- Thus, such living languages as Mongolian, Korean, Japanese, Bulgarian and Hungarian are close or distant relatives of Turkish
I'm not sure whether such a wide family exists. Especially Japanese has no proven relatives. --User:Taw.
The listed languages belong to Altaic and Uralic language family. They share a number of typological and structural similarities. Although debate still goes on whether they should be classified in the same family or not, they are mentioned to be relatives in the majority of classifications. You may have a look at Altaic and Uralic languages articles in [Grolier Online] User:ErdemTuzun.
Bulgarian certainly doesn't belong in this list. It's Slavic. -phma
Topics that still need to be covered
The following sections have been commented out of the main article, but should be addressed to be on par with other more fully-described languages:
History
Probable history of the language. What language(s) it is derived from. Dates of movement of major groups of speakers, etc.
Derived languages
Creoles and other languages that are derived from this language.
Vowels
Vowel chart and discussion of vowels.
Vowel chart added. Apokrif 16:10, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
Consonants
Consonant chart and discussion of consonants.
Phonology
Discussion of some major phonological processes, such as important allophones or assimiliation rules.
Historical sound changes
Description of important sound changes in the history of the language. (Maybe this should go under history?)
Vocabulary
This section should contain a discussion of any special features of the vocabulary (or lexicon) of the language, like if it contains a large number of borrowed words or a different sets of words for different politeness levels, taboo groups, etc.
The information (relating to Turkish) in the T-V distinction article on should be included and expanded here.
Examples
Some short examples of the language in the writing system(s) used to write the language. You might also include sound samples of the language being spoken.
In addition, the Grammar section could use a lot more content, as could a discussion of the previous use of the arabic alphabet under Writing system. Anyone who is familiar with Turkish should feel free to add this
-- Nohat 00:22, 2004 Jan 28 (UTC)
Number of speakers
- 70 million speakers in Turkey and over 85 million speakers world-wide
Turkey has a population of 68 mil and 70 mil Turkish speakers? :-)
Anyway, ethnologue says 61 million speakers world-wide. I would rather trust that figure, than the one in this article that was added by an anonymous user. Bogdan | Talk 17:38, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Loanword
What about düşman, 'enemy'? It's known to be a word that entered Turkish from an Indo-European language (see ancient Greek dusmenes, 'enemy'; Sanskrit durmanah, Persian etc.). It's a compound from PIE *dus (=bad) and PIE *men (=mind, will), 'of ill-mind'. But I'm not sure what IE language it entered Turkish from (Persian?). Decius 06:29, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
- Given the enormous number of Persian loanwords in Turkish and the perfect correspondence (given the usual loanwords sound shifts) to Persian doshman, I would take its Persian origin for granted. I suppose Kurdish might be worth checking, but most Iranian words in Turkish are Persian. - Mustafaa 06:33, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Thanks. I notice that this word is popular, and entered Romanian (from Turkish most likely), Bosnian, and I saw that even Burushaski has a form of it. I like the word myself. Sounds good. Decius 06:45, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Thanks for bringing that up Decius. I added that word to the list of Persian loan-words. Nonewmail 10:29 pm 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Was just browsing around, and the long lists of loan words makes this article tough to read - maybe fewer examples would suffice? ZacharyS 21:29, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Other languages
Decius, I agree that the other languages belong in Turkey, not here. Should probably be merged into the demography section, but that might be contentious. Currently, ethnic groups are listed in alphabetical order, which doesn't make sense when some are very large (Kurds) and some very small (Greeks). --Macrakis 16:14, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
I don't know the politics involved or where exactly to transfer the material. I thought Demographics of Turkey would be the place to put it. Decius 09:38, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
I'm going to try to transfer the material into Demographics of Turkey soon. If it's accurate info, it shouldn't pose a problem. Decius 05:24, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
Trimming sections
I moved several sections from the article here. The section "Other languages" is completely irrelevant to this article, since it is about language minorities in the state of Turkey while this article is about Turkish as a seperate language. The extremely long lists of various loan words are per se relevant, but they don't add much encyclopedic information. There's really not that much interest in making huge lists of loanwords from various languages. They are cumbersome and tedious to anyone who wants general information on Turkish. I recommend summarizing a handful from each language (more than three per language is a lot) and inserting them into actual text. It's usually best to avoid any kind of list.
