Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MIT's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy.
Marvin Lee Minsky | |
|---|---|
 Marvin Minsky in 2002 | |
| Born | August 9, 1927 |
| Nationality |  American |
| Alma mater | Harvard University Princeton University |
| Known for | Artificial intelligence |
| Awards | Turing Award (1969) Japan Prize (1990) IJCAI Award for Research Excellence (1991) Benjamin Franklin Medal (2001) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Cognitive Science |
| Institutions | MIT |
| Doctoral advisor | Albert W. Tucker |
| Doctoral students | Danny Bobrow Manuel Blum Carl Hewitt Danny Hillis Joel Moses Push Singh Gerald Jay Sussman Ivan Sutherland Terry Winograd Patrick Winston |
Biography
Marvin Minsky was born in New York City, where he attended The Fieldston School and the Bronx High School of Science. He later attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He served in the US Navy from 1944 to 1945. He holds a BA in Mathematics from Harvard (1950) and a PhD in the same field from Princeton (1954). He has been on the MIT faculty since 1958. He is currently Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, and Professor of electrical engineering and computer science.
Minsky won the Turing Award in 1969, the Japan Prize in 1990, the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence in 1991, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Franklin Institute in 2001.
Minsky's patents include the first head-mounted graphical display (1963) and the confocal scanning microscope (1961, a predecessor to today's widely used confocal laser scanning microscope). He developed with Seymour Papert the first Logo "turtle". Minsky also built, in 1951, the first randomly wired neural network learning machine, SNARC.
Minsky wrote the book Perceptrons (with Seymour A. Papert), which became the foundational work in the analysis of artificial neural networks. Its criticism of unrigorous research in the field has been claimed as being responsible for the virtual disappearance of artificial neural networks from academic research in the 1970s.
So it was claimed--but actually our mathematical analysis was to show why bigger perceptrons didn't get better at solving hard problems. And contrary to a popular rumor, almost all our theorems still apply to multilayer
feedforward neural networks. But curiously, no one seems to have proved this, and Papert and I went on to other subjects . -- Marvin Minsky[citation needed]
Minsky was an adviser[1] on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and is referred to in the movie and book.
- "Probably no one would ever know this; it did not matter. In the 1980s, Minsky and Good had shown how neural networks could be generated automatically—self replicated—-in accordance with any arbitrary learning program. Artificial brains could be grown by a process strikingly analogous to the development of a human brain. In any given case, the precise details would never be known, and even if they were, they would be millions of times too complex for human understanding."[2]
In the early 1970s at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Minsky and Seymour Papert started developing what came to be called The Society of Mind theory. The theory attempts to explain how what we call intelligence could be a product of the interaction of non-intelligent parts. Minsky says that the biggest source of ideas about the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm, a video camera, and a computer to build with children's blocks. In 1986 Minsky published a comprehensive book on the theory which, unlike most of his previously published work, was written for a general audience.
In November 2006, Minsky published The Emotion Machine, a book that critiques many popular theories of how human minds work and suggests alternative theories, often replacing simple ideas with more complex ones. Recent drafts of the book are freely available from his webpage[3].
Affiliations
Marvin Minsky is affiliated with the following organizations:
- United States National Academy of Engineering
- United States National Academy of Sciences
- Extropy Institute's Council of Advisors[4]
- Alcor Life Extension Foundation's Scientific Advisory Board[5]
Minsky is a critic of the Loebner Prize.[6] [7]
Trivia
- Minsky is a childhood friend of the Yale University critic Harold Bloom, who has referred to him as "the sinister Marvin Minsky."
- Isaac Asimov has described Minsky as one of two people he has ever met who were flat out smarter than himself, the other being Carl Sagan. Patrick Winston has also described Minsky as the smartest person he has ever met.
- Minsky is an actor in an artificial intelligence koan (attributed to his student, Danny Hillis) from the Jargon file:
- In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6.
- "What are you doing?" asked Minsky.
- "I am training a randomly wired neural net to play Tic-tac-toe," Sussman replied.
- "Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky.
- "I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play," Sussman said.
- Minsky then shut his eyes.
- "Why do you close your eyes?" Sussman asked his teacher.
- "So that the room will be empty."
- At that moment, Sussman was enlightened.
What I actually said was, "If you wire it randomly, it will still have preconceptions of how to play. But you just won't know what those preconceptions are." -- Marvin Minsky
Selected works
- Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem, Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1954. The first publication of theories and theorems about learning in neural networks, secondary reinforcement, circulating dynamic storage and synaptic modifications.
- Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines, Prentice-Hall, 1967. A standard text in computer science. Out of print now, but soon to reappear.
- Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press, 1968. This collection had a strong influence on modern computational linguistics.
- Perceptrons, with Seymour Papert, MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988).
- Artificial Intelligence, with Seymour Papert, Univ. of Oregon Press, 1972. Out of print.
- Communication with Alien Intelligence, 1985
- Robotics, Doubleday, 1986. Edited collection of essays about robotics, with Introduction and Postscript by Minsky.
- The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster, 1987. The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development. See also The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version), Voyager, 1996.
- The Turing Option, with Harry Harrison, Warner Books, New York, 1992. Science fiction thriller about the construction of a superintelligent robot in the year 2023.
- The Emotion Machine [1], Simon and Schuster, November 2006. ISBN 0-7432-7663-9
References
- ^ For more, see this interview, http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two3.html
- ^ Clarke, Arthur C.: "2001: A Space Odyssey"
- ^ http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky
- ^ http://www.extropy.org/directors.htm
- ^ http://www.alcor.org/AboutAlcor/meetsciadvboard.html
- ^ http://loebner.net/Prizef/minsky.html
- ^ http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2003/02/26/loebner_part_one/index4.html
See also
External links
- Marvin Minsky's home page
- Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky
- Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase: A talk with Marvin Minsky
- Video of Minsky speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
- "The Emotion Universe": Video with Marvin Minsky
- Marvin Minsky at the Mathematics Genealogy Project