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Michigan State University

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Michigan State University (MSU) is a university in East Lansing, Michigan near the state capital of Lansing. Michigan State University is known for its programs in education, agriculture, hospitality business, packaging, and veterinary medicine. Michigan State University was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan in 1855 as an act of the Michigan Legislature. It was the first agricultural college in the United States. The school served as a prototype for future agricultural institutions as defined by the Morrill Act. In athletics, the university competes in the Big Ten Conference, winning three Rose Bowls and two men's basketball National Championships.

Campus

The Michigan State campus is located in East Lansing on the banks of the Red Cedar River. The campus defines and dominates life at the university. With its 5,200 acre (21 km²) campus, 2,000 acres (8 km²) of which are developed, the campus is one of the largest single university campuses in the country. The size of the campus, combined with the copious amount of trees, the lack of a centralized quadrangle, and the relative lack of straight thoroughfares, often confuses freshmen, visitors, and other newcomers. The unique layout of the campus polarizes visitors, who either love its beauty, or despise its inefficiency.

North and South Campus

File:100 0128.JPG
The Rock painted with a birthday message. (August 10, 2005)

The oldest part of MSU's sprawling campus is north of the Red Cedar River, and south of Grand River Avenue and Michigan Avenue. North campus is dominated by Gothic architecture, plentiful trees, and curving roads with few straight lines. In the center of the north part of campus lies the "Sacred Space" which is surrounded on all sides by West Circle Drive. Before the white settlement of what is now East Lansing, this area was an opening in the dense virgin oak forest. It was in this "oak opening" that the school built its first three buildings: a classroom and office building called College Hall, a dormitory building later known as "Saints' Rest", and a barn. Though none of these three buildings are still standing, there are still some important historical buildings on and near the Sacred Space. These include Cowles House, the president's official residence, and Beaumont Tower, a carillon clock tower marking the site of College Hall. Nearby is the MSU Union and Morrill Hall. To the east of the Sacred Space lies Laboratory Row, a group of laboratory buildings constructed during the late 19th century and early 20th century. These include Eustace-Cole Hall and Marshall-Adams Hall, America's first free-standing laboratories for horticulture and bacteriology, respectively.

The campus south of the Red Cedar River is much newer than the gothic buildings of the North Campus. South Campus consists mostly of buildings built after World War II. Most of buildings are built in the International Style, with relatively straight roadways and fewer trees than the North Campus. South Campus also tends to have more surface parking lots. The university's Master Plan for the year 2020 proposes replacing surface parking lots with parking ramps and green space, but these plans will take many years to reach fruition. Notable academic and research buildings on the South Campus include the Cyclotron, the MSU College of Law, and the Eli Broad College of Business.

The Canadian National Railway runs through the campus just south of where Trowbridge Road exits from Interstate 496. South of the CN railroad lies service buildings such as the power plant, laundry services, and the campus incinerator. There are also a growing number of academic buildings south of the railroad. The MSU Clinical Center and the Life Sciences Building are both in this part of campus, as is a nature preserve known as the Baker Woodlot. South still of the university service buildings lie thousands of acres of university-owned farmland and agricultural research facilities. The proximity of the farmland to helps MSU's campus retain an agricultural feel to the south of campus mixed with the more urbane atmosphere of East Lansing, immediately to the north.

Landmarks

Michigan State is home to two bronze statues, both erected in the year 2005. Just south of Laboratory Row is the statue of former MSU president John A. Hannah, who helped make Michigan State a university. Downstream on the south bank of the Red Cedar River is the new bronze statue of "The Spartan". This 2005 replica replaced the original terra cotta Sparty statue, which can still be seen on the west concourse of Spartan Stadium. Another MSU landmark is the frequently "vandalized" boulder/billboard known as "The Rock". Lying on Farm Lane just north of the river, The Rock is a popular spot for campus events such as outdoor summer theatre, Greek house tailgating, and the 9/11 candlelight vigil. MSU's campus also has several botanical gardens including the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden on the north bank of the Red Cedar just across from Spartan Stadium, the Old Horticulture Gardens next to the building of the same name, the MSU Horticulture Gardens, and the adjoining 4-H Children's Garden.