Material moved from the article
Other languages
Many other languages are spoken in Turkey. [1] The Kurmanji and Zaza varieties of Kurdish are spoken by perhaps 10% of the population. The Kabardian and Adyghe varieties of Northwest Caucasian (also known as Circassian) are spoken in the Kayseri area and elsewhere. Various Turkic languages are spoken, including Azerbaijani and Gagauz. Arabic is spoken near the Syrian border, especially in Mardin and Siirt provinces. Bulgarian is spoken in the Edirne area by Muslim refugees from Bulgaria. Armenian is still spoken, primarily in Istanbul. The South Caucasian languages Laz and Georgian are used in northeast Turkey. Romani, Serbian/Croatian, and Albanian have small populations. The standard Greek, Pontic Greek, Ladino, and Modern Aramaic languages were historically important in Asia Minor, but most members of those communities have emigrated.
Here are some examples of the old (Arabic origin) words with their new Turkish equivalents:
| Old word | New Turkish word | English meaning | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| muharebe, harp, cenk *** | savaş | war | |
| sulh | barış | peace | |
| imkân * | olanak | opportunity, possibility | |
| şimal | kuzey | north | |
| cenup | güney | south | |
| şark | doğu | east | |
| garp | batı | west | |
| Teşrini Evvel | Ekim | October | |
| Teşrini Sani | Kasım | November | |
| Kanuni Evvel | Aralık | December | |
| Kanuni Sani | Ocak | January | |
| tayyare | uçak | airplane | |
| lûgat | sözlük | dictionary | |
| kelime * | sözcük | word | |
| lâtife | şaka | joke | |
| lüzumlu * | gerekli | necessary | |
| evrak * | belge | paper document | in Arabic, evrāk is the plural of vārāk, in Turkish evrak is used as singular |
| tebdil | değişiklik | change | |
| teadül | denklik | equivalence | |
| teamül | tepkime, davranış | reaction, behavior | |
| muvaffakiyet | başarı | success | |
| nikâh * | düğün | wedding | |
| nispet * | oran | ratio | |
| tasvir * | betimleme | description | |
| lisan | dil | language | |
| zor*,***, müşkül | çetin** | difficult | |
| hücum * | saldırı | attack | |
| müsvedde * | taslak | draft | |
| misal * | örnek | example | |
| misafir * | konuk | guest | |
| hediye * | armağan | gift | |
| vazife * | görev | task, mission | |
| mütehassıs | uzman | expert | |
| müteferrik | dağınık | untidy | |
| müsabaka | karşılaşma | match | |
| mecbur * | zorunlu | must, obligation | both the new and the old words can be used as noun or adjective |
| husus | konu | subject | |
| iptidaî | ilkel | primitive | |
| hâkim * | yargıç | judge | |
| zamir * | adıl ** | pronoun | |
| hakikat * | gerçek | reality | |
| hafıza * | bellek ** | memory | |
| hadım | kısır | impotent | |
| sebep * | neden | reason | |
| hilâf | karşıt | opposite | |
| güzide *** | seçkin | elite | |
| mâni * | engel | obstacle | |
| sıhhat | sağlık | health | |
| mütalâa | düşünce | thought | |
| iftihar * | övünme | praisal | |
| isim * | ad | name | |
| ihtiyat | yedek | backup | This word has other meanings in Turkish, which are sometimes used in the language |
| fiil * | eylem | verb | |
| muhteviyat | içindekiler | ingredients | |
| ilham* | esin | inspiration | |
| talebe | öğrenci | student | |
| hoca * | öğretmen | teacher | |
| reis | başkan | president | |
| tabiat * | doğa | nature | |
| tabiî * | doğal | natural | |
| mübalağa | abartma | exaggeration | |
| kâinat | evren | universe | |
| mesut | mutlu | happy | |
| mevkiî, mekân * | yer, konum | ___location | |
| sohbet* | söyleşi | chat | the new word is used in somewhat different contexts |
| tembih* | uyarı | warning | |
| tebrik* | kutlama | congratulate | the new word also means to celebrate |
| tecelli, tecessüm | belirme | emerge | |
| istisna * | aykırı | exception | |
| tavsiye* | öneri | suggestion | |
| telâş* | tasa,kaygı | worry | |
| tekâmül | evrim, başkalaşım | maturation, metamorphosis | |
| tekaüt | emekli | retired | |
