l'ampiezza dello spazio di indirizzamento IPv6.

Lo IANA è un'emanazione dell'ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). L'ICANN, nonostante le aperture degli ultimi anni, rimane un ente sotto il diretto controllo del Ministero del commercio degli Stati Uniti.

Il 28 gennaio del 2003 Il Dipartimento del Commercio degli Stati Uniti, attraverso l'acquisizione del National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ha garantito il controllo di ICANN su IANA fino al 2006. Sebbene ci sia stato, da parte del Dipartimento del Commercio, un invito a presentare candidature alla gestione dello IANA da parte di enti esterni, la decisione sul futuro di questo punto chiave di Internet rimane nelle mani del Governo degli Stati Uniti.

Le relazioni che intercorrono tra l'ICANN e i ccTLD ed i RIR sono di tipo politico. Esistono, comunque, proposte per disaccoppiare le funzioni di IANA e ICANN con o senza il benestare del Governo degli Stati Uniti.

IANA e whois.nic.it

IANA, pur essendo giuridicamente un registro pubblico, con il conseguente effetto che le informazioni in esso depositate sono condivise non solo ai meri diretti interessati dei domini, ma anche ai terzi (onde evitare appunto eccezioni da parte dei terzi), limita la sua competenza, delegando le informazioni degli altri domini ai refer e mettendo de facto in difficoltà gli utenti finali. Ad esempio il refer per i domini di primo livello .COM, .NET e .EDU è whois.verisign-grs.com. La pagina ufficiale online per il servizio whois di IANA attraverso web browser è www.iana.org/whois. L'elenco ufficiale IANA dei domini di primo livello (ad esempio .COM) ed i loro rispettivi refer è Root Zone Database. In aggiunta, nonostante lo scopo del suddetto registro e dei refer, non è certo che IANA e/o i refer condividano informazioni di contatto dei responsabili dei domini (i consulenti tecnici dei registrant ossia le persone giuridiche intestatarie del dominio) onde evitare eccezioni riguardo alla loro privacy. Difatti in alcuni scenari è possibile che IANA o i refer deleghino la condivisione delle informazioni di contatto dei responsabili dei registrant ai registrar, ad ulteriore discapito dell'individuazione dei responsabili del dominio ricercato dagli utenti finali. Inoltre, per quanto un dominio possa avere funzioni SMTP e nonostante le disposizioni RFC 5321 e RFC 822, non è certo che il responsabile del dominio abbia una casella email dedicata con local name (e case in-sensitive) postmaster.

Ad ogni modo il comando whois da riga di comando consente di visualizzare le informazioni contenute nel registro di IANA (registro predefinito e corrispondente all'opzione -I). Per i domini di primo livello italiani il refer è whois.nic.it a cui si può inviare un'istanza attraverso l'opzione -h oppure, per ottenere maggiori informazioni, visitando il sito web-whois.nic.it attraverso web browser.

Il refer non va confuso con il Registrar[3] che è un fornitore di servizi Internet che ha un contratto con il Registro[4]. Il Registro non si occupa, infatti, di registrare direttamente domini per conto degli utenti finali. In basso un esempio dell'implementazione del comando whois con google.com e google.it. Il registrar www.markmonitor.com rimanda ad un suo contact form per reperire le informazioni di contatto email dei consulenti tecnici di google.com. Mentre le informazioni di contatto email dei consulenti tecnici di google.it sono reperibili solo attraverso web browser visitando web-whois.nic.it.

$ whois -I google.com
% IANA WHOIS server
% for more information on IANA, visit http://www.iana.org
% This query returned 1 object

refer:        whois.verisign-grs.com

___domain:       COM

organisation: VeriSign Global Registry Services
address:      12061 Bluemont Way
address:      Reston VA 20190
address:      United States of America (the)

contact:      administrative
name:         Registry Customer Service
organisation: VeriSign Global Registry Services
address:      12061 Bluemont Way
address:      Reston VA 20190
address:      United States of America (the)
phone:        +1 703 925-6999
fax-no:       +1 703 948 3978
e-mail:       info@verisign-grs.com

contact:      technical
name:         Registry Customer Service
organisation: VeriSign Global Registry Services
address:      12061 Bluemont Way
address:      Reston VA 20190
address:      United States of America (the)
phone:        +1 703 925-6999
fax-no:       +1 703 948 3978
e-mail:       info@verisign-grs.com