The university has buildings for almost any kind of event. Spartan Stadium serves as the university's football stadium. The Breslin Center, a multi-purpose basketball arena, and the Munn Ice Arena is used for ice hockey. The MSU Pavillion serves as a venue for agricultural expositions and other types of events. Michigan State has two separate buildings for theatre. the MSU Auditorium/Fairchild Theatre is used for the MSU Theatre Department's shows, concerts, and public speakers. The Auditorium is on Farm Lane and the north bank of the river, in the heart of campus. To the southeast lies the main theatre for the Lansing metropolitan area, the Wharton Center for Performing Arts. The Wharton Center features Broadway plays and other performances, and housed one of the 1992 U.S. presidential debates. Finally, the university has its own hotel/convention center, the Kellogg Center.

History

File:Sparty Bronze.JPG
"The Spartan" in bronze, taken on August 10, 2005.

The Michigan Constitution of 1850[1] called for the creation of an "agricultural school", either as a part of the University of Michigan, or as an autonomous institution. U-M President Henry P. Tappan tried to convice the legislature to build the agriculture school in Ann Arbor, but the secretary of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, John C. Holmes argued that the young farmers would not get the attention they needed in the established university. After five years of debate, Holmes' argument won out, and in 1855 the legislature of the State of Michigan passed a bill establishing the nation's first agriculture college within ten miles of the Michigan State Capitol.[2] Thus was formed the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan. By 1857, the school had erected three buildings on the banks of the Red Cedar River, and classes were ready to begin. The College’s first president, Joseph R. Williams, a Harvard Phi Beta Kappa, presided over a rugged frontier school of five faculty members and 63 students when classes commenced in May 1857. Williams, a self-made gentleman farmer as well as a prominent lawyer, was a charismatic and passionate promoter of higher education for the farming and working classes. The next year, he even traveled to Washington to provide U.S. Senator Justin S. Morrill evidence of Michigan's working model as a vehicle to help Morrill sell Congress on his seminal land grant college bill. Like Williams, a number of the College's inaugural faculty were erudite having studied in prominent Eastern colleges and universities. In cramped College Hall these scholars developed well-equipped laboratories, even introducing rare microscopes as well as state-of-the-art scientific contraptions for classroom demonstration. In accord with Williams’ philosophy, the College offered a unique blending of practical and theoretical academics. Williams noted the College sought not to “make men farmers, but farmers men” – to “train both the hand and the head.” With no prior American agricultural college upon which to model, the College instead turned to the fledgling American medical school as a guide. Indeed, a number of early faculty members held medical degrees. As such, Michigan State required more scientific study than practically any undergraduate institution of the era and offered a three-part curriculum balancing liberal arts (one fourth), science (one half) and practical vocational studies (on fourth); a framework which MSU has more or less maintained to this day in much of its curricula. Latin and Greek were excluded from the early curriculum and, hence, not examined (for admission) given the overwhelmingly rural applicant base. The College did require three hours daily manual labor to help students defray expenses, work the farm and clear and develop the campus cheaply while, in part, teaching students scientific principals under the tutelage of faculty-supervisors.

But despite the many innovations, Williams ran into conflict with the State Board of Education, which at that time oversaw the College’s operation along with that of the Michigan State Normal School (today, Eastern Michigan University). This was because Williams was seen by some as elitist (despite his eloquent defense of higher education opportunity for the masses) and extravagant in his demands for a farmer’s college. Indeed, many farmers began protesting against the College – with some even calling for its abolition -- as they saw the generally traditional academic curriculum, with its strong scientific orientation, as “educating boys away from the farm” and into the very professions supported by the well-to-do classical colleges of which an agricultural college was supposed to provide an alternative. So after just two years at the helm, Williams resigned in 1859 under pressure and the Board reduced the curriculum to a two-year, vocation-oriented farming program. However, in the end Williams succeeded, for as the newly elected state senate president pro tem in 1861, he secured legislation mandating that College have a four-year curriculum as well as the power to grant degrees . . . "comparable to those of the University of Michigan" – that is, masters degrees . . . and, much later, doctoral degrees. A newly created State Board of Agriculture took over, from the State Board of Education, in running the institution. At that time, the legislature adopted the less-unwieldy name of State Agricultural College.

