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Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

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A multiparadigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. It allows, as described by Bjarne Stroustrup, "a program using more than one programming styles". The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.

The most aggressive example is Oz, which has subsets that are a logic language (Oz descends from logic programming), a functional language, an object-oriented language, a dataflow concurrent language, and more. Oz was designed over a ten-year period to combine in a harmonious way concepts that are traditionally associated with different programming paradigms.

Multiparadigm languages

Languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Two paradigms

Three paradigms

Four paradigms

  • functional, imperative, logic-based, object-oriented (class-based)
  • imperative, logic-based, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based

Five paradigms

Eight paradigms

See also

Books

  • Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.
  • Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming, by Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi, 2004.


 

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