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Development of tidal stream generators

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Many tidal stream generators have been developed over the years to harness the power of tidal currents flowing around coastlines. These are also called tidal stream turbines (TST), tidal energy converters (TEC), or marine hydro-kinetic (MHK) generation. These turbines operate on a similar principle to wind turbines, but are designed to work in a fluid approximately 800 times more dense than air which is moving at a slower velocity. Note that tidal barrages or lagoons operate on a different principle, generating power by impounding the rising and falling tide.

Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.

Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America — including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream device in the Fall of Warness, to the west of the island of Eday, and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.

There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, Morlais and elsewhere.

Development timeline

Key historical milestones in the development of tidal-stream turbines are summarised below:

  • The 300 kW Marine Current Turbines (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of Lynmouth, Devon, England.[1]
  • In 2004, the world’s first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300 kW Hammerfest Strøm HS300, located in the waters of Kvalsundet, Finnmark, Norway.[2]
  • The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT SeaGen turbine was installed in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.[3]
  • Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the National Grid in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, Eday, Orkney.[4]
  • Verdant Power installed six 35 kW turbines in New York's East River, supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the worlds first tidal array.[5]
  • In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the worlds first tidal array.[6]
  • A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the European Marine Energy Centre in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.
  • Phase 1 of the MeyGen project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array to date.[7]

Key companies and turbines

Many companies have focused on the development of technology to harness tidal stream energy. A non-exhaustive list of key companies is given below.

Andritz Hydro Hammerfest

Hammerfest Strøm AS was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in Hammerfest. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company Andritz AG bought one third of the shares.[8] In 2012, Andritz became the majority stakeholder and rebranded the company Andritz Hydro Hammerfest.[9]

In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their HS300 turbine in Kvalsundet, Norway.[10] This 300 kW prototype was a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine. It sat on a monopile foundation in 50 m deep water. In 2003, the project was reported to have cost US$11m.[11] The HS300 turbine was connected to the grid in 2014, and operated for over 16,000 hours before it was decommissioned in 2011 and removed in 2012.[2][12]

A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The HS1000 was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.[13][14]

Three Andritz Hydro Hammerfest AH1000 MK1 turbines were installed as part of phase 1 of the MeyGen project in 2016. These turbines are still three-bladed, but with an 18 m diameter rotor and each rated at 1.5 MW.[15]

Magallanes Renovables

Magallanes Renovables, S.L. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.[16] The company's head office is in Redondela, with a UK subsidiary Magallanes Tidal Energy Ltd. based in Kirkwall.

Their second-generation 1.5 MW[note 1] ATIR device has two three-bladed counter-rotating 19 m diameter rotors at either end of a common driveshaft, mounted below the 45 m long hull.[17][18] It was constructed in Spain in the Ria de Vigo and launched in 2017 followed by a period of tow testing. The device was then towed to Orkney where it was deployed at the Fall of Warness and grid-connected in 2019. In 2020, it was towed to Edinburgh for maintenance, before returning to site in April 2021.[19][20] The company previously tested a smaller scale version of the ATIR device at the EMEC nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.[20]

In 2022, Magallanes Tidal Energy was awarded a contract for difference (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB National Grid, from a 1.5 MW device at Morlais expected to be operational by 2025/26.[21] The following year, they were awarded a further 3 MW at Morlais, and 1.5 MW at EMEC.[22]

Marine Current Turbines

See also: Marine Current Turbines and SeaGen

Marine Current Turbines (MCT) was a Bristol-based company that developed seabed mounted tidal-stream turbines. In June 2003, MCT installed the 300 kW Seaflow turbine in Lynmouth, Devon.[23] The larger 1.2 MW SeaGen turbine was installed in Strangford Lough in May 2008, and connected tot the Irish electricity grid in July. It was decommissioned in stages between May 2016 and July 2019, having exported 11.6 GWh of electricity.[24]

Nova Innovation

Main article: Nova Innovation

Nova Innovation Ltd is an Edinburgh-based developer of small bed-mounted tidal-stream turbines. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland,[25] and have operated an array of up-to 6 of their 100 kW turbines in the Bluemull Sound since 2016.[26][27]

OpenHydro

See also: Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm

OpenHydro was an Irish developer of tidal stream turbines, established in 2004. It was acquired by Naval Energies (then DCNS) in 2013, however, Naval Energies decided in July 2018 to stop developing tidal turbines and focus on floating wind turbines.[28][29] The company had a manufacturing facility in Greenore, Ireland,[30] and Naval Energies unveiled a new factory in Cherbourg-en-Cotentin just days before exiting the tidal energy market.[31]

 
OpenHydro turbine on test at EMEC, Orkney, in raised maintenance position. Subsequent turbines sat on the sea floor.

Open Hydro developed a novel open-centred horizontal-axis turbine, surrounded by a ducting shroud which has multiple benefits: it increases flow through the turbine, helps align the flow through the turbine, and houses the rim-mounted direct-drive generator thus removing the need for a gearbox.[32] Various iterations of the device were tested in Scotland, France and Canada.