nserver:      A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.5.6.30 2001:503:a83e:0:0:0:2:30
nserver:      B.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.33.14.30 2001:503:231d:0:0:0:2:30
nserver:      C.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.26.92.30 2001:503:83eb:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      D.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.31.80.30 2001:500:856e:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      E.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.12.94.30 2001:502:1ca1:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      F.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.35.51.30 2001:503:d414:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      G.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.42.93.30 2001:503:eea3:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      H.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.54.112.30 2001:502:8cc:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      I.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.43.172.30 2001:503:39c1:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      J.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.48.79.30 2001:502:7094:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      K.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.52.178.30 2001:503:d2d:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      L.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.41.162.30 2001:500:d937:0:0:0:0:30
nserver:      M.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.55.83.30 2001:501:b1f9:0:0:0:0:30
ds-rdata:     19718 13 2 8acbb0cd28f41250a80a491389424d341522d946b0da0c0291f2d3d771d7805a

whois:        whois.verisign-grs.com

status:       ACTIVE
remarks:      Registration information: http://www.verisigninc.com

created:      1985-01-01
changed:      2023-12-07
source:       IANA

   Domain Name: GOOGLE.COM
   Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
   Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
   Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
   Updated Date: 2019-09-09T15:39:04Z
   Creation Date: 1997-09-15T04:00:00Z
   Registry Expiry Date: 2028-09-14T04:00:00Z
   Registrar: MarkMonitor Inc.
   Registrar IANA ID: 292
   Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
   Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2086851750
   Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
   Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
   Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
   Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited
   Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited
   Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited
   Name Server: NS1.GOOGLE.COM
   Name Server: NS2.GOOGLE.COM
   Name Server: NS3.GOOGLE.COM
   Name Server: NS4.GOOGLE.COM
   DNSSEC: unsigned
   URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of whois database: 2025-02-27T19:36:44Z <<<

For more information on Whois status codes, please visit https://icann.org/epp

NOTICE: The expiration date displayed in this record is the date the
registrar's sponsorship of the ___domain name registration in the registry is
currently set to expire. This date does not necessarily reflect the expiration
date of the ___domain name registrant's agreement with the sponsoring
registrar.  Users may consult the sponsoring registrar's Whois database to
view the registrar's reported date of expiration for this registration.

TERMS OF USE: You are not authorized to access or query our Whois
database through the use of electronic processes that are high-volume and
automated except as reasonably necessary to register ___domain names or
modify existing registrations; the Data in VeriSign Global Registry
Services' ("VeriSign") Whois database is provided by VeriSign for
information purposes only, and to assist persons in obtaining information
about or related to a ___domain name registration record. VeriSign does not
guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a Whois query, you agree to abide
by the following terms of use: You agree that you may use this Data only
for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this Data
to: (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass
unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail, telephone,
or facsimile; or (2) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes
that apply to VeriSign (or its computer systems). The compilation,
repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is expressly
prohibited without the prior written consent of VeriSign. You agree not to
use electronic processes that are automated and high-volume to access or
query the Whois database except as reasonably necessary to register
___domain names or modify existing registrations. VeriSign reserves the right
to restrict your access to the Whois database in its sole discretion to ensure
operational stability.  VeriSign may restrict or terminate your access to the
Whois database for failure to abide by these terms of use. VeriSign
reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.

The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET, .EDU domains and
Registrars.

$ whois -h whois.verisign-grs.com google.com
   Domain Name: GOOGLE.COM
   Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
   Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
   Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
   Updated Date: 2019-09-09T15:39:04Z
   Creation Date: 1997-09-15T04:00:00Z
   Registry Expiry Date: 2028-09-14T04:00:00Z
   Registrar: MarkMonitor Inc.
   Registrar IANA ID: 292
   Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
   Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2086851750
   Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
   Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
   Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
   Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited
   Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited
   Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited
   Name Server: NS1.GOOGLE.COM
   Name Server: NS2.GOOGLE.COM
   Name Server: NS3.GOOGLE.COM
   Name Server: NS4.GOOGLE.COM
   DNSSEC: unsigned
   URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of whois database: 2025-02-28T18:48:16Z <<<

For more information on Whois status codes, please visit https://icann.org/epp

NOTICE: The expiration date displayed in this record is the date the
registrar's sponsorship of the ___domain name registration in the registry is
currently set to expire. This date does not necessarily reflect the expiration
date of the ___domain name registrant's agreement with the sponsoring
registrar.  Users may consult the sponsoring registrar's Whois database to
view the registrar's reported date of expiration for this registration.

TERMS OF USE: You are not authorized to access or query our Whois
database through the use of electronic processes that are high-volume and
automated except as reasonably necessary to register ___domain names or
modify existing registrations; the Data in VeriSign Global Registry
Services' ("VeriSign") Whois database is provided by VeriSign for
information purposes only, and to assist persons in obtaining information
about or related to a ___domain name registration record. VeriSign does not
guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a Whois query, you agree to abide
by the following terms of use: You agree that you may use this Data only
for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this Data
to: (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass
unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail, telephone,
or facsimile; or (2) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes
that apply to VeriSign (or its computer systems). The compilation,
repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is expressly
prohibited without the prior written consent of VeriSign. You agree not to
use electronic processes that are automated and high-volume to access or
query the Whois database except as reasonably necessary to register
___domain names or modify existing registrations. VeriSign reserves the right
to restrict your access to the Whois database in its sole discretion to ensure
operational stability.  VeriSign may restrict or terminate your access to the
Whois database for failure to abide by these terms of use. VeriSign
reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.

