General Motors Corporation NYSE: GM, also known as GM, is a United States-based automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Daewoo, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab, and Vauxhall.
| GM logo | |
| Company type | Public (NYSE: GM) |
|---|---|
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 1908 |
| Headquarters | Detroit, Michigan; manufacturing facilities in 30 U.S. states and 32 countries |
Key people | Rick Wagoner, Chairman & CEO |
| Products | automobiles engines electronics communications |
| Revenue |  US$193.5 billion USD (2004) |
10,315,000,000 United States dollar (2022)  | |
| 9,934,000,000 United States dollar (2022) | |
| Total assets | 208,300,000,000 United States dollar (2017) |
Number of employees | ~340,000 (2004) |
| Website | www.gm.com |
Chevrolet and GMC divisions produce trucks, as well as passenger vehicles. Other brands include ACDelco, Allison Transmission, and General Motors Electro-Motive Division that produces diesel-electric locomotives. GM also has stakes in Isuzu, Subaru, and Suzuki in Japan and a joint venture with AutoVAZ (Lada) in Russia. In December 2003, it acquired Delta in South Africa, in which it had taken a 45 percent stake in 1997, and which is now a fully-owned subsidiary, General Motors South Africa.
GM's headquarters are in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan.
General Motors is the world's largest vehicle manufacturer and employs over 340,000 people. In 2001, GM sold 8.5 million vehicles through all its branches. In 2002, GM sold 15 percent of all cars and trucks in the world. They also owned Electronic Data Systems from 1984 to 1996 and, prior to selling it to News Corporation, DirecTV. GM owned Frigidaire from 1918 to 1979.
The current chairman (since May 1, 2003) and chief executive officer (since June 1, 2000) is Rick Wagoner, succeeding John F. Smith, Jr.
History
General Motors was founded in 1908 as a holding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant, and acquired Oldsmobile later that year. The next year, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, and Oakland.
During the 1920s and 1930s General Motors bought out the bus company Yellow Coach, helped create Greyhound bus lines, replaced intercity train transport with buses, and established subsidiary companies to buy out streetcar companies and replace the rail-based services with buses. GM formed United Cities Motor Transit, in 1932. See General Motors streetcar conspiracy for additional details.
General Motors bought the internal combustion engined railcar builder Electro-Motive Corporation and its engine supplier Winton Engine in 1930, renaming both as the General Motors Electro-Motive Division. Over the next twenty years diesel-powered locomotives and trains, the majority built by GM, largely replaced other forms of traction on American railroads.
On December 31, 1955, General Motors became the first American corporation to make over one billion dollars in a year.
After GM's massive layoffs hit Flint, Michigan, in the 1980s, budding documentary filmmaker and Flint native Michael Moore focused on the company and its chairman and CEO at the time, Roger B. Smith, in his first big hit, Roger & Me.
A strike began at the General Motors parts factory in Flint, Michigan on June 5, 1998, that quickly spread to five other assembly plants and lasted seven weeks.
At one point it was the largest corporation in the United States ever, in terms of its revenues as a percent of GDP. In 1953 Charles Erwin Wilson, then GM president, was named by Eisenhower as Secretary of Defense. When he was asked, during the hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee if as secretary of defense he could make a decision adverse to the interests of General Motors, Wilson answered affirmatively but added that he could not conceive of such a situation "because for years I thought what was good for the country was good for General Motors and vice versa." Later this statement was often garbled when quoted, suggesting that Wilson had said simply, "What's good for General Motors is good for the country." At the time, GM was the one of the largest employers in the world – only Soviet state industries employed more people.
In May 2005, Standard & Poor's downgraded GM's credit rating to junk bond status. See below under financial woes.
On April 4, 2005 General Motors Corp. sold is Electro-Motive Division to Greenbriar Equity Group LLC and Berkshire Partners.
