Poland was ruled by dukes (c.962-1025, 1032-1076, 1079-1295, 1296-1300 and 1306-1320) and kings (1025-1032, 1076-1079, 1295-1296, 1300-1305 and 1320-1795). The best-known dynasties are the Piast (c.962-1370) and Jagiellonian (1386-1572); intervening and subsequent monarchs were often rulers also of neighboring lands, or princes drawn from foreign dynasties. Polish kingship ended after the Third Partition in 1795, and independence was restored on a republican basis in 1918.
- Early Piast Dynasty
- 870-900 Siemowit (disputable)
- 900-930 Lestko (disputable)
- 930-960 Siemomysł (disputable)
- 962-992 Mieszko I
- 992-1025 Boleslaus I the Brave (king in 1025)
- 1025-1031 Mieszko II Lambert (king)
- 1031-1031 Bezprym
- 1032-1034 Mieszko II Lambert (duke)
- 1039-1058 Casimir I the Restorer
- 1058-1079 Boleslaus II the Generous (king 1076-1079; deposed)
- 1079-1102 Wladislaus I Herman
- 1102-1107 Zbigniew
- 1102-1138 Boleslaus III the Wrymouth
- Feudal dissolution
- 1138-1146 Wladislaus II the Exile (overlord; exiled by his brothers)
- 1146-1173 Boleslaus IV the Curly (overlord)
- 1173-1177 Mieszko III the Old (overlord)
- 1177-1194 Casimir II the Just (duke of Kraków)
- 1194-1202 Leszek I the White (duke of Kraków)
- 1202-1202 Wladislaus III Spindleshanks
- 1202-1210 Leszek I the White (duke of Kraków)
- 1210-1211 Mieszko IV Plątonogi
- 1211-1227 Leszek I the White
- 1227-1228 Wladislaus III Spindleshanks
- 1228-1232 Konrad I of Masovia
- 1232-1238 Henry I the Bearded (duke of Kraków)
- 1238-1241 Henry II the Pious (duke of Kraków)
- 1241-1243 Konrad I of Masovia (duke of Kraków)
- 1243-1279 Boleslaus V the Chaste (duke of Kraków)
- 1279-1288 Leszek II the Black
- 1288-1290 Henry IV Probus (duke of Kraków)
- 1290-1296 Przemysł II (duke of Kraków 1290-1291, king 1295-1296)
- 1291-1305 Wenceslaus II (Přemyslid dynasty; king 1300-1305)
- 1305-1306 Wenceslaus III (Přemyslid dynasty; king; assassinated before crowning)
- Later Piast dynasty
- 1306-1333 Wladislaus I the Elbow-high (duke of Kraków 1305-1320; king 1320-1333)
- 1333-1370 Casimir III the Great
Angevin dynasty
- 1370-1382 Louis of Hungary
- 1384-1399 Jadwiga of Poland (crowned King of Poland; since 1386 together with her husband Wladislaus)
- 1386-1434 Wladislaus II Jagiełło (until 1399 with his wife Jadwiga)
- 1434-1444 Wladislaus III of Varna (killed in the Battle of Varna)
- 1447-1492 Casimir IV the Jagiellonian
- 1492-1501 John I Olbracht
- 1501-1506 Alexander the Jagiellonian
- 1506-1548 Sigismund I the Old
- 1548-1572 Sigismund II Augustus
Electoral monarchy
- 1573-1574 Henry Valois (Valois Dynasty; abandoned the throne and fled to France where he was crowned Henry III)
- 1575-1586 Stephen Báthory (House of Báthory)
- 1587-1632 Sigismund III Vasa (Vasa Dynasty)
- 1632-1648 Wladislaus IV Vasa (Vasa Dynasty)
- 1648-1668 John II Casimir (Vasa Dynasty; abdicated and became a monk)
- 1669-1673 Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Polish szlachta family)
- 1674-1696 John III Sobieski (Polish szlachta family)
- 1697-1706 Augustus II the Strong (Wettin dynasty; also Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I)
- 1704-1709 Stanislaus I Leszczyński
- 1709-1733 Augustus II the Strong
- 1733-1736 Stanislaus I Leszczyński
- 1734-1763 Augustus III (Wettin dynasty)
- 1764-1795 Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski (Polish szlachta family; abdicated)
Partitioned Poland
- Duchy of Warsaw
- 1807-1815 Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (Wettin dynasty)
- Congress Kingdom
- 1815-1825 Alexander I of Russia (Romanov dynasty)
- 1825-1831 Nicholas I of Russia (Romanov dynasty; dethroned by the Sejm on January 25, 1831 during the November Uprising
- Grand Duchy of Poznań
- 1815-1840 Frederick William III of Prussia (Hohenzollern dynasty; represented by Duke-Governor Antoni Radziwiłł until 1831)
- 1840-1849 Frederick William IV of Prussia (Hohenzollern dynasty; the autonomy of the Grand Duchy was abolished in 1849, but the title of Grand Duke of Poznań was used by Prussian kings and German emperors until the abdication of Wilhelm II of Germany in 1918