The first 250 kW Open Hydro turbine was tested at EMEC Fall of Warness site from 2006, and was connected to the electricity grid in May 2008.[4] The seventh generation 6 m diameter Open Hydro turbine was installed at the same EMEC site in April 2014.[33] The turbine on test at EMEC was mounted on two piles, allowing it to be raised out of the water for maintenance, as shown in the photo. However, subsequent turbines sat on the seabed on a gravity foundation.

 
Openhydro Triskell - turbine deployment barge in the Port of Cherbourg

Électricité de France (EdF) started to develop a tidal farm at Paimpol–Bréhat, Brittany, France that would use OpenHydro turbines. The first 250 kW turbine was tested here between December 2013 and April 2014.[34][35] Two 16 m diameter 500 kW turbines (or a planned four) were installed in January and May 2016, however these turbines were never connected to the grid. They were removed for repair in 2017 but not re-installed.[36][32] The turbines were lowered to the seabed, and subsequently removed, by a specially designed catamaran barge, the OpenHydro Triskell.[34][35] The project was cancelled in 2018.

Cape Sharp Tidal was a joint venture of OpenHydro and Nova Scotia Power, that tested OpenHydro turbines at FORCE. A 10 m diameter, 1 MW turbine was deployed in November 2009, however it suffered serious damage to the blades just 20 days later.[37] A 2 MW grid-connected turbine was then tested from November 2016 to June 2017.[38] In July 2018, a second 2 MW grid-connected turbine was installed.[38] This turbine was left on the seabed when OpenHydro filed for bankruptcy, suggesting it was damaged beyond repair. The device is expected to be removed before the end of 2024 by the next company to test at FORCE Berth D, BigMoon Canada Corp.[39]

Orbital Marine Power

See also: Orbital O2

Orbital Marine Power Ltd is an Orkney-based developer of floating tidal stream turbines that have twin rotors either side of a long tubular hull. Their third-generation turbine, the 2 MW Orbital O2 has been deployed at the Fall of Warness since 2021.[40] The company was founded in 2002 as Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd, but rebranded in 2019.[41]

 
Sabella D03 turbine, with 3m rotor

Sabella

Sabella SA is a French SME based in Quimper,Brittany that has been developing tidal turbines since 2008, however the company was placed into receivership in October 2023. [42][43] The company had developed two main variants of their technology.

The D03 was a 30 kW horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor 3 m in diameter, hence the name.[44] It was tested in the Odet estuary in 2008, but not grid connected. The turbine weighed 7 tonnes, and sat on a gravity base in around 25 m deep water.

 
Sabella D10 turbine

The larger 1 MW D10 turbine was then developed, and tested in the Fromveur Passage, Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in Ushant on 5 November 2015.[45] The device was periodically removed for maintenance, for example in April 2019 after having been re-deployed in October 2018.[46] It was redeployed for a third test campaign in April 2022,[47] and in September 2023, it was reported the turbine was supplying around 25% of the electricity used on Ushant Island.[48]

The D10 turbine is also a horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor and a direct drive permanent magnet generator. It is mounted on a tubular steel tripod foundation approximately 23 m wide, with the turbine 12.5 m above the seabed.[49]

Sabella announced in January 2022 joint plans with Nova Innovation to each develop 6 MW of a 12 MW berth at Morlais.[50]

SIMEC Atlantis Energy

See also: SIMEC Atlantis Energy and MeyGen

SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the MeyGen tidal array in the Pentland Firth between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.[51]

The company was founded as Atlantis Resources, and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at MeyGen. They also built a smaller 500 kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to Japan and installed off Naru Island, part of the Gotō Islands. It reportedly generated 10 MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.[52]

Sustainable Marine Energy

Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd (SME) was a developer of floating tidal stream turbines, founded in 2012 but went into administration in August 2023.[53] Originally based in London, it moved to East Cowes, Isle of Wight in 2013.[54] The company then moved to Edinburgh in XXX

Their first platform, PLAT-O, was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50 kW Schottel SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in The Solent, before being tested at EMEC in 2016.[55]

The floating PLAT-I 4.63 was developed for community-scale deployments in inshore waters. It had four 6.3 m diameter turbines mounted on a floating boat-like structure. It was first tested at the Falls of Lora, western Scotland in November 2017,[56] before being shipped to Canada and tested at Grand Passage, Nova Scotia in 2018.[57]

An upgraded PLAT-I 6.4, with six 4 m diameter rotors, totaling 420 kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.[57] The turbine was tested at FORCE in the Grand Passage, delivering the first floating tidal power to the Canadian grid in April 2022.[58]

SME developed the Pempa’q project at FORCE which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9 MW installed.[59] The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,[57] however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.[60] SME placed the turbines into storage and removed all of the equipment from the seabed.[61] However, one of the turbines broke it's moorings and washed ashore in November 2023.[62]

In October 2022, the company split out it's anchoring solutions as Swift Anchors, with the aim to focus on different technologies including Floating offshore wind.[63]

Verdant Power

Main article: Verdant Power

Verdant Power, Inc is a developer of tidal stream turbines, based in New York, USA. They have tested turbines in the East River since 2006. An array of six 35 kW turbines supplied power to two local businesses from May 2007 to October 2008.[64] An upgraded platform with three turbines was installed in October 2020.[65]

List of grid-connected tidal stream generators

Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below, along with other notable devices. As most of these were development and test versions, they were removed for periods of time for maintenance or upgrades.

