Wikipedia

Reality television

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This article is about the genre of TV shows. For the European channel once called "Reality TV", see Zone Reality.

Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe programs produced since 2000. Documentaries and nonfictional programming such as the news and sports shows are usually not classified as reality shows.

Reality television covers a wide range of programming formats, from game or quiz shows which resemble the frantic, often demeaning shows produced in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s (a modern example is Gaki no tsukai), to surveillance- or voyeurism-focused productions such as Big Brother.

Critics say that the term "reality television" is somewhat of a misnomer. Such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen sometimes manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques.

Origins of reality television

Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the 1940s. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt's Candid Camera, (based on his previous 1947 radio show, Candid Microphone), broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. It has been called the "granddaddy of the reality TV genre." [1] Debuting in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences, involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting. The Miss America Pageant, first broadcast in 1954, was a competition where the winner achieved status as a national celebrity.[2]

The radio series Nightwatch (1954-1955), which tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers, also helped pave the way for reality television.

First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television series Seven Up!, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary seven-year olds from a broad cross section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals in the intervening years, titled Seven Plus Seven, 21 Up, etc. The series was structured simply as a series of interviews with no element of plot. However, it did convey the individuals' character development over time.

The first reality show in the modern sense was the 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family, which showed a nuclear family going through a divorce. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family of Reading. In 1992, Australia saw Sylvania Waters, about the nouveau riche Baker-Donaher family of Sydney. All three shows attracted their share of controversy.

Some talk shows, most notably The Jerry Springer Show, which debuted in 1991, try to present real-life drama within the talk show format by hosting guests likely to conflict on the set.

File:RealWorldNewYork.jpg
The cast of the first season (1992) of The Real World, The Real World: New York

Reality television as it is currently understood, though, can be traced directly to several television shows that began in the late 1980s and 1990s. COPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television. Nummer 28, which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. It also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, that serve as narration. One year later, the same concept was used by MTV in their new series The Real World; Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show. Changing Rooms, a British TV show that began in 1996, showed couples redecorating each others' houses, and was the first reality show with a self-improvement or makeover theme. The Swedish TV show Expedition Robinson, created by TV producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 (and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor), added to the Nummer 28/Real World template the idea of competition and elimination, in which cast members/contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained.

Types of reality TV

There are a number of sub-categories of reality television:

Documentary-style

In many reality television shows, the viewer and the camera are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities; this style of filming is often referred to as "fly on the wall" or cinéma vérité. MTV's Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County may be the epitome of this style of show, with unscripted situations, real-life locations, and no tasks given to the cast (at least, no known ones). Often "plots" are constructed via editing or planned situations, with the results resembling soap operas — hence the term docusoap.

Within documentary-style reality television are several subcategories or variants:

Special living environment

Some documentary-style programs place cast members, who in most cases previously did not know each other, in artificial living environments; The Real World is the originator of this style. In almost every other such show, cast members are given a specific challenge or obstacle to overcome. Road Rules, which started in 1995 as a spinoff of The Real World, started this pattern: the cast travelled across the country guided by clues and performing tasks. Many other shows in this category involve historical re-enactment, with cast members forced to live and work as people of a specific time and place would have; The 1900 House is one example. 2001's Temptation Island achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples' commitment to each other.

U8TV: The Lofters combined the "special living environment" format with the "professional activity" format noted below; in addition to living together in a loft, each member of the show's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel.

Celebrity reality

Another subset of fly-on-the-wall-style shows involves celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: examples include The Anna Nicole Show, The Osbournes, Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica and Hogan Knows Best. In other shows, celebrities are put on ___location and given a specific task; these include The Simple Life, Tommy Lee Goes to College and The Surreal Life . VH1 has created an entire block of shows dedicated to celebrity reality: "celebreality".