| maaş * | aylık | salary | |
| masraf* | gider | cost | |
| meydan*, saha | alan** | open area | while the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in area of a triangle), it is seldom used in the same meanings of the old words. |
| meyil | eğim | slant | |
| meyil * | eğilim | tendency | |
| ebedî | sonsuz | forever | |
| meşhur * | ünlü | famous | |
| ecel | ölüm | death | |
| ecdat | ata | ancestry | |
| nasihat * | öğüt | advice, counsel | |
| netice * | sonuç | result | |
| miskin | uyuşuk | supine | |
| müzmin | süreğen | cronic | the new word is seldom used |
| tembel *,*** | haylaz | lazy | |
| nefes* | soluk | breath | |
| müdahale* | karışma | intervention | |
| müdafaâ | koruma | sustain, protect | |
| münasebet* | ilişki | relation | |
| nihayet * | son(unda) | final(ly) | |
| nağme | ezgi | melody | |
| evvel | önce | before | |
| tamir*, tadilat* | onarım | renovation | |
| hayat*, ömür* | yaşam | life | |
| müsamaâ | hoşgörü | tolerance | |
| vakâ | olay | event | |
| muhakkak* | kesin(likle) | certain(ly) | |
| mutedil | ılım(lı) | moderate(ly) | |
| bariz* | kesin,belli | obvious | |
| tecrübe * | deneyim | experience | |
| irtifa | yükseklik | altitude | the old word is only used in aviation, as in "the altitude of the plane" |
| müracaat | başvuru | application | |
| çehre | yüz | face | |
| şatafat(lı) | gösteriş(li) | spectacular (noun and adjective) | |
| kafiye * | uyak | rhyme | |
| gayri | olmayan,başka | non-, other | in Arabic, "gayri" is a prefix which means non- as in "he is a non-muslim"; "he is not a muslim" |
| tasdik | onay | approve | |
| mevhum * | kavram | concept | |
| tabir, ifade* | deyiş** | narration | |
| kısım * | bölüm | part | |
| nafile * | boşuna | futile | |
| meşrubat | içecek | beverage | |
| kâfi | yeter | enough | |
| manâ * | anlam | meaning | |
| affetmek* | bağışlamak | to forgive | in Turkish, etmek is an auxillary verb which verbalizes a noun. In this case af is the Arabic loan word. |
| ihtiyar* | yaşlı | old (age) | |
| haşere * | böcek | insect | |
| rüzgâr*, *** | yel | wind | |
| defa *, kere * | kez | times (repetition) | an example is "I did this three times." |
| huzur * | dirlik ** | comfort | |
| hiddet * | kızgınlık, öfke | anger | |
| sürat* | hız | velocity | |
| müddet * | süre | duration | |
| haysiyet * | saygınlık | respectability | |
| vaz geçmek * | caymak ** | to change one's mind | here, vaz is the Arabic loan word, and geçmek is an auxillary verb |
| tasavvur | canlandırma, tasarı | imagine | |
| tashih | düzeltme | correction | |
| hak * | pay | portion | the old word hak has many other meanings in Turkish |
| muntazam * | düzgün, düzenli | tidy | |
| adale | kas | muscle | |
| murabba | kare | square | |
| istirahat * | dinlenme | rest | |
| mümin | inanan, inançlı | believer | |
| mukaddes | kutsal | sacred | |
| miras * | kalıt ** | inheritance | the new suggested word is never used |
| ırsî * | kalıtsal | hereditary | |
| melez * | kırma | hybrid | |
| mehtap *** | ay ışığı | moonlight | |
| mürekkep | birleşmiş, birleşik | composed of | the word mürekkep is still used in Turkish in another meaning: ink |
| muamma | bilmece | puzzle, trivia | |
| muamele * | davranış | treatment, behavior | |
| mabet | tapınak | temple | |
| mucize * | tansık ** | miracle | the new suggested word is never used |
| şuur * | bilinç | conscience | |
| dert * | sorun | problem | |
| mekruh | iğrenç | disgusting | the old word also has the meaning of forbidden as in Islam religion |
| nesil * | kuşak | generation | |
| mahsul | ürün | product | |
| mahlûk * | yaratık | creature | the old word is used only in negative interjections, such as what a disgusting creature you are! |
| mahsus * | özgü | peculiar | |
| hürmet * | saygı | respect | |
| mafsal | eklem | ligament | |
| aile* | ocak** | family | |
| mersiye | ağıt | elegy | |
| ebat * | boyut | dimension | |
