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Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages.
History
The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods. The prehistoric period (essentially proto-Slavic) occurred between the Slavonic invasion of the eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s. Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) was the language used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek. Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) was a language of rich literary activity and major innovations. Modern Bulgarian dates from the 16th century onwards; the present-day written language was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century Bulgarian vernacular. The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language (Old Bulgarian) to a typical analytic language (Modern Bulgarian) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition.
Fewer than 20 words remain in Bulgarian from the language of the Bulgars, the Central Asian people who moved into present-day Bulgaria and eventually adopted the local Slavic language. The Bolgar language, a member of the Turkic language family or the Iranian language family (Pamir languages), is otherwise unrelated to Bulgarian.
Old Bulgarian was the first Slavonic language attested in writing. As Slavonic linguistic unity lasted into late antiquity, in the oldest manuscripts this language was initially referred to as языкъ словяньскъ, "the Slavonic language". In the Middle Bulgarian period this name was gradually replaced by the name языкъ блъгарьскъ, the "Bulgarian language". In some cases, the name языкъ блъгарьскъ was used not only with regard to the contemporary Middle Bulgarian language of the copyist but also to the period of Old Bulgarian and even to the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius in Great Moravia. A most notable example of anachronism is the Service of St. Cyril from Skopje (Скопски миней), a 13th century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern Macedonia according to which St. Cyril preached with "Bulgarian" books among the Moravian Slavs. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in the Greek hagiography of Saint Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century).
During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Old Slavonic case system, but preserving the rich verb system (while the development was exactly the opposite in most other Slavic languages) and developing a definite article. It was influenced by its non-Slavic neighbours in the Balkan linguistic union (mostly gramatically) and later also by the Turkish language, which had a dominant position in the Ottoman empire (mostly lexically). As a national revival occurred towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule (mostly during the 19th century), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged which drew heavily on Russian and Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian and which later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkanic loans.
Modern Bulgarian was based essentially on the Eastern dialects of the language, but its pronunciation is in many respects a compromise between East and West Bulgarian (see especially the phonetic sections below).
General characteristics
Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from other Slavic languages, such as the elimination of noun declension, the development of a suffixed definite article (possibly inherited from the Bulgar language), the lack of a verb infinitive, and the retention and further development of the proto-Slavic verb system. There are various verb forms to express nonwitnessed, retold, and doubtful action.
Bulgarian is part of the Balkan linguistic union, which also includes the closely related Macedonian, Greek, Romanian, Albanian and some Serbian dialects. Most of these languages share some of the above-mentioned characteristics (e.g., definite article, infinitive loss, complicated verb system) and many more. The "nonwitnessed action" verb forms, pertaining to a mood known as renarrative mood, have been attributed to Turkish influences by most Bulgarian linguists. Morphohologically, they are obviously related to the perfect tenses, which are known in Bulgarian linguistic tradition as preliminary (предварителни) tenses.
Alphabet
In 886 AD, Bulgaria adopted the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in the following centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. Most of the letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek alphabet; those which had no Greek equivalents, however, represent simplified Glagolitic letters.
Under the influence of printed books from Russia, the Russian "civil script" of Peter I (see Reforms of Russian orthography) replaced the old Middle Bulgarian/Church Slavonic script at the end of the 18th century. Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the beginning and the middle of the 19th century during the efforts on the codification of Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov, gained prominence in the 1870s. The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945 when the letters yat Template:CYchar called "double e"), and yus Template:CYchar were removed from the alphabet. The present Bulgarian alphabet has 30 letters.
