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This is a list of the Governors of foreign states overseeing the territory of present day Estonia, from the time of the Danish occupation starting in 1219 to, but not including, the first period of Estonian independence starting in 1917. That is, the Grand masters of the Sword Bretheren of the Teutonic Order, the Kings and ruling Queens of Sweden, and the Tsars of Russia, up to 1917. During period 1561-1660 there were cross claims to various areas of Estonia. This includes:
- The Kingdom of Denmark (
- The Teutonic Order (1227-1561)
- The Kingdom of Poland(1561-1569)
- The Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania(1569-1660)
- The Kingdom of Sweden (1561-1721)
- The Russian Empire (1721-1917)
ANCIENT ESTONIAN ELDERSHIPS
(partly on the territory of Estonia)
Title: Elder (Vanem) (- 12th century)
Title: Elder (- 1206)
Title: Elder (- 1223)
- before 1211–21 September 1217 Lembitu
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Insula deserta (desolate island; - 1254)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1227, 1343 – 1345)
1 August 1343 - February 1344 Vesse
STATES
Title: Grand Prince (1030 - 1061)
- 1030–1054) Jaroslav Tark
- 1054–1061 Izjaslav I
Title: King (1219–1346)
- 1219-1241 : Valdemar II Võitja
- 1241-1250 : Erik IV Plovpenning
- 1250-1252 : Abel
- 1252-1259 : Christoffer I
- 1259-1286 : Erik V Glipping
- 1286-1320 : Erik VI Menved
- 1320-1326 : Christoffer II
- 1326-1329 : Valdemar III
- 1329-1332 : Christoffer II
- 1332-1340 : interregnum
- 1340-1346 : Valdemar IV Atterdag
- 1224-1248 Hermann I
- 1272 Aleksander
- 1273 Frederick
- 1294 Bernhard
- 1302-1312 Dietrich Vyshusen
- 1323-1341Engelbert von Dolen
- 1346-1373 Johannes Viffhusen
- 1373-1378 Heinrich Velde
- 1378-1400 Dietrich III Damerow
- 1400-1410 Heinrich Wrangel
- 1410-1413 Bernhard Bülow
- 1413-1441 Dietrich IV Resler
- 1441-1459 Bartholomäus Savijerwe
- 1468-1473 Andreas Pepler
- 1478 Johannes Bertkow
- 1485-1498 Dietrich Hake
- 1513-1514 Johannes Duesborg
- 1514-1518 Christian Bomhower
- 1518-1527 Johann Blankenfeld
- 1528-1543 Johannes VII Bey
- 1543-1551 Jodokus von der Recke
- 1552-1558 Hermann II Wesel
Title: Grand Master of Livonia (1237–1561)
- 1237-1239 Hermann Valke
- 1240-1241 Andreas von Velven
- 1242-1245 Diderick von Groningen
- 1245-1246 Heinrich von Heimburg
- 1248-1253 Andreas von Stirland
- 1253-1256 Anno von Sangerhausen
- 1257-1260 Burchard von Hornhusen
- 1261-1263 Werner von Breithausen
- 1263-1266 Konrad von Mandern
- 1266-1270 Otto von Lutterberg
- 1270-1273 Walther von Nortecken
- 1273-1279 Ernst von Rassburg
- 1279-1281 Konrad von Feuchtwanger
- 1281-1287 Wilken von Endorp
- 1288-1290 Konrad von Hazzigenstein (Konrad von Herzogenstein)
- 1290-1293 Halt von Hohembach
- 1295-1296 Heinrich von Dinkelaghe
- 1296-1298 Bruno
- 1298-1307 Gottfried von Rogge
- 1309-1322 Conrad von Jorke (Conrad von Jocke)
- 1322-1324 K. Ketelhoed or Johannes Ungenade
- 1324-1328 Reimar Hane
- 1328-1340 Everhard von Monheim
- 1340-1345 Burchard von Dreileben
- 1345-1359 Goswin von Herike
- 1359-1364 Arnold von Vietinghof
