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Ooóy

Key

Consonants IPA[1] Nagari[1] IAST[1] [2] English approximation b ब b about bʱ भ bh No English equivalent ɕ श ś sheep d द d roughly like do dʱ ध dh No English equivalent ɖ ड ḍ roughly like North American board ɖʱ ढ ḍh No English equivalent ɡ ग g again ɡʱ घ gh No English equivalent ɦ ह h ahead j य y yak dʑ ज j roughly like juice dʑʱ झ jh No English equivalent ɟɲ ज्ञ[3] jñ No English equivalent k क k skin kʰ ख kh kin l ल l leaf m म m much n न n tenth ɲ ञ ñ canyon[4] ɳ ण ṇ roughly like burnt[4] ŋ ङ ṅ bank[4] p प p span pʰ फ ph pan r[5] र r Indian roti s स s soup ʂ ष ṣ Somewhat like North American worship t त t Somewhat like stable tʰ थ th Somewhat like table ʈ ट ṭ stable ʈʰ ठ ṭh table tɕ च c Somewhat like chew tɕʰ छ ch chew ʋ व v between wine and vine

Vowels[4][6] IPA Nagari IAST[2] English approximation ɐ अ, प a comma aː आ, पा ā bra ɪ इ, पि i sit iː ई, पी ī feet ʊ उ, पु u look uː ऊ, पू ū loot eː ए, पे e wait aːi̯[7] ऐ, पै ai hi oː ओ, पो o old aːu̯[8] औ, पौ au how Syllabic Consonants r̩[9] ऋ, पृ ṛ bird r̩ː[10] ॠ, पॄ ṝ longer ṛ l̩ː[11] ऌ, पॢ ḷ bottle Vowel Diacritics ◌̃ ँ ◌̃/m̐ nasal vowel [ɐ̃], [ãː], [õː], etc.)[4] h ः[12] ḥ head Suprasegmentals IPA Nagari IAST[2] English equivalent ˈ◌ stress[13] (placed before stressed syllable)

See also

• IPA vowel chart with audio  
• IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio  
• IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)

Notes

1. Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
2. Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
3. a ligature of ज् + ञ
4. Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
5. /r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.
6. Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
7. [ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.
8. [au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.
9. [rĭ] or [ɽɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.
10. [ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.
11. [lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.
12. Visarga, added after a vowel.
13. In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.

References

• Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

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