The following table gives the letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, along with IPA values for the sound of each letter:
| А а /a/ |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /g/ |
Д д /d/ |
Е е /ɛ/ |
Ж ж /ʒ/ |
З з /z/ |
И и /i/ |
Й й /j/ |
| К к /k/ |
Л л /l/ |
М м /m/ |
Н н /n/ |
О о /ɔ/ |
П п /p/ |
Р р /r/ |
С с /s/ |
Т т /t/ |
У у /u/ |
| Ф ф /f/ |
Х х /x/ |
Ц ц /ʦ/ |
Ч ч /tʃ/ |
Ш ш /ʃ/ |
Щ щ /ʃt/ |
Ъ ъ /ə/ |
Ь ь1 /ʲ/ |
Ю ю /ju/ |
Я я /ja/ |
1 softens consonants before 'o'
Most letters in the Bulgarian alphabet stand for one specific sound and that sound only. Three letters stand for the single expression of combinations of sounds, namely щ (sht), ю (yu), and я (ya). Two sounds do not have separate letters assigned to them, but are expressed by the combination of two letters, namely дж (like j in Jack) and дз (dz). The letter ь is not pronounced, but it softens (palatalizes) any preceding consonant before the letter о.
For questions regarding the transliteration of Bulgarian into English (Romanization), see the article Transliteration of Bulgarian into English.
Phonetics
Vowels
The Bulgarian vowel system consists of the following six vowels:
| Script | IPA | X-SAMPA | Description | English RP approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| и | [i] | [i] | front closed unrounded | machine |
| е | [ɛ] | [E] | front mid unrounded | ten |
| а | [a] | [a] | central open unrounded | father |
| ъ | [ə] | [@] | central mid unrounded | about |
| у | [u] | [u] | back closed rounded | soon |
| о | [ɔ] | [O] | back mid rounded | author |
The Bulgarian vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: front, central and back. All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the tense vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approaching each other with a tendency to merge, although the coalescence is not always complete. The variation of the norm seems to be socially conditioned: on the one hand, the relative absence of reduction is intuitively associated with certain types of low-status (provincial, especially West Bulgarian, or Romani-influenced) speech; on the other hand the awareness of the distinctions is naturally perceived as a sign of literacy and education. The merger is, at least in nondialectal pronunciation, totally accomplished for [a] and [ə] in all positions (except, occasionally and for some speakers, in a syllable immediately preceding another [a]). Unstressed [ɔ] also tends to be pronounced like [u] (the difference is either minimal or nonexistent in pre-stress position and totally absent after stress), but the status of that coalescence is less clear, perhaps because post-stress [u] is not very common in the first place. The considerable reduction of [ɛ] notwithstanding, similar coalescence of [ɛ] and [i] is not allowed in formal speech and is definitely regarded as a provincial (East Bulgarian) feature; rather, unstressed and above all post-stress [ɛ] might occasionally approach a more front form of [ə].
Semivowels
Bulgarian possesses one semivowel: /j/, equivalent to the English <y> in yes. The /j/ always immediately precedes or follows a vowel. The semivowel is most usually expressed graphically by the letter й, as, for example, in най /naj/ ("most") and тролей /trɔlɛj/ ("trolleybus"). The letters ю and я are, however, also used...for example, ютия /jutija/ "(flat) iron". After a consonant, ю and я signify a palatalized consonant rather than a semivowel: бял /bʲal/ "white".
Consonants
Bulgarian has a total of 33 consonant phonemes (see table below). Three additional phonemes can also be found ([xʲ], [ʣ] and [ʣʲ]), but only in foreign proper names such as Хюстън /xʲustən/ ("Houston"), Дзержински /dzεrʒinski/ ("Dzerzhinsky"), and Ядзя /jaʣʲa/, the Polish name "Jadzia". They are, however, normally not considered part of the phonetic inventory of the Bulgarian language. According to the criterion of sonority, the Bulgarian consonants may be divided into 16 pairs (voiced<>voiceless). The only consonant without a counterpart is the voiceless velar fricative [x]. The contrast 'voiced vs. voiceless' is neutralized in word-final position, where all consonants are pronounced as voiceless (as in most Slavic languages, German, etc.); this neutralization is, however, not reflected in the spelling.