| mağdur * | kıygın ** | wronged, injured | the new suggested word is never used |
| makul * | uygun, elverişli | reasonable | |
| hararet * | ısı ¹, sıcaklık ² | heat¹, temperature² | the old word can be used in both meanings in Turkish language |
| harap*, viran*** | yıkık | ruin | |
| halita | alaşım | alloy | |
| faal * | etkin | active | |
| âmil | etmen | factor | |
| vâsi | engin | vast | |
| vilayet* | il | province | |
| vakur | ağır başlı | dignified | the Turkish expression literally means heavy headed |
| vasıf * | nitelik | feature, quality | |
| vaat * | söz | promise (noun) | |
| cevap * | yanıt | answer | |
| imtihan | sınav, yazılı | exam | |
| hal*, vaziyet* | durum | situation | |
| sual | soru | question | |
| sema | gök | sky | |
| sene * | yıl | year | |
| selâmet | esenlik | health, soundness | |
| hatıra * | anı | memoir | |
| mücadele * | çaba, uğraş | endeavor | |
| müessese | kurum | foundation | |
| devir * | çağ | era | |
| muasır | çağdaş, güncel | contemporary | |
| muavin *, yaver *** | yardımcı | helper | |
| maksat*, gaye, hedef* | amaç | goal | |
| imar * | bayındırlık | construction, development | |
| imla * | yazım | spelling | |
| rüya * | düş | dream | |
| imtiyaz * | ayrıcalık | franchise | |
| çeşit*,*** | tür | kind, variety | |
| tenasüp | uyum | congruity | |
| tedbir * | önlem | precaution | |
| teessür | üzüntü | agony | |
| tebessüm | gülümseme | smile | |
| meçhul | bilinmeyen | unknown | |
| izah * | açıklama | clarification | |
| mütareke | antlaşma | treaty | |
| akit *, mukavele | sözleşme, anlaşma | contract | |
| iştigal | uğraşma | occupation | |
| iştirak | ortaklık | association | |
| kuvvet * | güç | power, force | in Physics the old word is used for force and the new word is used for power |
| şahit * | tanık | witness | |
| memleket * | ülke | country | |
| esir * | tutsak | hostage | |
| eser * | yapıt | production (music, film) | |
| merasim * | tören | ceremony | |
| kanun * | yasa | law | |
| müstehcen * | uygunsuz | inappropriate | |
| kabiliyet * | yetenek | talent | |
| usül * | yöntem | method | |
| tercüme * | çeviri | translation | |
| yekpare *** | bütün | whole | |
| harf * | ses ** | letter | the new word also means "sound" |
| cümle * | tümce ** | sentence | |
| sükût | sessizlik | silence | |
| rutubet * | nem | moisture | |
| sade*,*** | yalın | plain | |
| insan * | kul ** | human | the new word is used almost only in religious context |
| şart * | koşul | condition | |
| henüz*,*** | daha | (not) yet | both the new and the old word are used only in negative sentences, such as "he has not come yet" |
| emniyet * | güvenlik | security | |
| ecnebi | el, yabancı | stranger, foreigner | |
| devre * | dönem | semester | the old word is used in many other meanings, and not used anymore in the meaning of "semester" |
| satıh | yüzey | surface | |
| fen*, ilim* | bilim | science | |
| pabuç | ayakkabı | shoe | |
| hata *, kusur * | yanlış | mistake | |
| mühim * | önemli | important | |
| basit * | kolay | easy, simple | |
| kalp * | yürek | heart | |
| inhisar | tekel | monopoly | |
| tekeffül | yükümlenme | beholden | |
| hafriyat | kazı | excavation | |
| teçhizat | donanım | equipment | |
| kader | yazgı ** | fate | |
| meridyen * | boylam | longtitude | the old word is French origin |
| paralel * | enlem | latitude | the old word is French origin |
| doktrin * | öğreti | doctrin | the old word is French origin |
| plâto * | yayla | plateau | the old word is French origin |
* Old words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
** New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.
*** Old words that are Persian origin.
Current loan words
Arabic loan words
Despite the expulsion of numerous Arabic words, Turkish still has a substantial number of Arabic loan words that are used in the language today. However, some words have gone through phonetic changes in Turkish in order to accommodate the vowel harmony.