- 1364-1385 Wilhelm von Vrymersheim
- 1385-1389 R. von Eltz
- 1389-1401 Wolmer von Brüggeney
- 1401-1413 Konrad von Vietinghof
- 1413-1415 Diderick Tork
- 1415-1424 Siegfried Lander von Spanheim
- 1424–1433 Zisse von Rutenberg (Gisse von Rutenberg)
- 1433-1435 Franco Kerskorff
- 1435-1437 Heinrich von Bockenvorde
- 1438-1450 H. Vinke von Overbergen
- 1450-1469 Johann Osthoff von Mengede
- 1470-1471 Johann Wolthuss von Herse
- 1471-1483 Bernd von der Borch
- 1483-1494 Johann Fridach von Loringhofe
- 1494-1535 Wolter von Plettenberg
- 1535-1549 Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye
- 1549-1551 Johann von der Recke
- 1551-1557 Heinrich von Galen
- 1557-1559 Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg
- 1559-1561 Gotthard Kettler
Title: King (1561 – 1569)
- 1561-1569 Zygmunt II August
Title: King (1569 – 1572)
- 1569-1572 Zygmunt II August
Title: Electoral King (1572 - 1586)
Title: King (1587 – 1660)
- 1587–1632 Zygmunt III; known also as Sigismund of Sweden
- 1632-1648 Władysław IV Waza
- 1648-1660 Jan II Kazimierz
Title: King (1561 - 1710 {officially 1721})
King of Sweden
- 1561-1568 : Erik XIV
- 1568-1592 : Johan III
- 1592-1599 : Sigismund; known also as Zygmunt III Waza
- 1599-1611 : Karl IX; as Duke Charles, viceroy 1599-1604
- 1611-1632 : Gustav II Adolf den store
- 1654-1660 : Karl X Gustav
- 1660-1697 : Karl XI
- 1697-1718 : Karl XII
- 1719-1720 : Ulrika Eleonora
Title: King (1570 – 1578)
- Magnus of Livonia (1570 - 1578; recognized only by Ivan IV of Russia)
Title: Imperator (1704 - 1917)
- 1704-1725 : Peeter Suur
- 1725-1727 : Katariina I
- 1727-1730 : Peeter II
- 1730-1740 : Anna I
- 1740-1741 : Ivan VI )
- 1741-1762 : Jelizaveta Petrovna
- 1762-1762 : Peeter III
- 1762-1796 : Katariina Suur
- 1796-1801 : Paul I
- 1801-1825 : Aleksander I
- 1825-1855 : Nikolai I
- 1855-1881 : Aleksander II
- 1881-1894 : Aleksander III
- 1894 - 15 March (2 March) 1917 : Nikolai II
- 15 March (2 March) 1917 : Mihhail II
Title: Chairman (1917)
- Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov (15 March (2 March) - 21 July (8 July) 1917)
Title: Prime Minister (1917)
- Aleksandr Kerensky (21 July (8 July) - 7 November (25 October) 1917)
Title: Emperor (1917–1918)
German Emperor and King of Prussia
Title: Chairman of the Soviet Executive Committee of Estland (Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee esimees) (1917–1918)
- Jaan Anvelt (5 November (23 October) 1917 - 4 March 1918)
Title: Land Councillor (Maanõunik) (1917 - 1918)
- Jaan Poska (28 November (15 November) 1917 - 24 February 1918)
Title: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Rahvakomissaride Nõukogu esimees) (December 1917 - 26 February 1918)
Title: Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Estonia (Eesti Ajutise Valitsuse peaminister) (1918 - 1919)
- Konstantin Päts (24 February 1918 - 9 May 1919)
Title: Prime Minister (Peaminister) (1919 - 1920)
- Otto August Strandman (9 May - 18 November 1919)
- Jaan Tõnisson (18 November 1919 - 28 July 1920)
- Aadu (Ado) Birk (28 July - 30 July 1920)
- Jaan Tõnisson (30 July - 26 October 1920)