Hard and palatalized consonants
The Bulgarian consonants б /b/, в /v/, г /g/, д /d/, з /z/, к /k/, л /l/, м /m/, н /n/, п /p/, р /r/, с /s/, т /t/, ф /f/, ц /ʦ/ can have both a normal, "hard" pronunciation, as well as a "soft", palatalized one. The hard and the palatalized consonants are considered separate phonemes in Bulgarian. The consonants ж /ʒ/, ш /ʃ/, ч /ʧ/ and дж /ʤ/ do not have palatalized variants, which is probably connected with the fact that they have arisen historically through palatalization in common Slavic. These consonants may be realized with different grades of hardness or softness, depending on speaker and dialect; a relatively neutral realization is perceived as standard.
The softness of the palatalized consonants is always indicated in writing in Bulgarian. A consonant is palatalized if:
- it is followed by the soft sign ь;
- it is followed by the letters я / ʲa/ or ю / ʲu/;
(я and ю are used in all other cases to represent the semivowel /j/ before /a/ and /u/.)
Even though palatalized consonants are phonemes in Bulgarian, they may in some cases be positionally conditioned, hence redundant. In Eastern Bulgarian dialects, consonants are always allophonically palatalized before the vowels /i/ and /ɛ/. This is not the case in correct Standard Bulgarian, but that form of the language does have similar allophonic alternations. Thus, к /k/, г /g/ and х /x/ tend to be palatalized before /i/ and /ɛ/, and the realization of the phoneme л /l/ varies along the same principles: it is velarized in all positions, except before the vowels /i/ and /ɛ/. The normal, non-velarized realization is traditionally (and incorrectly) called 'soft l', even though it is not palatalized (and thus isn’t identical to the /lʲ/ signalled by the letters ь, я and ю). In many Western Bulgarian dialects, as well as in the neighbouring Serbian language, this 'pseudo-soft' realization does not exist and the nonpalatalized /l/ is always velarized regardless of the quality of the following vowels.
Palatalization
During the palatalization of most hard consonants (the bilabial, labiodental and alveolar ones), the middle part of the tongue is lifted towards the palatum, resulting in the formation of a second articulatory centre whereby the specific palatal "clang" of the soft consonants is achieved. The articulation of alveolars /l/, /n/ and /r/, however, usually does not follow that rule; the palatal clang is achieved by moving the place of articulation further back towards the palatum so that /ʎ/, /ɲ/ and /rʲ/ are actually alveopalatal (postalvelolar) consonants. Soft /g/ and /k/ (/gʲ/ and /kʲ/, respectively) are articulated not on the velum but on the palatum and are considered palatal consonants.
Table of Bulgarian consonants
Word stress
Bulgarian word stress is dynamic. Stressed syllables are louder and longer than unstressed ones. Stress is also free and mobile, it may fall on any syllable of a polysyllabic word and its position may vary in inflection and derivation, for example, мъж /m'əʒ/ ("man"), мъжът /məʒ'ət/ ("the man"). Bulgarian stress is also distinctive: for example, в'ълна /v'əlna/ ("wool") and вълн'а /vəln'a/ ("wave") are only differentiated by stress.
Morphology
Nominal morphology
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are inflected for grammatical gender, number, case (to a very limited extent) and definiteness in Bulgarian. Adjectives and adjectival pronouns agree with nouns in number and gender.
Gender
There are three grammatical genders in Bulgarian: masculine, feminine and neuter. The gender of the noun can largely be determined according to its ending. The vast majority of Bulgarian nouns ending in a consonant (zero ending) are masculine (for example, град “city”, син “son”, мъж “man”). Feminine nouns include almost all nouns that have the endings –а/–я (жена “woman”, дъщеря “daughter”, улица “street”), a large group of nouns with zero ending expressing quality, degree or an abstraction, including all nouns ending on –ост/–ест (мъдрост “wisdom”, низост “vileness”, прелест "loveliness", болест "sickness", любов “love”), and another, much smaller group of irregular nouns with zero ending which define tangible objects or concepts (кръв “blood”, кост “bone”, вечер “evening”). Nouns ending in –е, –о are almost exclusively neuter (дете “child”, езеро “lake”). The same regards a limited number of loan words ending in –и, –у, and –ю (цунами "tsunami", табу "taboo", меню "menu"). Plural nouns do not have gender.
