Utente:O--o/sandbox4
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| Description | ||
| Role: | Manned spacecraft to supply the military Almaz space station | |
| Crew: | three | |
| Dimensions | ||
| Height: | 13.2 m | 43.31 ft |
| Diameter: | 4.15 m | 13.61 ft |
| Volume: | 45.00 m3 | |
| Rocket engines | ||
| Main Engine (N2O4/UDMH): | 7840 N | 1763 lbf ea |
| Performance | ||
| Endurance: | 7 days | |
| Apogee: | 266 km | |
| Perigee: | 223 km | |
| Inclination: | 52 degrees | |
| Spacecraft delta v: | 700 m/s | 2290 ft/s |
| Cutaway of TKS vehicle | ||
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TKS (in russo Транспортный корабль снабжения?, Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia, Navetta per trasporto di rifornimenti,[1] GRAU index 11F72) era un veicolo spaziale sovietico concepito alla fine degli anni sessanta per rifornire la stazione spaziale militare Almaz.
Il veicolo era stato progettato sia per voli con equipaggio, sia per voli automatizzati di rifornimento in configurazione cargo. Durante il programma vennero lanciati solo quattro veicoli di test, tre dei quali si agganciarono alla stazione spaziale Salyut, ma il programma non raggiunse mai l'operatività.[2]
La navetta era costituita da due veicoli spaziali collegati tra loro, che entrambi potevano operare indipendentemente:
- la navicella VA (identificato in occidente come navicella Merkur), destinato ad accogliere i cosmonauti durante il lancio e il rientro della navicella, contenente i sistemi vitali e i motori di manovra per il rientro; e
- il modulo FGB (Functional Cargo Block), contenente i motori per le manovre orbitali dell'intero veicolo, i serbatoi e un grande compartimento pressurizzato destinato ai rifornimenti alla stazione spaziale Almaz.
Il modulo FGB era stato concepito per essere utilizzabile anche da solo come modulo cargo, mentre la navicella VA poteva essere lanciata in configurazione Almaz APOS, connessa al modulo principale Almaz-OPS della stazione spaziale che forniva le funzioni di sistema di manovra orbitale primario.
Progetto
The TKS spacecraft was designed by Vladimir Chelomei (the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block)[3] as a manned spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with Almaz space stations. Development began in 1965; the Almaz programme had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft ("Vozvrashaemiy Apparat") was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions.[4]
The project had further evolved with space station "Modulny" ("Modular") based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with Salyut 7, Mir and ISS space stations. This development was designated FGB, or Functional Cargo Block.[senza fonte]
The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat" (or Return Vehicle commonly referred to as the VA), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (Functional/Cargo Block module or FGB).
TKS VA
The TKS VA spacecraft was itself a very compact and efficient spacecraft. Typically it would reenter the atmosphere within 2 orbits, but could fly autonomously for up to 31 hours. The pressurized crew re-entry capsule was equipped with its own environmental control system, and topped with reaction control system, de-orbit braking engine, parachute system, and soft landing engines. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board.
The VA design was derived from the planned capsule for the Chelomei's LK-1 manned circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. It was also the basis for Chelomei's LK-700 Lunar Lander crew capsule. The VA looked somewhat similar to the Apollo capsule, but was 30% smaller than its NASA counterpart.
TKS FGB
The FGB was entered from the VA spacecraft via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the Almaz space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational TKS spacecraft would have delivered KSI film return capsules to Almaz stations. These would have been stored around the docking port for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.
Details
| Crew size: | 3 |
|---|---|
| Design life: | 7 days |
| Orbital storage: | 200 days |
| Typical orbit: | 223 km × 266 km at 52° inclination |
| Length: | 13.2 m (43.31 ft) |
| Maximal diameter: | 4.15 m (13.61 ft) |
| Span: | 17.00 m (55.00 ft) |
| Habitable volume: | 45.00 m3 |
| Mass: | 17,510 kg (38,600 lb) |
| Payload: | 12,600 kg (27,700 lb) |
| Main-engine thrust: | 7.840 kN (1,763 lbf) |
| Main-engine propellants: | N2O4/UDMH 3,822 kg (8,426 lb) |
| Main-engine Isp: | 291 s |
| Spacecraft Δv: | 700 m/s (2,290 ft/s) |
| Electrical system: | Solar panels (17 m span, 40 m²) |
| Electric system: | 2.40 kW average |
| Associated launch vehicle: | Proton 8K82K |
Missions
VA spacecraft test flights
Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft:[4]
- Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraft Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882 in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered on the same day.
- VA #009L/P and VA #009P/P: Launched on 1977-08-04. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L/P is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P/P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered safely.