The school's inaugural class graduated in 1861, but there was no time for an elaborate graduation ceremony. The American Civil War had just begun, and the college's first alumni had been drafted into the war effort. The following year, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act to support similar colleges in the several states and, as such, made a national model out of the Michigan school. Sadly, Williams never witnessed this landmark occasion to which he had dedicated so much of his life, as he had taken ill and suddenly died the year prior.

In 1862 English Literature professor Theophilus Capen (“T.C.”) Abbot was elevated to president by the fledgling Agricultural Board, much to the quiet-spoken professor's surprise. Nevertheless, as a former confidant of Williams, Abbot launched a 23-year reign that stabilized the College following its Civil War era interregnum and perpetuated Williams’ vision of a 'whole man' educational approach featuring the College's original mixed general/practical curriculum taught by learned scholars. Among these scholars was botany professor William J. Beal, an early plant (hybrid corn) geneticist who corresponded with Charles Darwin and championed the laboratory, or ‘inductive’, teaching method conducted in the first botanical laboratory building on an American campus. Liberty Hyde Bailey, alumnus and professor, often called the ‘Father of American Horticulture,’ was the first person to raise the study of horticulture to a science paralleling botany while popularizing rural studies. Although the school’s then isolated ___location limited student housing and held enrollment to a few hundred students during the 19th Century, the College had a strong reputation and produced considerably more distinguished alumni than most contemporary Midwestern colleges. And while Michigan’s State Agricultural College in the 19th Century had a larger percentage of her graduates take up farming and agricultural scholarship than its land grant counterparts, the nonagricultural professional paths successfully chosen by her alumni was especially varied considering this was an agricultural institution. In the 1878 report of the State Board of Agriculture, Abbot wrote, “Our graduates show that a love of knowledge has been infused into them by frequently returning to study or by resorting to other institutions of learning to continue their studies. They have gone from us to the University [of Michigan], to Cornell, Yale, Harvard, England, France and Germany to continue their studies.” He also cited alumni who were teaching at many land grant schools such as Cornell and University of Wisconsin, and at reputable liberal arts colleges such as Oberlin. Famous 19th Century graduates include the aforementioned Bailey, Charles E. St. John, a prominent early 20th Century astrophysicist and Einstein associate, Ray Stannard Baker, a famed turn of the century “muckraker” journalist and Pulitzer Prize winning biographer of Woodrow Wilson, and William Chandler Bagley, a pioneering pedagogy reformer -- among many more. Despite all this, Abbot, unlike Williams, was able to allay farmers’ “book learning” skepticism by taking the laboratory to the farmer: in 1876 the first “Farmers Institutes” were held in rural communities across the state where professors shared experimental and practical information gleaned from their work at the College. This concept served as the impetus for the 1887 Hatch Act, which provided federal funding for agricultural experiment stations to be operated by each state's land grant college, as well as for the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 providing federal funding for a system of state cooperative extension services which, like Michigan State's initial ‘Farmers Institutes’, spread college-based knowledge to individuals about agriculture and related issues. Such extension services served as the third land grant college prong of their tripartite mission of: education, research and public service. Nowadays, land grant colleges extend their services to their state’s urban and rural areas, alike, to address a wide range of issues and problems. In the end President Abbot, like his counterparts at other land grant schools, was able convert skeptical farmer, would-be enemies into ardent College supporters.

In 1870 women were first admitted. However the school’s relative isolation and lack of female living quarters suppressed coed enrollment for decades. The hearty few who managed to enroll either boarded with faculty families or were locals who made the arduous daily three-mile trek from Lansing by stagecoach over unpaved Michigan Avenue. These women took the rigorous scientific agriculture course along side male students. In 1896, in an effort to improve the situation, the College created a "Women Course" melding a home economics curriculum with liberal arts and sciences. The same year, male students were removed from the Abbot dormitory in order to make room for women who enrolled in greater numbers as a result of the course. In 1885, in order to fill out its mandate as a Morrill Act college, the College established a Mechanics program.