Number
Two numbers are distinguished in Bulgarian — singular and plural. Masculine nouns use a separate count form with cardinal numbers, which stems from the proto-Slavonic dual: двама/трима ученика (two/three students) versus тези ученици (these students); cf. feminine две/три/тези жени (two/three/these women) and neuter две/три/тези деца (two/three/these children). However, a recently developed language norm requires that count forms should only be used with masculine nouns that do not denote persons. Thus, двама/трима ученици is perceived as more correct than двама/трима ученика, while the distinction is retained in cases such as два/три молива (two/three pencils) versus тези моливи (these pencils). Plurals are formed with a variety of suffixes; exceptions, irregular declension and alternative plural forms are very common.
Case
The complex proto-Slavonic case system is almost completely dissolved in modern Bulgarian. Vestiges are well preserved only in the personal pronouns and the masculine personal interrogative pronoun кой (“who”), which have nominative, accusative and dative forms. Vocative forms are still in use for masculine and feminine nouns (however, not for neuter ones), but endings in masculine nouns are determined solely according to the stem-final consonant of the noun. In all other cases, the proto-Slavonic case system has been replaced by prepositional and other syntactic constructions.
Definiteness (article)
The disappearance of the case declension might be connected with the development of the category of definiteness in Bulgarian. The posfixed definite article, which displaced Slavic case inflexions, was probably inherited from Old Bulgar and spread to other Balkan languages such as Albanian and Romanian. In modern Bulgarian, definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun (indefinite: човек, “man”; definite: човекът, “the man”) or the first nominal constituent of definite noun phrases (indefinite: добър човек, “a good man”; definite: добрият човек, “the good man”), much like in the Scandinavian languages or Romanian. There are four singular definite articles: –ът/–ят (“–ət /–jət”) for masculine nouns that are grammatical subjects, –а/–я for masculine nouns that are grammatical objects, –та for feminine nouns, and –то for neuter nouns. The two masculine definite articles may also be considered as two grammatical forms of the same article. The plural definite articles are –те for masculine and feminine nouns, and –тa for neuter nouns. When postfixed to adjectives the definite articles are –ят/–я for masculine, –та for feminine, –то for neuter, and –те for plural nouns.
Verbal morphology
Bulgarian verb forms vary in aspect, mood, tense, person, number and sometimes gender and voice (for infinite forms).
Finite verbal forms
Finite verbal forms are simple or compound and agree with subjects in person (first, second and third) and number (singular, plural) in Bulgarian. In addition to that, compound forms using participles show gender in the singular (masculine, feminine, neuter).
Aspect
Bulgarian verbs express aspect: perfective verbs signify the completion of the action of the verb and form past finite (aorist) tenses; imperfective ones are neutral with regard to it and form past nonfinite (imperfect) tenses. Most Bulgarian verbs can be grouped in perfective-imperfective pairs (imperfective<>perfective: идвам<>дойда “come”, пристигам<>пристигна “arrive”). Perfective verbs can be usually formed from imperfective ones by suffixation or prefixation, but the resultant verb often deviates in meaning from the original. In the pair examples above, aspect is stem-specific and therefore there is no difference in meaning.
Mood
In addition to the four moods (наклонения ) shared by most other European languages - indicative (изявително), imperative {повелително), subjunctive (подчинително) and conditional (условно) - in Bulgarian there is one more to describe past unwitnessed events - the renarrative (преизказно) mood.
Tense
There are three grammatically distinctive positions in time in the indicative mood — present, past and future - which combine with aspect and mood to produce a number of formations. Normally, in grammar books these formations are viewed as separate tenses - i. e. "past nonfinite (imperfect) tense" would mean that the verb is in past tense, in the nonfinite (imperfect) aspect, and in the indicative mood (since no other mood is shown). There are more than 30 different tenses across Bulgarian's two aspects and five moods.
