Reavers are a group of humans in Firefly who have become animalistic. They are known to raid ships and colonies to kill, skin, rape and cannibalize whoever they find (though not neccesarily in that order). They disfigure themselves and wear their victims skin as clothing. Their ships often have the bodies of past victims stuck to the hull and due to very little engine containment are often "flying hot", which may mean they are leaking radiation.
In the movie Serenity Reavers are revealed to be humans from the planet Miranda. An unknown incident took place on Miranda and the government there released a calming agent into the air. The agent worked too well, causing 99% of the population to simply cease activity, and become so calm that they stopped trying to move, or breathe. The other 1% of the population of 30,000,000 reacted in the exact opposite way, becoming increasingly aggresive. These people are the Reavers.