Professional activities

Some documentary-style shows portray professionals either going about day-to-day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series. No outside experts are brought in (at least, none appear on screen) to either provide help or to judge results. The earliest example(and the longest running reality show of any genre) is COPS which has been airing since 1989, preceding by many years the current reality show phenomenon.

Other examples of this type of reality show include Miami Ink, American Chopper and The First 48. The US cable networks TLC and A&E in particular show a number of this type of reality show.

VH1's 2001 show Bands on the Run was a notable early hybrid, in that the show featured four unsigned bands touring and making music as a professional activity, but also pitted the bands against one another in game show fashion to see which band could make the most money.

Elimination/Game shows

Another type of reality TV is "reality-competition", or so-called "reality game shows", in which participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often while living together in a confined environment. Participants are removed until only one person or team remains, who/which is then declared the winner. Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time, in balloon debate style, through either disapproval voting or by voting for the most popular choice to win; voting is done by either the viewing audience or by the show's own participants.

An example of a reality-competition show is the globally-syndicated Big Brother, in which cast members live together in the same house, with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or, in the case of the American version, by the participants themselves.

There remains some controversy over whether talent-search shows such as the Idol series, America's Got Talent, Dancing with the Stars and Celebrity Duets are truly reality television, or just newer incarnations of shows such as Star Search. Although the shows involve a traditional talent search, the shows follow the reality-competition conventions of removing just one or more contestants per episode and allowing the public to vote on who is removed, and some shows (such as the Idol series) also require the contestants to live together during the run of the show. Additionally, there is a good deal of interaction shown between contestants and judges. As a result, the American Primetime Emmy Awards have nominated both American Idol and Dancing with the Stars for the Outstanding Reality-Competition Program Emmy.

Modern game shows like Weakest Link, Greed: The Series, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Dog Eat Dog, Deal or No Deal and Fear Factor also lie in a gray area: like traditional game shows, the action usually takes place in an enclosed TV studio over a short period of time; however, they have higher production values, more dramatic background music, and higher stakes than traditional shows (done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes). In addition, there is more interaction between contestants and hosts, and in some cases they feature reality-style contestant competition and/or elimination as well. These factors, as well as these shows' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze, lead many people to group them under the reality TV umbrella instead of the traditional game show one.

There are various hybrid reality-competition shows, like the worldwide-syndicated Star Academy, which combines the Big Brother and Pop Idol formats, The Biggest Loser, which combines competition with the self-improvement format, and American Inventor, which uses the Pop Idol format for products instead of people. Some shows, such as Making the Band and Project Greenlight, devote the first part of the season to selecting a winner, and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project.

Popular variants of the competition-based format include the following:

Dating-based competition

Dating-based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors. Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season, suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains. For a time, in 2001-2003, this type of reality show dominated the other genres on the major US networks. Showed that aired included The Bachelor, its spinoff The Bachelorette, as well as Temptation Island, Paradise Hotel, For Love or Money and Joe Millionaire.

After the initial preponderance of this genre, the number of dating reality shows airing have since waned, with only The Bachelor still on the air.

In this category, the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors perform a variety of tasks based around that skill, are judged, and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts. The show is invariably presented as a job search of some kind, in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work. Examples include The Apprentice (which judges business skills), America's Next Top Model (for modeling), American Idol (for pop music singers), Nashville Star (for country music singers), Hell's Kitchen (for chefs), Project Runway (for clothing design), Rock Star (for lead vocalists of future bands), the MuchMusic VJ Search (for a new MuchMusic VJ) and Fashion File Host Hunt (to choose a new host for the fashion news series Fashion File.)

Sports

These programs create a sporting competition among athletes attempting to establish their name in that sport. The Club, in 2002, was one of the first shows to immerse sport with reality TV, based around a fabricated club competing against real clubs in the sport of Australian rules football; the audience helped select which players played each week by voting for their favourites. The Big Break was a reality show in which aspiring golf players competed against one another and were eliminated. The Contender, a boxing show, unfortunately became the first American reality show in which a contestant committed suicide after being eliminated from the show. In The Ultimate Fighter participants have voluntarily withdrawn or expressed the desire to withdraw from the show due to competitive pressure.