- Some Arabic loan words are:
| Word in Arabic | Word in Turkish | English meaning | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| ve | ve | and | |
| hayr | hayır | no | |
| teşekkur | teşekkür | thank | |
| marhabā | merhaba | hello | |
| sīfr | sıfır | zero | |
| zāmān | zaman | time | |
| kitāb | kitap | book | |
| īzn | izin | permission | |
| cerrāh | cerrah | surgeon | |
| cedvel | cetvel | ruler | |
| cesāret | cesaret | courage | |
| imhā | imha | nuke | |
| hāreket | hareket | motion | |
| havz | havuz | swimming pool | |
| seyl | sel | flood | |
| nukta | nokta | period (in punctuation) | |
| niyyet | niyet | intention | |
| dūnya | dünya | world | the Persian-origin word cihan was used until about the 1940's |
| kutb | kutup | pole | |
| tesellī | teselli | condolence | |
| beyāz | beyaz | white | the Turkish word ak is also used, but not as often as beyaz. |
| tehluke | tehlike | danger | |
| imdād | imdat | mayday | |
| tehdid | tehdit | menace | |
| tacīz | taciz | harass | |
| nufūs | nüfus | population | |
| mezār | mezar | grave | |
| cenāze | cenaze | funeral | |
| miza:h | mizah | humor | |
| mute:ahhid | müteahhit | contractor | the new suggested Turkish word is üstenci, but this word is seldom used. |
| resmī | resmi | formal | |
| ciddī | ciddi | serious | |
| kināye | kinaye | sarcasm | |
| iltifāt | iltifat | compliment | |
| iltihāb | iltihap | infection | |
| fikra | fıkra | anectode | |
| iflās | iflâs | bankruptcy | |
| ikrām | ikram | offer, give | especially used when offering guests something to eat as courtesy |
| itirāf | itiraf | admit | |
| itibār | itibar | impression | |
| iftirā | iftira | blame | especially used when blaming someone else for what the person has done. |
| fāre | fare | mouse | |
| fark | fark | difference | |
| hazīne | hazine | treasure | |
| hāzīr | hazır | ready | |
| hayvān | hayvan | animal | |
| derece | derece | degree | |
| hafif | hafif | light (the opposite of heavy) | |
| mevsim | mevsim | season | |
| temyīz | temiz | clean | the word temyiz is also used in Turkish, but in the meaning of objection to a court's decision |
| temsīl | temsil | represent | |
| dikkat | dikkat | caution | |
| cezā | ceza | punishment | |
| cevz | ceviz | walnut | |
| cumhūriyyet | cumhuriyet | republic | |
| fazla | fazla | many, too | |
| hīle | hile | cheat | |
| lezzet | lezzet | taste | |
| dāire | daire | circle | |
| fahişe | fahişe | whore | |
| hevāa | hava | air | |
| sāhīfe | sayfa | page | in Arabic, sāhīfe ("pages") is the plural of sūhūf, meaning "page." In Turkish sayfa is used as singular. |
| iknā | ikna | persuade | |
| sufre | sofra | (laid) table (to eat) | |
| iāde | iade | return | |
| resm | resim | picture, painting | |
| sākin | sakin | calm | |
| kirmizi | kırmızı | red | the Turkish word al is also used, but rarely |
| lutfen | lütfen | please | |
| matbah | mutfak | kitchen | |
| tecāvuz | tecavüz | rape | |
| merkez | merkez | center | |
| merāk | merak | curiousity | also means "being interested in" |
| masdar | mastar | infinitive form of verb | |
| manzara | manzara | scenery | |
| mādde | madde | material | |
| mācerā | macera | adventure | |
| hisāb | hesap | calculation | |
| hikāaye | hikâye | story | |
| mendīl | mendil | kerchief | |
| meşgūl | meşgul | busy | |
| ders | ders | lesson | |
| hakāret | hakaret | insult | |
| kūfr | küfür | swear, curse | |
| abdāl | aptal | stupid | |
| zevk | zevk | pleasure | |
| zaif | zayıf | thin (used for persons) | |
| zevāl | zavallı | pathetic(adj) | in Turkish the suffix -lı is used to derive adjectives from nouns |
| zarf | zarf | envelope | |
| zekā | zekâ | intelligence | |
| zekī | zeki | smart, intelligent | |
| zarār | zarar | loss, damage | |
| sāniye | saniye | second (as in time) | |
| sanāayi | sanayi | industry | |
| san:at | sanat | art | |
| zātu'r-rie | zatürre | pneunomia | |
| tāc | taç | crown | |
| inşāāt | inşaat | construction | |