The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET, .EDU domains and
Registrars.

$ whois -h whois.markmonitor.com google.com
Domain Name: google.com
Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2024-08-02T02:17:33+0000
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T07:00:00+0000
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2028-09-13T07:00:00+0000
Registrar: MarkMonitor, Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2086851750
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited)
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited)
Registrant Organization: Google LLC
Registrant State/Province: CA
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Admin Organization: Google LLC
Admin State/Province: CA
Admin Country: US
Admin Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Tech Organization: Google LLC
Tech State/Province: CA
Tech Country: US
Tech Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Name Server: ns1.google.com
Name Server: ns2.google.com
Name Server: ns3.google.com
Name Server: ns4.google.com
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2025-02-28T18:48:44+0000 <<<

For more information on WHOIS status codes, please visit:
  https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epp-status-codes

If you wish to contact this ___domain’s Registrant, Administrative, or Technical
contact, and such email address is not visible above, you may do so via our web
form, pursuant to ICANN’s Temporary Specification. To verify that you are not a
robot, please enter your email address to receive a link to a page that
facilitates email communication with the relevant contact(s).

Web-based WHOIS:
  https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois

If you have a legitimate interest in viewing the non-public WHOIS details, send
your request and the reasons for your request to whoisrequest@markmonitor.com
and specify the ___domain name in the subject line. We will review that request and
may ask for supporting documentation and explanation.

The data in MarkMonitor’s WHOIS database is provided for information purposes,
and to assist persons in obtaining information about or related to a ___domain
name’s registration record. While MarkMonitor believes the data to be accurate,
the data is provided "as is" with no guarantee or warranties regarding its
accuracy.

By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only for
lawful purposes and that, under no circumstances will you use this data to:
  (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission by email, telephone,
or facsimile of mass, unsolicited, commercial advertising, or spam; or
  (2) enable high volume, automated, or electronic processes that send queries,
data, or email to MarkMonitor (or its systems) or the ___domain name contacts (or
its systems).

MarkMonitor reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.

By submitting this query, you agree to abide by this policy.

MarkMonitor Domain Management(TM)
Protecting companies and consumers in a digital world.

Visit MarkMonitor at https://www.markmonitor.com
Contact us at +1.8007459229
In Europe, at +44.02032062220
--

$ whois -h whois.nic.it google.it

*********************************************************************
* Please note that the following result could be a subgroup of      *
* the data contained in the database.                               *
*                                                                   *
* Additional information can be visualized at:                      *
* http://web-whois.nic.it                                           *
*********************************************************************

Domain:             google.it
Status:             ok
Signed:             no
Created:            1999-12-10 00:00:00
Last Update:        2024-09-27 00:50:20
Expire Date:        2025-04-21

Registrant
  Organization:     Google Ireland Holdings Unlimited Company
  Address:          70 Sir John Rogerson's Quay
                    Dublin
                    2
                    Dublin
                    IE
  Created:          2018-03-02 19:04:02
  Last Update:      2018-03-02 19:04:02

Admin Contact
  Name:             Colm Buckley
  Organization:     Google LLC
  Address:          1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
                    Mountain View
                    94043
                    CA
                    US
  Created:          2024-09-27 00:44:25
  Last Update:      2024-09-27 00:44:25

Technical Contacts
  Name:             Domain Administrator
  Organization:     Google LLC
  Address:          1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
                    Mountain View
                    94043
                    CA
                    US
  Created:          2017-12-21 19:54:04
  Last Update:      2017-12-21 19:54:04

Registrar
  Organization:     MarkMonitor International Limited
  Name:             MARKMONITOR-REG
  Web:              https://www.markmonitor.com/
  DNSSEC:           no


Nameservers
  ns1.google.com
  ns2.google.com
  ns3.google.com
  ns4.google.com

Note

  1. ^ Cerf, 1998.
  2. ^ a b c ICANN, 2014.
  3. ^ Registrar | Registro .it, su www.nic.it. URL consultato il 27 febbraio 2025.
  4. ^ Chi siamo | Registro .it, su www.nic.it. URL consultato il 27 febbraio 2025.

Bibliografia

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN) 149194762 · LCCN (EN) no00004829 · GND (DE) 1154733246
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