In sports shows, sometimes just appearing on the show, not necessarily winning, can get a contestant the job. The owner of UFC declared that the final match of the first season of Ultimate Fighter was so good, both contestants were offered a contract. Many of the losers from WWE's Tough Enough and Diva Search shows have been picked up by the company.

Self-improvement/makeover

Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives. Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season (as in The Swan and Celebrity Fit Club), but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode. Despite differences in the content, the format is usually the same: first the show introduces the subjects in their current, less-than-ideal environment. Then the subjects meet with a group of experts, who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things; they offer aid and encouragement along the way. Finally, the subjects are placed back in their environment and they, along with their friends and family and the experts, appraise the changes that have occurred. Other self-improvement or makeover shows include The Biggest Loser (which covers weight loss), Extreme Makeover (entire physical appearance), Queer Eye For The Straight Guy (style and grooming), Supernanny (child-rearing), Made (attaining difficult goals), What Not to Wear (fashion and grooming) and Trinny & Susannah Undress (fashion makeover and marriage).

Similarly, Pimp My Ride and Overhaulin' show vehicles being rebuilt.

Home renovation

Some shows, which may be considered an offshoot of the makeover genre, make over part or all of a person's living space. The British show Changing Rooms, which began in 1996 (later remade in the U.S. as Trading Spaces) was the first such show. Other later shows in this category include Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, Debbie Travis' Facelift, Designed to Sell, While You Were Out and Holmes on Homes.

As with game shows, a gray area exists between such reality TV shows and more conventional formats. The show This Old House, which began in 1979, shows people renovating a house; media critic Jeff Jarvis has speculated that it is "the original reality TV show."[3]

One Canadian show, Food Network Canada's Restaurant Makeover, features a designer and a chef remaking both the decor and the menu of a failing restaurant.

Dating shows

Unlike the aforementioned dating competition shows, some shows (mostly airing in syndication) such as Blind Date, featured people going out on dates with no element of competition. This format was first used in the 1960s show The Dating Game.

Talk shows

Though the traditional format of a talk show is that of a host interviewing a featured guest or discussing a chosen topic with a guest or panel of guests, the advent of trash TV shows has often made people group the entire category in with reality television. Programs like Ricki Lake, The Jerry Springer Show and others generally recruit guests by advertising a potential topic for a future program. Topics are frequently outrageous and are chosen in the interest of creating on-screen drama, tension or outrageous behaviour. Though not explicitly reality television by traditional standards, this (allegedly) real depiction of someone's life, even if only in a brief interview format, is frequently considered akin to broader-scale reality TV programming.

Hidden cameras

Another type of reality programming features hidden cameras rolling when random passersby encounter a staged situation. Candid Camera, which first aired on television in 1948, pioneered the format. Modern variants of this type of production include Punk'd and Trigger Happy TV. The series Scare Tactics is a hidden-camera program in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them.

Hoaxes

In hoax reality shows, the entire show is a prank played on one or more of the cast members, who think they are appearing in a legitimate reality show; the rest of the cast are actors who are in on the joke. Like hidden camera shows, these shows focus on pranks, although in these shows the hoax is more elaborate (lasting an entire season), the particpants know they are appearing in a TV show (it is the true nature of the show that is kept secret from them), and the cameras are out in the open. Also, the point of such shows often is to parody the conventions of the reality TV genre. The first such show was 2003's The Joe Schmo Show; other examples are My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss (modelled after The Apprentice), My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance, Space Cadets (which convinced the hoax targets that they were being flown into space) and Invasion Iowa (in which a town was convinced that William Shatner was filming a movie there).

Other shows, though not entirely hoax shows, have offered misleading information to some cast members in order to add a wrinkle to the competition. Examples include Boy Meets Boy and Joe Millionaire.