In 1899, the first African American student, William O. Thompson, was admitted. After graduation he went on to teach at what is now Tuskegee University, founded and headed by the famous Booker T. Washington, who had been Michigan State’s commencement speaker upon the invitation of President Jonathan L. Snyder. A few years later, Myrtle Craig became the first African American woman to enroll at the College. In 1907, she received her degree from President Theodore Roosevelt, commencement speaker for the semi centennial of the College’s opening.

The City of East Lansing incorporated in 1907. Two years later, the college officially changed its name to Michigan Agricultural College (M.A.C.), since by this time there were many other agricultural colleges across the country. Throughout the early 20th century. M.A.C. slowly expanded its curriculum beyonde agriculture and mechanics. By 1925, M.A.C. had expanded enough that it petitioned the state of Michigan to remove the word "agriculture" from its name, but the University of Michigan opposed the name change. As a compromise, the state government gave it the moniker of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science (M.S.C.), though the school rarely used the "Agriculture and Applied Science" part of its name.

In 1941, a man named John A. Hannah became president of the college. Hannah began the largest expansion in the school's history. He was aided by the G.I. Bill in 1945, wich helped World War II veterans get an education. During this time the bulk of the South Campus was quickly built to allow for an ever-growing influx of students. One of Hannah's strategies was to build a new residence hall, enroll enough students to fill it, and use the income to start construction on a new dormitory building. So rapid was the expansion of the housing system that the school has built no new residence halls since 1967.

While Hannah was working on increasing the size of M.S.C.'s student body, he also expanded the school from a college of regional reputation into a nationally-recognized research university. When the University of Chicago elimated its athletics resigned itself from the Western Conference (now the Big Ten) in 1946, Hannah lobbyied hard to take its place. The Big Ten finally admitted M.S.C. in 1950. Five years later, on the school's centennial year of 1955, the State of Michigan made the school a university. M.S.C. thus became Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, since the state of Michigan didn't allow the university to remove its "agriculture" moniker until the ratification of the Michigan Constitution of 1964. It was then that MSU finally dropped the words "Agriculture and Applied Science" from its name. Since 1964, the school has been known simply as Michigan State University.

Academics

Michigan State University "Block S"
Michigan State University "Block S"

Michigan State is the sixth largest university campus in the United States as of 2005. The university has 45,166 total students, 35,678 undergraduates and 9,488 graduate and professional students. The student body is 54 percent female/46 percent male. Minority enrollment totals 7.9 percent African American, 5.3 percent Asian/Pacific Islander, 3.0 percent Chicano or other Hispanic, and 0.8 percent Native American. Matriculating freshmen have on average a high school GPA of 3.3-3.8 on a standard 4.0 scale. Incoming freshmen average an SAT score of 1040-1260, or an ACT score of 22-27. Students come from all 83 counties in Michigan, all 50 states in the U.S., and about 125 other countries. Michigan State has about 4,500 faculty and 6,000 members of its support staff. There are about 389,000 MSU alumni alive worldwide.[3]

U.S. News & World Report ranks 10 of MSU’s graduate departments in the top 10 in their field nationally. The College of Education’s elementary and secondary education graduate programs have been ranked No. 1 for eleven consecutive years, and eight of the College of Education's programs rank in the top ten nationwide. A leader in research and headquarters for several international programs, the College of Education is considered one of the world's best. The univerisity also has the oldest and largest packaging school in the United States. Other prominent university departments include MSU's criminal justice program, which is the oldest and largest of its kind in the nation. Established in 1935 as a school of police administration, the criminal justice program is a world leader in cyber security, forensic science, and the study of youth violence. Finally, Michigan State has one undergraduate-only college, the James Madison College, an academically demanding residential college for students who want to specialize in law, politics, and public affairs. Madison offers degrees in International Relations, Political Theory and Constitutional Democracy, and Social Relations. MSU's School of Music has renowned faculty and alumni although its facilities are outdated -- but are soon to be replaced pursuant to an alumni fundraising program. Its music therapy department, founded in 1944, is the world's oldest.

