Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic, first synthesized in Belgium in the late 1950s, with an analgesic potency of about 80 times that of morphine. It was introduced into medical practice in the 1960s as an intravenous anesthetic under the trade name of Sublimaze. Fentanyl has an LD50 of 3.1 milligrams per kilogram in rats. The LD50 in humans is not known. Fentanyl is a Schedule II drug.
 | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Routes of administration | TD, IM, IV, oral |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | 13 and 21% |
| Elimination half-life | 7 (range 3-12) hours |
| Identifiers | |
| |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.468 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C22H28N2O |
| Molar mass | 336.471 g/mol |
| Melting point | 87.5 °C (189.5 °F) |
Analogues
The pharmaceutical industry has developed several analogues of fentanyl:
- Alfentanil (Alfenta), an ultra-short acting (5–10 minutes) analgesic,
- Sufentanil (Sufenta), a potent analgesic (5 to 10 times more potent than fentanyl) for use in heart surgery.
- Remifentanil, currently the shortest acting opioid, has the benefit of rapid offset, even after prolonged infusions.
- Carfentanil (Wildnil) is an analogue of fentanyl with an analgesic potency 10,000 times that of morphine and is used in veterinary practice to immobilize certain large animals.
Therapeutic use
All forms of fentanyls are to be used only by opioid-tolerant patients; several deaths have occurred when used by other patients. Today, fentanyls are extensively used for anesthesia and analgesia. Duragesic, by Janssen Pharmaceutica, is a fentanyl transdermal patch used in chronic pain management. Duragesic patches work by releasing fentanyl into subcutaneous fats, which then slowly release the drug into the blood stream over 72 hours, allowing for long lasting relief from pain. In the past few years, the patches have gone generic and are available for lower costs. Duragesic is manufactured in five patch sizes: 12.5 µg/h, 25 µg/h, 50 µg/h, 75 µg/h, and 100 µg/h. Dosage is based on the size of the patch, since the transdermal absorption rate is generally constant at skin temperature.
Actiq, by Cephalon, is a recently-developed solid formulation of fentanyl citrate on a stick in the form of a lollipop that dissolves slowly in the mouth for transmucosal absorption. Actiq is intended for opioid-tolerant individuals and is effective in treating breakthrough cancer pain. It is also useful for breakthrough pain for those suffering bone injuries, severe back pain, neuropathy, arthritis, and some other examples of chronic nonmalignant pain. The unit is a berry-flavored lozenge on a stick which is swabbed on the mucosal surfaces inside the mouth — under and on the tongue and gums — to release the fentanyl quickly into the system. It is most effective when the lozenge is consumed in 15 minutes. The drug is less effective if swallowed, absorption from the alimentary tract being poor. Actiq is available in six dosages, from 200 to 1600 µg in 200 µg increments (excluding 1000 µg and 1400 µg).
Fentanyl is frequently given intrathecally as part of spinal anesthesia or epidurally for epidural anesthesia and analgesia
Illicit use
Illicit use of pharmaceutical fentanyls first appeared in the mid-1970s in the medical community and continues in the present. United States authorities classify fentanyl as a narcotic. To date, over 12 different analogues of fentanyl have been produced clandestinely and identified in the U.S. drug traffic. The biological effects of the fentanyls are similar to those of heroin, with the exception that there is less of a euphoric 'high' associated with the drug and a stronger analgesic effect. Additionally, fentanyl may be hundreds of times more potent - in some places, it is sold as heroin, often leading to many overdoses. Fentanyl also has a shorter half-life than that of heroin, (excepting the Duragesic patch) and is most commonly used through intravenous administration, but like heroin, can also be smoked or snorted. One common street name for fentanyl is china white. This is not always accurate, as it was originally given to alpha-methyl-fentanyl, although in recent years this terminology has faded somewhat. AMF has longer metabolism than fentanyl because the methyl group slows metabolism.
Actiq has begun to appear on the streets under the street name of "percopop", although the cost of the drug for actual patients is approximately US$16 to US$50 for each unit (based on strength of lozenge), with the black market cost is anywhere from US$20 to US$60 per unit, depending on the strength.
Many heroin dealers mix Fentanyl powder with larger amounts of heroin in order to maximize potency and increase the market share of their product. As of late May 2006, a mix of fentanyl and either cocaine or heroin has caused an outbreak in overdose deaths in the United States, heavily concentrated in the cities of Detroit, Philadelphia, Camden, Chicago, and Little Rock. The mixture of fentanyl and heroin is known as "magic" on the street. [1]
Both Actiq and Duragesic are becoming as popular as Oxycontin in pharmacy burglaries and robberies. In the U.S., law enforcement agencies are being instructed in how to tell the difference between Actiq and other medications, by sight, so they are better able to notice abuse of the drug.
Street Names
- China White
- China Girl
- Dance fever
References
- ^ Fentanyl probe nets 3 suspects by Norman Sinclair and Ronald J. Hansen, The Detroit News, June 23, 2006, retrieved June 25, 2006.