Analysis and criticism

Part of reality television's appeal is due to its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary situations. For example, on the ABC show The Bachelor, an eligible male simultaneously dates a dozen women, to scenic locales for extraordinary dates. Reality television also has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, outwardly in talent and performance programs such as Pop Idol, though frequently Survivor and Big Brother participants also reach some degree of celebrity.

Is "reality" a misnomer?

Some commentators have said that the name "reality television" is an inaccurate description for several styles of program included in the genre. In competition-based programs such as Big Brother and Survivor, and other special living environment shows like The Real World, the producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and the environment, creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out. Producers specifically select the participants and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular behaviors and conflicts. Mark Burnett, creator of Survivor and other reality shows, has agreed with this assessment, and avoids the word "reality" to describe his shows; he has said, "I tell good stories. It really is not reality TV. It really is unscripted drama." [4]

Even in docusoap series following people in their daily life, producers may be highly deliberate in their editing strategies, able to portray certain participants as heroes or villains, and may guide the drama through altered chronology and selective presentation of events. A Season 3 episode of Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe included a segment on the ways in which selective editing can be used to this end.[5] Some participants of reality shows have also stated afterwards that they altered their behavior to appear more crazy or emotional in order to get more camera time.

Several former reality show participants have spoken publicly about their experiences and the strategies used on reality shows. Irene McGee from The Real World Seattle has done public speaking tours about the negative and misleading aspects of reality TV. In 2004, VH1 aired a program called Reality TV Secrets Revealed, which detailed various misleading tricks of reality TV producers.[6] Among other things, it revealed that The Restaurant and Survivor had at times recreated incidents that had actually occurred but were not properly recorded by cameras to the required technical standard, or had not been recorded at all. In order to get the footage, the event was restaged for the cameras. Other shows (most notably Joe Millionaire) combined audio and video from different times, or from different sets of footage, to make it look like participants were doing something they were not.

Some shows have faced speculation that the participants themselves are involved in fakery, acting out storylines that have been planned in advance by producers.The Hills is one notable example; one TV critic wrote that the show's "situations and dialogue come straight from a page."[7] With Hell's Kitchen, it has been speculated that the customers eating meals prepared by the contestants are in fact paid actors.[8] Nevertheless, there has been no direct evidence presented yet that any such program has been scripted or "rigged," as with the 1950s television quiz show scandals.

Political impact

Reality television's global success has been, in the eyes of some analysts, an important political phenomenon. In some authoritarian countries, reality television voting represents the first time many citizens have voted in any free and fair wide-scale elections. In addition, the frankness of the settings on some reality shows present situations that were formerly taboo in certain orthodox cultures, like the pan-Arab version of Big Brother, which shows men and women living together.[9] Journalist Matt Labash, noting both of these issues, wrote that "the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab-produced reality TV." [10] Similarly, in China, after the finale of the 2005 season of Super Girl (the local version of Pop Idol) drew an audience of around 400 million people, and 8 million text message votes, the state-run English-language newspaper Beijing Today ran the front-page headline "Is Super Girl a Force for Democracy?"[11] The Chinese government has threatened to censor the show, citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity, or "worldliness".[12]

Popularity and ratings

During the early part of the 2000s, U.S. and foreign network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming is limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and syndication, although it remains lucrative for short-term profits. This concern has been shown to be misguided, as DVDs for reality shows have sold briskly. Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, The Amazing Race, Project Runway, and America's Next Top Model have all ranked in the top DVDs sold on Amazon.com. DVDs of The Simple Life have outranked scripted shows like The O.C. and Desperate Housewives. Additionally, many reality shows have been successfully syndicated, including Fear Factor, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, The Real World and American Idol Rewind. COPS has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales and DVD. A FOX staple since 1989, COPS is currently (2007) in its 20th season, having outlasted all competing scripted police shows.