In the indicative mood, there are three simple tenses:
- present tense is a temporally unmarked simple form made up of the verbal stem of and a complex suffix composed of the vowel /e/, /i/ or /a/ and the person/number ending (пристигам "I arrive/I am arriving"); only imperfective verbs can stand in the present indicative tense independently;
- past imperfect tense is a simple verb form used to express an action which is contemporaneous or subordinate to other past actions; it is made up of the present-tense verbal stem and a complex suffix composed of the vowel /e<>ja/ and the person/number ending (пристигаx "I was arriving");
- past aorist tense is a simple form used to express a temporarily independent, specific past action; it is made up of the aorist stem and the person/number ending (пристигнах "I arrived");
In the indicative there are also the following compound tenses:
- future tense is a compound form made of the particle ще and present tense (ще уча "I will study"); negation is expressed by the construction няма да and present tense (няма да уча "I will not study");
- past future tense is a compound form used to express an action which was to be completed in the past but was future as regards another past action; it is made up of the imperfect past tense of the verb ща "will, want", the particle да "to" and present tense of the verb (щях да уча "I was going to study");
- present perfect tense is a compound form used to express an action which was completed in the past but is relevant for or related to the present; it is made up of the present tense of the verb съм "be" and the past active participle (съм учил "I have studied");
- past perfect tense is a compound form used to express an action which was completed in the past and is relative to another past action; it is made up of the past tense of the verb съм "be" and the past active participle (бях учил "I had studied");
- future perfect tense is a compound form used to express an action which is to take place in the future before another future action; it is made up of the future tense of the verb съм "be" and the past active participle (ще съм учил "I will have studied");
- past future perfect tense is a compound form used to express a past action which is future with respect to a past action which itself is prior to another past action; it is made up of the past future of ща "will, want", the particle да "to", the present tense of the verb съм "be" and the aorist past active participle of the verb (щях да съм учил "I would have studied").
The four perfect tenses above can all vary in aspect depending on the aspect of the main-verb participle; they are in fact pairs of finite and nonfinite tenses. Thus, the total number of tenses in the indicative is 13.
There is only one simple tense in the imperative mood - the present - and there are simple forms only for the second person using the suffixes -и/-й for singular and -ете/-йте for plural; e.g., уча "to study": учи, sg., учете, pl.; играя "to play": играй, играйте. There are compound imperative forms for all persons and numbers in the present compound imperative (да играе) and the present perfect compound imperative (да е играл).
The conditional mood consists of five compound tenses, most of which are not grammatically distinguishable. The present, future and past conditional use a special past form of the stem би- (“be”) and the past participle (бих учил, “I would study”). The past future conditional and the past future perfect conditional coincide in form with the respective indicative tenses.
The subjunctive mood is rarely documented as a separate verb form in Bulgarian but nevertheless it is sometimes used in expressing opinion. The present subjunctive coincides with one of the forms of the present compound imperative (пo-добре да отидa "I had better go") and is employed to express opinion about expected future events. In addition, there are the past subjunctive (пo-добре да бях отишъл I had better gone), which refers to past circumstances, and the present perfect subjunctive (да съм бил отишъл), which may be used about both past and future events arousing feelings of incontinence, suspicion, etc. and is impossible to translate in English.
The renarrative (renarrated) mood has five tenses. Two of them are simple - past finite (aorist) renarrative and past imperfect renarrative - and are formed by the past finite and the past nonfinite participle, respectively. There are also three compound tenses - past future renarrative, past future perfect renarrative and past preliminary (perfect) renarrative. All these tenses' forms are gender-specific in the singular and exist only in the third person.