Michigan State students have won several of the world's most prestigious scholarships. Since the 1970s MSU has had 16 Rhodes Scholars, more than any other Big Ten university has in the past generation.[4]. MSU has also had 14 Churchill Scholars, 13 Truman Scholars, 11 Goldwater Scholars and 7 Marshall Scholars. MSU is also home to one Mitchell Scholar and one Gates Scholar.

Since the 1990s, Michigan State's faculty and administration have worked to enlarge and enhance the university's Study Abroad program. MSU's Study Abroad program is the largest of any single-campus university in the nation. 2,461 MSU students studied abroad in 2004-05. The office of Study Abroad offers more than 200 programs in more than 60 countries on all continents, including Antarctica.

Michigan State University is well-known as a research university, and has a long history of productive research. Michigan State faculty invented the process for the homogenization of milk in the 1930s. In the 1960s, MSU scientists developed cisplatin, a leading cancer fighting drug. MSU is home to a world-class particle accelerator, the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. In 2004 scientists at the Cyclotron produced and observed a new isotope of the element germanium. The new germanium isotope is Ge-60. In that same year, MSU, in consortium with the University of North Carolina and the government of Brazil, broke ground on the 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope (SOAR) in the Andes Mountains of Chile. The consortium telescope will allow MSU's Physics & Astronomy department to study galaxy formation and origins.[5]

Athletics

 
Spartan Stadium

The school's sports teams are called the Spartans. The mascot is Sparty. They participate in the NCAA's Division I-A and in the Big Ten Conference; its hockey program competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. Michigan State has been involved in the most-attended hockey and basketball games in history. On October 6, 2001, the Spartans set up a hockey rink in the middle of their football stadium, Spartan Stadium, and played their historic archrival (see below), the University of Michigan before a crowd of 74,554. On December 13, 2003, Michigan State and Kentucky played basketball in front of 78,129 at Ford Field, a domed stadium in Detroit.

Michigan State is also home to many teams that may be less well known such as Varsity Rowing and Kendo. The MSU women's rowing team has made it to the NCAA championships for the last 6 years. Michigan State University Sailing Club is located on nearby Lake Lansing and competes in MCSA sailing regattas across the country.

Rivalries

The Spartans have several athletic rivalries. Their traditional archrival, particularly in football, is the University of Michigan. The ascent of the Men's Basketball team under Tom Izzo, coupled with the recent struggles of the U-M men's basketball program, has rendered this rivalry less competitive, and other Big Ten schools such as Illinois and Wisconsin have gained greater prominence as rivals. However, the Spartan rivalry with U-M remains important, as it dates back to the days when U-M was still the state's largest university, and MSU (then M.A.C.) was a small agriculture college aspiring to be a rival Big Ten university. Their ice hockey rivalry has been referred to as "the fiercest rivalry on ice."

MSU has several other rivalries. MSU is one of three Big Ten teams, along with the University of Michigan and Purdue University, to have an annual non-conference football game against the University of Notre Dame. In recent years, MSU's men's basketball team has had an annual faceoff with an Atlantic Coast Conference school (Georgia Tech in 2005) as part of the Big Ten/ACC Challenge. Many MSU hockey fans consider Lake Superior State a big rival, and a growing rivalry in football is taking hold with Penn State - like MSU, a land grant college - as since Penn State's addition to the Big Ten the teams have met annually in their last conference football game of the season.

Fight Song

MSU's fight song was written in 1917 by Francis Irving Lankey. The original lyrics reflected the school's role as an agriculture college. The lyrics have since been changed several times. The lyrics had to be modified when the school changed its mascot from the Aggies to the Spartans. In addition, whereas the original lyrics refered specifically to an American football game against the University of Michigan ("line of blue" refers to the Wolverine defensive line), the modern lyrics can be used for any opponent in any sport.