Currently there are at least two television channels devoted exclusively to reality television: Fox Reality in the United States, and Zone Reality in the UK. In addition, several other cable channels, such as Viacom's MTV and NBC's Bravo, feature original reality programming as a mainstay.[13] Mike Darnell, head of reality TV for the US Fox network, says that the broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, ABC and Fox) "might as well plan three or four [reality shows] each season because we're going to have them, anyway."[14]

According to the Learning and Skills Council, one in seven UK teenagers hopes to gain fame by appearing on reality television.[15]

A number of works beginning in the 1940s anticipated elements of reality television. These harbingers tended to be set in a dystopian future, with subjects being recorded against their will, and they often involved violence.

File:Empire TV.jpg
Spock and McCoy await their turn in the limelight in the Star Trek episode Bread and Circuses.
  • Survivor (1965), a science fiction story by Walter F. Moudy, depicted the 2050 "Olympic War Games" between Russia and the United States. The games are fought to show the world the futility of war and thus deter further conflict. Each side has one hundred soldiers who fight with rifles, mortars, and machine guns in a large natural arena. The goal is for one side to wipe out the other; the few who survive the battle become heroes. The games are televised, complete with color commentary discussing tactics, soldiers' personal backgrounds, and slow-motion replays of their deaths.
  • Bread and Circuses (1968) was an episode of the TV show Star Trek in which the crew visits a planet resembling the Roman Empire, but with 20th century technology. The planet's "Empire TV" features regular gladiatorial games, with the announcer urging viewers at home to vote for their favorites, stating, "This is your program. You pick the winner." The show included several jabs at real-world television, such as a praetorian threatening, "You bring this network's ratings down, Flavius, and we'll do a special on you!"
  • The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968) was a BBC television play in which a dissident in a dictatorship is forced onto a secluded island and taped for a reality show in order to keep the masses entertained.
  • The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe (1974), a novel by D.G. Compton (also published as The Unsleeping Eye), was about a woman dying of cancer whose last days are recorded without her knowledge for a television show. It was later adapted as the 1980 French movie "La Mort en Direct" [3] (released in the USA as "Deathwatch").
  • Network (1976) was a film predictive of a number of trends in broadcast television, including reality programming. One subplot featured network executives negotiating with an urban terrorist group for the production of a weekly series, each episode of which was to feature an act of terrorism.
  • "Ladies And Gentlemen, This Is Your Crisis" (1976) was a short story by science fiction author Kate Wilhelm about a television show in which contestants (including a b-list actress who is hoping to revitalize her career) attempt to make their way to a checkpoint after being dropped off in the Alaskan wilderness, while being filmed and broadcast around the clock through an entire weekend. The story focuses primarily on the show's effect on a couple whose domestic tensions and eventual reconciliation parallel the dangers faced by the contestants.
  • The Running Man (1982) was a book by Stephen King depicting a game show in which a contestant flees around the world from "hunters" trying to chase him down and kill him; it has been speculated that the book was inspired by Robert Sheckley's The Prize of Peril. The book was loosely adapted as a 1987 movie of the same name. The movie removed most of the reality-TV element of the book: its competition now took place entirely within a large TV studio, and more closely resembled an athletic competition (though a deadly one).
  • Vengeance on Varos (1985) was an episode of the TV show Doctor Who in which the population of a planet watches live TV broadcasts of the torture and executions of those who oppose the government. The planet's political system is based on the leaders themselves facing disintegration if the population votes 'no' to their propositions. This episode is often credited as the origins of "voting someone off".
  • The film 20 Minutes into the Future (1985), and the spinoff TV show Max Headroom, revolved around television mainly based on live, often candid, broadcasts.