Manufacturer & Turbine Turbine Power

(MW)

Country Location Coordinates Comm Decom Ref
MCT, SeaFlow

[not grid connected]

0.3   UK,   England Lynmouth, Devon 51°15′22″N 3°47′14″W / 51.25611°N 3.78722°W / 51.25611; -3.78722 2003-06 2006-01 [23]
Hammerfest Strøm, HS300 0.3   Norway Kvalsund 70°30′40.32″N 23°56′38.4″E / 70.5112000°N 23.944000°E / 70.5112000; 23.944000 2004-01 2011-01 [2][10][12]
OpenHydro 0.25   UK

  Scotland

EMEC, Fall of Warness 59°9′27″N 2°49′32.74″W / 59.15750°N 2.8257611°W / 59.15750; -2.8257611 2006 yes [4]
Verdant Power ×6 0.035   USA,   New York East River 40°45′24.66″N 73°57′4.36″W / 40.7568500°N 73.9512111°W / 40.7568500; -73.9512111 2007-05 2008-10 [64]
MCT, SeaGen 1.2   UK,   Northern Ireland Strangford Narrows 54°22′7.2″N 5°32′45.8″W / 54.368667°N 5.546056°W / 54.368667; -5.546056 2008-12 2018-08 [24]
Orbital, SR250 0.25   UK

  Scotland

EMEC 59°8′39.48″N 2°48′55.68″W / 59.1443000°N 2.8154667°W / 59.1443000; -2.8154667 2011-01 2013-08
Hammerfest Strøm, HS1000 1 EMEC 2012-02 2015-01 [2][13]
Sabella D10 1   France Fromveur Passage, Brittany 48°26′54″N 5°1′48″W / 48.44833°N 5.03000°W / 48.44833; -5.03000 2015-04 Operational
Nova Innovation, Nova 30 0.03   UK

  Scotland

Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2014-04 2016 [25]
OpenHydro ×2

[never grid connected]

0.5   France Paimpol–Bréhat, Brittany 48°50′N 3°01′W / 48.833°N 3.017°W / 48.833; -3.017 2016 2017 [32][34][36]
Nova Innovation, M100 0.1   UK

  Scotland

Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2016-03 2023-06 [6][27]
Nova Innovation, M100 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2016-07 2023-06 [6][27]
Orbital, SR2000 2 EMEC 59°8′39.48″N 2°48′55.68″W / 59.1443000°N 2.8154667°W / 59.1443000; -2.8154667 2016-10 2018-08 [27]
OpenHydro 2   Canada Grand Passage, Bay of Fundy 2016-11 2017-06 [38]
Andritz Hydro Hammerfest, HS1000 Mk1 ×3 1.5   UK

  Scotland

Meygen 58°39′30″N 3°7′30″W / 58.65833°N 3.12500°W / 58.65833; -3.12500 2016-12 Operational [66]
SIMEC Atlantis, AR1500 1.5 Meygen 58°39′30″N 3°7′30″W / 58.65833°N 3.12500°W / 58.65833; -3.12500 2017-02 Operational [7]
Nova Innovation, M100 0.1 Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2017-07 2023-06
OpenHydro 2   Canada Grand Passage, Bay of Fundy 2018-07 2018-09 [38]
Magallanes Renovables, ATIR 1.5   UK

  Scotland

EMEC 59°8′29.08″N 2°49′6.5″W / 59.1414111°N 2.818472°W / 59.1414111; -2.818472 2019-02 Operational

[note 2]

[17][19]
Verdant Power, Gen5 ×3 0.07   USA,   New York East River 40°45′24.66″N 73°57′4.36″W / 40.7568500°N 73.9512111°W / 40.7568500; -73.9512111 2020-10 Operational [65]
Nova Innovation, M100-D 0.1   UK

  Scotland

Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2020-10 Operational [67]
SIMEC Atlantis, AR500 0.5   Japan Naru Island 2021-02 [52]
Orbital, O2 2   UK

  Scotland

EMEC 59°8′39.48″N 2°48′55.68″W / 59.1443000°N 2.8154667°W / 59.1443000; -2.8154667 2021-10 Operational [40]
Sustainable Marine Energy, PLAT-I 6.4 0.42   Canada Grand Passage, Bay of Fundy 45°20′36″N 64°23′34″W / 45.34333°N 64.39278°W / 45.34333; -64.39278 (Pempa’q In-Stream Tidal Energy Project) 2022-04 2023-05 [58][60]
Nova Innovation, M100-D ×2 0.1   UK

  Scotland

Bluemull Sound, Shetland 60°41′59.6″N 0°58′58.1″W / 60.699889°N 0.982806°W / 60.699889; -0.982806 2023-01 Operational [68]

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Notes


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