Non-finite verbal forms
The proto-Slavonic infinitive and supine have been replaced by phrases with да (“to”) and present tense (искам да уча, “I want to study”). Bulgarian has the following participles:
- the present active participle is formed from imperfective present stems with the addition of the suffixes –ащ/–ещ (учащ, “studying”, also “a student”); it is used only attributively;
- the imperfect past active participle is formed from imperfective present stems with the addition of the suffixes –ел–/–ал– (учел, “studied”); it is used only in retold (renarrated) mood and is a Bulgarian innovation;
- the aorist past active participle is formed from aorist stems with the addition of the suffix –л– (учил, “studied”); it is used attributively and in compound verbs;
- the past passive participle is formed from aorist stems with the addition of the suffixes –(е)н–/–т– (учен, “studied”); it is used predicatively and attributively;
- the gerund is formed from imperfective present stems with the suffix –(е)йки (учейки, “[while] studying”); the gerund relates an action contemporaneous with and subordinate to the main verb and is originally a Western Bulgarian form.
Lexis
Most of the word-stock in Modern Bulgarian consists of derivations of reflexes of some 2,000 words inherited from proto-Slavonic through the mediation of Old and Middle Bulgarian. The influence of the old Bolgar language is otherwise relatively insignificant, and a negligible number of words of presumably Bulgar origin have survived in Modern Bulgarian (20 at best according to most estimates, though some scholars will have that number increased up to 200). Thus, the native lexical terms in Bulgarian (both from proto-Slavonic and from the Bulgar language) account for 70% to 75% of the word-stock of the language.
The remaining 25% to 30% are loanwords from a number of languages, as well as derivations of such words. The languages which have contributed most to Bulgarian are Latin and Greek (mostly international terminology), and to a lesser extent French and Russian. The numerous loanwords from Turkish (and, via Turkish, from Arabic and Persian) which were adopted into Bulgarian during the long period of Ottoman rule have to a great extent been substituted with native terms or borrowings from other languages. As in much of the rest of the world, English has had the greatest influence over Bulgarian over recent decades.
Syntax
Colloquial Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example:
- Аз го дадох подаръка на майка ми
- (lit. "I gave it the present to my mother")
- Аз й го дадох подаръка на майка ми
- (lit. "I gave her it the present to my mother")
The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the case of inversion signalling information structure:
- Подаръка (й) го дадох на майка ми
- (lit. "The present (to her) it I-gave to my mother")
- На майка ми й (го) дадох подаръка
- (lit. "To my mother to her (it) I-gave the present").
In a noncolloquial context, however, no clitic doubling is allowed. Bulgarian grammars usually do not treat this phenomenon extensively.
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Common Bulgarian Expressions
- Здравей (zdravéi) — Hello
- Здрасти (zdrásti) — Hi
- Добро утро (dobró útro) — Good morning
- Добър ден (dóbər dén) — Good day
- Добър вечер (dóbər vécher) — Good evening
- Лека нощ (léka nósht) — Good night
- Довиждане (dovízhdane) — Good-bye
- Как си? (kák si) — How are you?
- Добре съм (dobré səm) — I’m fine
- Всичко най-хубаво (vsíchko nai-húbavo) — All the best
- Поздрави (pózdravi) — Regards
- Благодаря (blagodaryə́) — Thank you
- Моля (mólia) — Please
- Извинете! (izvinéte) — Excuse me!
- Извинявай! (izviniávai) — Sorry!
- Колко е часът? (kólko e chasə́t) — What’s the time?
- Говорите ли ...? (govórite li...) — Do you speak ...?
- ...английски (anglíski) — English
- ...български (bə́lgarski) — Bulgarian
- ...китайски (kitáiski) — Chinese
- ...френски (frénski) — French
- ...немски (némski) — German
- ...гръцки (grə́tski) — Greek
- ...италиански (italiánski) — Italian
- ...японски (iapónski) — Japanese
- ...корейски (koréiski) — Korean
- ...латински (latínski) — Latin
- ...испански (ispánski) — Spanish
See also
External links
- The Bulgarian Language Online Course — Free Samples — audio — includes Romantic Phrases
- Free online resources for learners
- Ethnologue report for Bulgarian
- Bulgarian–English dictionary from SA Dictionary
- Bulgarian–English Dictionary: from Webster’s Online Dictionary — the Rosetta Edition.
- Online English–Bulgarian machine translation
- Bulgarian Business information