Pop culture references

Some scripted works have used reality television as a plot device:

  • Real Life (1979) is a comedic film about the creation of a show similar to An American Family gone horribly wrong.
  • Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves (1994) [4] is a Quebecois film about a man who signs up to star in a 24-hour-a-day reality TV show. It was later remade as Edtv (1999).
  • The Truman Show (1998) is a film about a man who discovers that his entire life is being staged and filmed for a 24-hour-a-day reality TV show.
  • Series 7: The Contenders (2001) is a film about a reality show in which contestants have to kill each other to win.
  • Tomb of the Werewolf (2004) is a film about a man searching for treasure while being followed by a reality show film crew, but he encounters a werewolf and a vampire instead.
  • "Bad Wolf" (2005) is an episode of the TV show Doctor Who in which the characters find themselves trapped in various real-life reality television shows.
  • The Comeback (2005) satirizes the indignity of reality TV by presenting itself as "raw footage" of a new reality show documenting the attempted comeback of has-been star Valerie Cherish.
  • American Dreamz (2006) is a film set partially on an American Idol-like show.

In addition, a number of scripted television shows have taken the form of documentary-type reality TV shows, in "mockumentary" style. The first such show was the BBC series Operation Good Guys, which premiered in 1997. Other examples include People Like Us, Trailer Park Boys, The Office, Drawn Together and Reno 911!.

Reality films

Several reality-TV-style films have been produced; these films differ from conventional documentaries in that they create new, and sometimes artificial, situations instead of simply trying to document life as it is. Allen Funt, a pioneer in conventional reality television with Candid Camera, was also a pioneer in the "reality film" genre with the hidden camera movie What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? in 1970. The TV show Jackass spawned two films: Jackass: The Movie in 2001 and Jackass: Number Two in 2006. A similar Finnish show, Extreme Duudsonit, was adapted for the film The Dudesons Movie [5] in 2006. The producers of The Real World created The Real Cancun in 2003. Games People Play: New York [6] was released in 2004; it was possibly the first reality-TV-style film without a basis in a television series.

See also

Further reading

  • A Marxist critique of Reality TV by Colin Sparks, in International Socialism journal
  • Hill, Annette (2005). Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26152-X.
  • Murray, Susan, and Laurie Ouellette, eds. (2004). Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5688-3
  • Nichols, Bill (1994). Blurred Boundaries: Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34064-0.
  • Godard, Ellis (2004). "Reel Life: The Social Geometry of Reality Shows". pages 73-96 in Survivor Lessons, edited by Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc.
  • Lord of the fly-on-the-walls - Observer article: Paul Watson's UK & Australian docusoaps
  • Big Brother - Why Bother? - Graham Barnfield's Spiked commentary
  • Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan by Raymond van den Boogaard, NRC Handelsblad, September 28, 1996 (Dutch) - about Nummer 28 being the inspiration for The Real World

References

  1. ^ Rowan, Beth. "Reality TV Takes Hold." Infoplease.com; July 21, 2000. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  2. ^ Miss America Pageant. "1950's - Year in Review." Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  3. ^ Jarvis, Jeff. "Tag the greatest — but not obvious — TV shows." BuzzMachine.com; August 6, 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  4. ^ "Surviving and thriving", The Age, November 13, 2003
  5. ^ Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe - Reality TV Editing
  6. ^ IMDB listing, "Reality TV Secrets Revealed"
  7. ^ "Reality for 'The Hills' comes heavily scripted", Terry Morrow, Scripps Howard News Service, May 26, 2006
  8. ^ Hell's Kitchen review, Roger Holland, PopMatters, June 19, 2006
  9. ^ 'Reality is Not Enough': The Politics of Arab Reality TV, Marc Lynch, 2006
  10. ^ "When a Kiss Is Not Just a Kiss", Matt Labash, The Weekly Standard, October 18, 2004
  11. ^ "Democracy Idol", The Economist, September 8, 2005
  12. ^ "TV talent contest 'too democratic' for China's censors", Jane Macartney, The Times, August 29, 2005
  13. ^ Levin, Gary. "'Simple economics': More reality TV." USA Today; May 8, 2007.
  14. ^ Ibid.
  15. ^ "Jaded". The Economist. 2007-01-27. p. 57. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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