General Motors Hughes Electronics
Hughes Electronics was formed in 1985 when Hughes Aircraft was sold by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to General Motors for US$5 billion. General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft with its Delco Electronics unit to form GM Hughes Electronics (GMHE). The group then consisted of:
- Hughes Aircraft
- Delco Electronics
- Hughes Space and Communications
- Hughes Network Systems
In August 1992 GM Hughes Electronics purchased General Dynamics' Missile Systems business. In 1994 Hughes Electronics introduced DirecTV, the world's first high-powered direct broadcast satellite service. In 1995 Hughes Electronic's Hughes Space and Communications division became the largest supplier of commercial satellites. Also in 1995 the group purchased Magnavox Electronic Systems from the Carlyle Group. In 1996 Hughes Electronics and PanAmSat agree to merge their fixed satellite services into a new publicly held company, also called PanAmSat with GM Hughes Electronics as majority shareholder.
In 1997 GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Late in the year the defense operations of Hughes Electronics (Hughes Aircraft and missile business) were merged with Raytheon.
Hughes Space and Communications remained independent until 2000, when it was purchased by Boeing and became Boeing Satellite Systems.
In 2000 the remaining parts of Hughes Electronics: DirecTV, DirecTV Latin America, PanAmSat and Hughes Network Systems were purchased by NewsCorp and renamed The DirecTV Group. Newscorp sold PanAmSat to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR) in August 2004.
Social policies
General Motors was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine.
It has the highest health care and labour costs in the industry, and some analysts have criticized the company for this.
Subsidies
In March 2005, the Government of Canada "gave C$200 million to General Motors for its Ontario plants, and last fall it awarded C$100 million to Ford Motor Co. to expand their Canadian auto production, provide jobs and contribute to the economy", according to Jim Harris (politician).
Financial woes
In April 2005, General Motors posted a US$1.1-billion loss, for the first quarter of that year. Its debt was downgraded to junk bond status. It announced plans to cut 25,000 jobs in the United States. It did not announce any job cuts in Canada:
For the first time ever in 2004, the total number of cars produced by all makers in Ontario exceeded those produced in Michigan. GM officials cited profitability of their Oshawa, Ontario plant in refusing to distribute the job losses.
The anger was obvious at the shareholder meeting. Explanations were not long in coming. While the company pleaded its high health care costs, amounting to US$1500 per vehicle on average (a veiled excuse to move jobs to Canada where health insurance is public), others blamed the product line.
Green Party of Canada leader Jim Harris (politician) was quoted in an article in the Montreal Gazette in claimed that "high oil prices have led consumers to demand more fuel-efficient cars, which also claimed that "Ford and General Motors's core profitability comes from gas-guzzling SUVs and trucks," and that accordingly their problems could be blamed on a failure to build hybrid vehicles.
General Motors competes with foreign automobile companies such as Toyota, Honda and Nissan, all of which have non-union automobile production plants in the United States. These companies have a significantly lower compensation cost per employee at their U.S. plants than General Motors does at its U.S. plants. Toyota and Honda have also introduced gasoline/electric or diesel/electric hybrid vehicles into their product mix whereas, as of July of 2005, General Motors has not. Starting with the 2007 model year Chevrolet Tahoe GM will introduce a two-mode Hybrid system. The two-mode system offers better fuel economy and towing ability than the one-mode system found in Toyota, Ford and Honda vehicles. GM and DaimlerChrysler Joined Forces to Develop the two mode Full Hybrid Propulsion System.
The Hydrogen Solution
General Motors has recently recovered from their losses suffered from their proposed battery technology and has invested over US$1.1 billion dollars into developing and researching hydrogen fuel cells. They plan to slowly convert the infrastructure from an oil based one to a oil-hydrogen based to a purely hydrogen based. Their first hydrogen vehicles are slated to be released by 2010. Hydrogen can be obtained by splitting water molecules and it produces no harmfull emissions, merely water vapour. However hydrogen is not a source of energy, but a storage and transmission medium. The energy to split hydrogen from water must come from some other source: oil, coal, nuclear, wind, solar, etc. See hydrogen economy. The first hydrogen pumps are being tested out at various Royal Dutch/Shell stations across Northern California
Related topics
External links
- Official Website
- Corporate history
- GMInsidenews GM Enthusiast forum
- General Motors Holden VL Turbo