- On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraft Kosmos 997 and Kosmos 998 started jointly and reentered separately
- On 1979-05-23 pair of two VA spacecraft Kosmos 1100 and Kosmos 1101 that started jointly and reentered separately
TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)
Template:Hatnote Kosmos 929 was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA spacecraft with FGB), launched on 17 July 1977[4] – it was a "solo" test flight and was not destined for a Salyut space station.[5] The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2 February 1978.[6]
TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)
On 25 April 1981, TKS-2 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1267, the first FGB to dock with a space station.[4] After separation and recovery of the VA capsule on 24 May 1981, the FGB docked on 19 June with Salyut 6, after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on 29 July 1982.
TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)
Template:Hatnote On 2 March 1983, TKS-3 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1443.[4] This time, the VA remained attached and the first "complete" TKS docked to Salyut 7 two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on 14 August. After undocking, the FGB and the VA spacecraft separated and the VA spacecraft continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before the VA capsule successfully re-entered on 23 August 1983, landing 100 km south-east of Arkalsk and returning 350 kg of material from the station. The FGB deorbited itself on 19 September 1983.
TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)
TKS-4 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1686 on 27 September 1985. The landing systems, ECS, seats, and manned controls were removed from the VA spacecraft, and instead other payload was installed: a high-resolution photo apparatus, an infrared telescope and the Ozon spectrometer. The TKS successfully docked with Salyut 7.
The "military" long-duration crew Salyut 7 EO-4, consisting of Viktor Savinykh, Alexander Volkov and the commander Vladimir Vasyutin, had manned Salyut 7 that month to conduct experiments with TKS-4. Commander Vasyutin fell ill soon after arriving at the station. Originally scheduled to have a six-month stay aboard Salyut 7, Vasyutin's illness forced the crew to make an emergency return to Earth on 21 November 1985, preventing the crew from finishing the TKS experiments. The crew of Soyuz T-15 returned to Salyut 7 in May 1986, to conclude some of the experiments and ferry equipment to the then new Mir space station.[4][8]
Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit after that mission, while awaiting another "TKS" crew – there were even plans to return using the Buran shuttle. Such flights never materialized before Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 deorbited on 7 February 1991, burning up together over Argentina.
Further usage
The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for several later space-station components, such as:
- Kvant-1 tug[4]
- Kvant-2 Mir module[4]
- Kristall Mir module[4]
- Spektr Mir module[4]
- Priroda Mir module[4]
- Polyus (FGB) spacecraft[4]
- Zarya (FGB-1) ISS module[4]
- Russian Research Module (FGB-2) ISS module (canceled)
- Nauka (FGB-2) ISS module
Two TKS/Almaz VA capsules were bought for commercial use by the private spaceflight company Excalibur Almaz. As of 2014, one of those were auctioned for 1 million euro,[9] and the other was reportedly shipped away from the company's headquarters on Isle of Man in an undisclosed direction.[10]
Existing hardware[11]
Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.
Known articles include:
- #103/1 – Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
- #103/2 – Excalibur Almaz
- #103/4 – Smithsonian Museum
- #009A/2 – Excalibur Almaz
- #009/2 – NPO Mashinostroyeniya
- #009/3 – Excalibur Almaz
- #? – International Space University, Strasbourg
- #? – Yevpatoria
- #? – NPO Energomash
- #? – Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
- #? – Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan
Galleria
TKS-based and descendant spacecraft and modules.
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Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship -
Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural -
Kosmos 1686. Note the VA capsule (left), heavily modified to house scientific instruments -
Kosmos 1686 and Salyut 7 -
Polyus cutaway -
Kvant-1 with its orbital tug attached -
Cut-way view of Kvant-2 -
Cut-way view of Kristall -
Cut-away view of Spektr -
Cut-away view of Priroda -
Zarya module as seen from STS-88 -
MLM docked to the ISS
Note
- ^ Space Race – SPIES IN SPACE, su airandspace.si.edu, Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum. URL consultato il 1º September 2012.
- ^ La tecnologia del modulo TKS-FGB (Functional Cargo Block) fu successivamente alla base di altri moduli di stazioni spaziali, tra cui il modulo Zarya della Stazione spaziale internazionale.
- ^ Asif A. Siddiqi, The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964-1992, part one (PDF), in Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 54, 11/12 2001, November–December 2001, p. 399.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sven Grahn, The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station, su svengrahn.pp.se, Space History Notes.
- ^ Kosmos 929 - NSSDC ID: 1977-066A, su nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov, NASA NSSDC.
- ^ Largest Objects to Reenter, su reentrynews.com, The Aerospace Corporation (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 September 2008).
- ^ TKS, su astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica. URL consultato il 31 August 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 August 2012).
- ^ D. S. F. Portree, Mir Hardware Heritage (PDF), su ston.jsc.nasa.gov, NASA (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 August 2009).
- ^ Doug Messier, Excalibur Almaz Space Capsule Bought at Auction, su parabolicarc.com, 19 May 2014.
- ^ Doug Messier, End of the Line for Excalibur Almaz?, su parabolicarc.com, 11 March 2015.
- ^ http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/tks/visite/visite.html