| irk | ırk | ethnicity | |
| intihār | intihar | suicade | |
| redd | ret | reject | |
| kabūl | kabul | accept | |
| itirāz | itiraz | objection | |
| insān | insan | human | |
| muhendis | mühendis | engineer | |
| sikāyet | şikâyet | complain | |
| işgāl | işgal | occupy (a country as in a war) | |
| itfāiyye | itfaiye | fire station |
Persian loan words
- Though not as many as Arabic, Turkish still has a large number of Persian loan words. Some are:
| Word in Persian | Word in Turkish | English meaning | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| kī | ki | that (relative clause) | |
| div | dev | giant | |
| dūst | dost | comrade | |
| kāgd | kâğıt | paper | |
| kūr | kör | blind | the Arabic-origin word amâ was used before |
| pervāne | pervane | propeller | |
| perde | perde | curtain | |
| perçīn | perçin | rivet, clinch bolt | |
| bāzār | pazar | sunday, bazaar | |
| bādingān | patlıcan | eggplant | the original word is Persian, but Turkish borrowed this word through Arabic |
| bahāne | bahane | excuse | |
| umīd, ummīd | umut, ümit | hope | |
| mive | meyve | fruit | |
| sebze | sebze | vegetable | |
| raspi | orospu | whore | |
| penjerd | pezevenk | pimp | |
| mūm | mum | candle | |
| cādū | cadı | witch | |
| bādām | badem | almond | |
| pūl | pul | stamp | |
| sadrenc | satranç | chess | |
| cīger | ciğer | lung, liver | in Turkish "lung" is expressed as akciğer, and "liver" is expressed as karaciğer (ak meaning "white", and kara "black") |
| sebed | sepet | basket | |
| serd | sert | hard | |
| serseri | serseri | bum | |
| sitem | sitem | reproach | |
| siper | siper | shield | |
| pāçe | paça | trotter | |
| but | put | statue | |
| āheng | ahenk | harmony | |
| bād-ı hevā | bedava | free | |
| gireç | kireç | lime | |
| hefte | hafta | week | |
| haste | hasta | sick | |
| haste-hāne | hastane | hospital | |
| āteş | ateş | fire | |
| horūs | horoz | cock, rooster | |
| hīç | hiç | nothing, never | |
| bahār | bahar | spring | spring and fall in Turkish are rather expressed by the compound words ilkbahar and sonbahar, the word ilk meaning first, the word son meaning last |
| legleg | leylek | stork | |
| gūşe | köşe | corner | |
| kūy | köy | village | |
| gūnah | günah | sin | |
| şobān | çoban | shepherd | |
| cuft | çift | double, couple | |
| cevān-merd | cömert | generous | |
| çenber | çember | circle | |
| çengāl | çengel | hook | |
| kulāh | külah | cone | |
| kūşk | köşk | small palace | |
| siyāh | siyah | black | the word kara is also used, but not as often |
| çāp-ū-rāst | çapraz | cross, across | |
| cāme-şūy | çamaşır | laundry | |
| çāre | çare | solution | |
| çāder-i şeb | çarşaf | linen | |
| çār-sū | çarşı | mall | |
| Çār-şenbe | Çarşamba | Wednesday | |
| Pencşenbe | Perşembe | Thursday | |
| panbuk | pamuk | cotton | |
| pārçe | parça | piece | |
| pence | pençe | paw | |
| pencere | pencere | window | |
| penbe | pembe | pink | |
| perişān | perişan | pitiful, pathetic | |
| kār | kâr | profit | |
| nerdubān | merdiven | staircase | |
| servān | serüven | adventure | |
| reng | renk | color | |
| muhr | mühür | seal, signet | |
| zēhr | zehir | poison | |
| mujde | müjde | good news | |
| şeker | şeker | sugar | |
| duşmān | düşman | enemy | |
| divār | duvar | wall |
French loan words
- Turkish has also borrowed a significant number of words from French. Note that most of the words are similar to English. Some French loan words are:
| Word in French | Word in Turkish | English meaning | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| abonné | abone | subscriber | |
| Allemand | Alman | German | |
| amphithéâtre | amfi | amphitheater | in Turkish only the abbreviated form is used |
| amibe | amip | ameba | |
| analyse | analiz | analyze | |
| bouquet | buket | bouquet | |
| équipe | ekip | team | the Turkish word takım is also used, but in different contexts |
| Briscambille | iskambil | card deck | |
| liqueur | likör | liquor | |