- Ants Piip (26 October - 20 December 1920)
Title: State Elder (Riigivanem) (1920 - 1934)
- Ants Piip (20 December 1920-25 January 1921)
- Konstantin Päts (25 January 1921-21 November 1922)
- Juhan (Johann) Kukk (21 November 1922-2 August 1923)
- Konstantin Päts (2 August 1923-26 March 1924)
- Friedrich Karl Akel (26 March 1924-16 December 1924)
- Jüri Jaakson (16 December 1924-15 December 1925)
- Jaan Teemant (15 December 1925-9 December 1927)
- Jaan Tõnisson (9 December 1927-4 December 1928)
- August Rei (4 December 1928-9 July 1929)
- Otto August Strandman (9 July 1929-12 February 1931)
- Konstantin Päts (12 February 1931-19 February 1932)
- Jaan Teemant (19 February 1932-19 July 1932)
- Kaarel Eenpalu (19 July 1932-1 November 1932)
- Konstantin Päts (1 November 1932-18 May 1933)
- Jaan Tõnisson (18 May 1933-21 October 1933)
- Konstantin Päts (21 October 1933-24 January 1934)
Title: Peaminister riigivanema ülesannetes (1934 - 1937)
- Konstantin Päts (24 January 1934 - 3 September 1937)
Title: Riigihoidja (1937 - 1938)
- Konstantin Päts (3 September 1937 - 24 April 1938)
Title: President (1938 - 1940)
- Konstantin Päts (24 April 1938 - 17 June 1940)
- Johannes Vares-Barbarus (17 June – 21 July 1940)
Title: Peaminister presidendi ülesannetes (1940 - 1992)
- Jüri Uluots (17 June 1940–9 January 1945)
- August Rei (9 January 1945–29 March 1963)
- Aleksander Varma (Warma) (30 March 1963–23 December 1970)
- Tõnis Kint (23 December 1970–1 March 1990)
- Heinrich Mark (1 March 1990–6 October 1992)
Title: Head of government (Valitsusjuht) (1944)
Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (in the body of Soviet Union) (1990 - 1991)
Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu esimees) (1991 - 1992)
Title: President (since 1992)
- Lennart Georg Meri (6 October 1992 - 8 October 2001)
- Arnold Rüütel (since 8 October 2001)
Title: Regent Councillor (1918)
Title: Chairman of the Council of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Eesti Töörahwa Komuuna Nõukogu esimees) (1918 - 1919)
- Jaan Anvelt (29 November 1918 - 5 June 1919)
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Estonian SSR (Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu Presiidiumi esimees) (1940 - 1988)
- Johannes Vares-Barbarus (21 July 1940 - 29 November 1946)
- Nigol Andresen (1946 - 1947)
- Eduard Päll (1947 - 1950)
- August Jakobson (1950 - 1958)
- Johan Eichfeld (1958 - 1961)
- Aleksei Müürisepp (1961 - 7 October 1970)
- Aleksander Ansberg (1970)
- Artur Vader (22 December 1970 – 25 May 1978)
- Meta Vannas (acting chairman; 1978)
- Johannes Käbin (1978 - 1983)
- Arnold Rüütel (1983 - 16 November 1988)
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Estonian SSR (independent) (1988 - 1990)
Title: Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (NLKP Keskkomitee peasekretär) (1940 - 1991)
- Iosif Stalin (1940 - 1953)
- Nikita Khrushchev (1953 - 1964)
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964 - 1982)
- Yuri Andropov (1982 - 1984)
- Konstantin Chernenko (1984 - 1985)
- Mikhail Gorbachov (1985 - 1991)
Title: Führer und Reichskanzler (1941 - 1944)
