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Jewish Exegesis is...
Pshat (פשט), lit. "literal meaning", is...
Remez (רמז), lit. "hint", is... (consists of looking at surrounding words or phrases, or by comparing the context of the mention of the word in one place to meanings derived from its appearance elsewhere in Torah)
Drash (דרש), lit. "(homiletical) interpretation", is ... (consists of comparing the word's gmatriya to that of other words, or of rearranging the letters to see what other words can be spelled with them, and trying to draw meaning from that as well)
Sod (סוד), lit. "secret", is... (a mystical interpretation of the word, phrase, or passage.)