| stagiaire | stajer | intern | |
| stage | staj | internship | |
| chantage | şantaj | blackmail | |
| chance | şans | luck, chance | |
| dactylo | daktilo | typewriter | |
| rendez-vous | randevu | appointment | |
| portrait | portre | portrait | |
| autobus | otobüs | bus | |
| automatique | otomatik | automatic | |
| cravate | kravat | tie | |
| télégraphe | telgraf | telegraph | |
| télévision | televizyon | television | |
| téléphone | telefon | telephone | |
| visa | vize | visa | |
| virage | viraj | curve, bend (in a road) | |
| tourisme | turizm | tourism | |
| plage | plâj | beach | |
| pièce | piyes | play (theater) | |
| élastique | lastik | rubber | |
| caricature | karikatür | caricature | |
| manchette | manşet | headlines | |
| lycée | lise | high school | |
| camion | kamyon | truck |
Greek loan words
| Word in Greek | Word in Turkish | English meaning | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| geo-graphein | coğrafya | geography | in Greek, geo means "earth" and graphein means "to write" |
| sinoron | sınır | border | |
| kopria | gübre | manure | |
| pirchos | fırça | brush | |
| pontikos | fındık | hazelnut | Turkish borrowed this word through Persian, but the original word is Greek |
| manitari | mantar | mushroom | |
| lemoni | limon | lemon | |
| limen | liman | port | |
| kolpos | körfez | bay | |
| anazitisis | anahtar | key | |
| cheros | çerez | nut | |
| litra | litre | liter | |
| mespilon | muşmula | medlar | |
| boreas | poyraz | boreas | in Greek this word means the Greek god of the north wind. In Turkish it means the north-east wind |
| maimou | maymun | monkey | Turkish borrowed this word through Arabic |
| maraggus | marangoz | carpenter | |
| prisma | prizma | prism | |
| kastanon | kestane | chestnut | |
| strategia | strateji | strategy | Turkish borrowed this word through French |
| lampas | lamba | lamp | |
| stadion | stadyum | stadium |
Italian loan words
| Word in Italian | Word in Turkish | English meaning | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| fattura | fatura | invoice | |
| protesto | protesto | protest | |
| pompa | pompa | pump | |
| tromba | tulumba | water pump | |
| ricetta | reçete | prescription | |
| resina | reçine | resin | |
| balena | balina | whale | |
| lira | lira | (unit of currency) | |
| opera | opera | opera | |
| crema | krema | cream (filling for pastries) | Turkish uses another word krem, which is French origin in the context of face, skin, hand cream |
| tempo | tempo | tempo | |
| piano | piyano | piano | |
| bianco | piyango | lottary | |
| placca | plaka | license plate | |
| loggia | loca | lodge | |
| cassa | kasa | vault | |
| cemento | çimento | cement |
English loan words
Turkish also has borrowed words from English (especially the names of sports). Some examples are:
| Word in English | Word in Turkish | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| leader | lider | |
| football | futbol | soccer |
| off side | ofsayt | used only in soccer |
| basketball | basketbol | |
| handball | hentbol | |
| tennis | tenis | |
| sport | spor | Turkish borrowed this word through French |
| internet | internet | |
| cargo | kargo | |
| speaker | spiker | |
| ketchup | ketçap | |
| mine | mayın | |
| polyester | polyester | |
| magazine | magazin | |
| test | test |
Better that it was removed from the article, but this is interesting info to look through. Maybe we should have this in Wiktionary? Decius 08:24, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
- I think Wikibooks is probably a better idea. Since so many people are eager to write phrasebooks and language courses, it might be good idea to start up projects for this at Wikibooks to avoid constantly having to explain why Wikipedia is not a usage guide.
- Peter Isotalo 15:00, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
Interwiki
id:Bahasa Turki - Muijz 22:48, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)