Indeterminate form

In mathematics, a number of the expressions that may be encountered in calculus and occasionally elsewhere are considered to be indeterminate forms, and must be treated as symbolic only, until more careful discussion has taken place. The most common such expression is 0/0, which has no definite meaning, as division by zero is not a meaningful operation in arithmetic.

n.b.: To say "0/0" is an indeterminate form does not mean simply that "0/0" by itself does not represent any number. Rather it means that if f(x) and g(x) both approach 0 as x approaches some limit c, one lacks sufficient information to evaluate the limit

${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to c}{f(x) \over g(x)}.}$

That limit could be any number, could be infinite or could fail to exist, depending on what functions f and g are.

List of indeterminate forms

The following table lists the indeterminate forms and transformations for applying l'Hôpital's rule.

Form	Conditions	Transformation
${\displaystyle \lim f(x)/g(x)}$	${\displaystyle f(x)\rightarrow \pm \infty }$ , ${\displaystyle g(x)\rightarrow \pm \infty }$	none needed
${\displaystyle \lim f(x)\cdot g(x)}$	${\displaystyle f(x)\rightarrow 0}$ , ${\displaystyle g(x)\rightarrow \pm \infty }$	${\displaystyle \lim {\frac {f(x)}{1/g(x)}}}$
${\displaystyle \lim f(x)^{g(x)}}$	${\displaystyle f(x)\rightarrow 1}$ , ${\displaystyle g(x)\rightarrow \infty }$	${\displaystyle e^{(\lim {\frac {\ln f(x)}{1/g(x)}})}}$
${\displaystyle \lim f(x)^{g(x)}}$	${\displaystyle f(x)\rightarrow 0}$ , ${\displaystyle g(x)\rightarrow 0}$  [1]	${\displaystyle e^{(\lim {\frac {\ln f(x)}{1/g(x)}})}}$
${\displaystyle \lim f(x)^{g(x)}}$	${\displaystyle f(x)\rightarrow \infty }$ , ${\displaystyle g(x)\rightarrow 0}$	${\displaystyle e^{(\lim {\frac {\ln f(x)}{1/g(x)}})}}$
${\displaystyle \lim f(x)-{g(x)}}$	${\displaystyle f(x)\rightarrow \infty }$ , ${\displaystyle g(x)\rightarrow \infty }$	${\displaystyle \ln(\lim {\frac {e^{f(x)}}{e^{g(x)}}})}$

More on 0/0

If f(x) and g(x) both approach 0 as x approaches some number, or x approaches ∞ or −∞, then

${\displaystyle {f(x) \over g(x)}}$ 

can approach any real number or ∞ or −∞, or fail to converge to any point on the extended real number line, depending on which functions f and g are; similar remarks are true of the other indeterminate forms displayed above. For example,

${\displaystyle \lim _{x\rightarrow 0}{\sin(x) \over x}=1}$ 

and

${\displaystyle \lim _{x\rightarrow 49}{x-49 \over {\sqrt {x}}\,-7}=14.}$ 

Direct substitution of the number that x approaches into either of these functions leads to the indeterminate form 0/0, but both limits actually exist and are 1 and 14 respectively.

The indeterminate nature of the form does not imply the limit does not exist. In many cases, algebraic elimination, L'Hôpital's rule, infinity tricks, or other methods can be used to simplify the expression so the limit can be more easily evaluated.

Naïve arguments to give indeterminate forms a meaning

There are many naïve reasons which may be given for considering indeterminate forms to have some definite meaning (for example):

• Anything divided by itself is 1. Hence ${\displaystyle 0/0=1.}$ 
• Anything to the power of 0 is 1. Hence ${\displaystyle 0^{0}=1.}$ 

The above are true statements if they are qualified by exceptions. Below are the correct versions of these statements.

• Any nonzero number divided by itself is 1.
• Any nonzero number to the power of 0 is 1.

The symbol ${\displaystyle \infty }$  does not represent a number. It represents a limit only. As such the following statements are entirely meaningless:

• Anything multiplied by ${\displaystyle \infty }$  is ${\displaystyle \infty ,}$  hence ${\displaystyle 0\cdot \infty =\infty .}$ 
• Anything multiplied by 0 is 0, hence ${\displaystyle 0\cdot \infty =0.}$ 
• Anything divided by ${\displaystyle \infty }$  is 0 Hence ${\displaystyle \infty /\infty =0.}$ 

(There are defined concepts such as the surreal numbers and the ordinals where operations on infinite objects are well defined.)