Current MSU lyrics Original M.A.C. lyrics
On the banks of the Red Cedar,
There's a school that's known to all;
Its specialty is winning,
And those Spartans play good ball;
Spartan teams are never beaten,
All through the game they'll fight;
Fight for the only colors:
Green and White.

Go right through for MSU,
Watch the points keep growing,
Spartan teams are bound to win,
They're fighting with a vim.
Rah! Rah! Rah!
See their team is weakening,
We're going to win this game,
Fight! Fight! Rah! Team, Fight!
Victory for MSU! 		On the banks of the Red Cedar,
There's a school that's known to all;
Its specialty is farming,
And those farmers play football;
Aggie teams are never beaten,
All through the game they'll fight;
Fight for the only colors:
Green and White.

Smash right through that line of blue,
Watch the points keep growing.
Aggie teams are bound to win,
They're fighting with a vim.
Rah! Rah! Rah!
Michigan is weakening,
We're going to win this game.
Fight! Fight! Rah! Team, Fight!
Victory for M.A.C.!

Student Life

Media

With over 45,000 students, MSU has a wide variety of campus media. The student-run newspaper, the State News, is the nation's most widely distributed campus newspaper. Free copies of the paper are online or at newsstands around campus and the city. The State News prints 28,500 copies of the paper Monday through Friday during the Fall and Spring semesters, and 15,000 copies three times a week during the summer. The paper is not published on weekends, holidays, or semester breaks. The university has its own television station, a PBS affiliate called WKAR-TV. The staion is the second-oldest educational television station in the United States, and the oldest east of the Mississippi river. Besides playing PBS shows, WKAR-TV produces its own local programming such as the high school quiz bowl show, QuizBusters. MSU has two National Public Radio affiliated radio stations. WKAR-AM plays NPR's talk radio programming, whereas WKAR-FM focuses mostly on classical music programming. Several shows, such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered. Michigan State also has a student-run radio station, WDBM, which bills itself as "The Impact". WDBM broadcasts mostly alternative music during weekdays. Nightly block programming features alternative country, jazz, blues, metal music, electronic music, and hip hop. On Sundays, the Impact plays world music and reggae.

Activism

 
The transom of the ASMSU and COGS offices.

MSU is not as well known for campus activism as rival schools such as the University of Michigan. Nevertheless, activists have played an important role in Michigan State history, especially during the height of the Vietnam War, during which student protests led to the resignation of MSU President John A. Hannah and the creation of co-ed residence halls. Student protests in the seventies also blocked the routing of Interstate 496 through campus. Since then, MSU students have become more apathetic. Nevertheless, there are many student groups focused on poltical change. The largest of the groups is the Associated Students of Michigan State University (ASMSU), which serves as the undergraduate student government. It is known for its unusual nonpartisan bicameral structure, which includes the parallel Student Assembly and Academic Assembly. ASMSU serves as an umbrella group for many other campus organizations, such as the Council of Racial and Ethnic Students and the Council of Progressive Students, (CORES & COPS), which themselves are umbrella groups for such organizations as the Black Student Alliance, the Jewish Student Union, and the Women's Council. Other important campus groups include the Graduate Employees Union (GEU), the Council of Graduate Students (COGS), and the MSU Residence Halls Association (RHA). As on most American university campuses, the College Republicans, the College Democrats, and other third party campus groups are active and influencial. Given MSU's close proximity to the Michigan state capital of Lansing, many politically-inclined MSU students get internships for the state representatives.

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ Top 500 World Universities (2005). Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accessed October 1, 2005.
  2. ^ http://thecenter.ufl.edu/research2004.html The Top American Research Universities (2004)]. TheCenter.
  3. ^ The Top American Research Universities (December 2004). TheCenter.
  4. ^ Michigan Constitution of 1850, Article 13, Section 11
  5. ^ MSU Sesquicentennial Page — Origins of MSU
  6. ^ Michigan State University Newsroom — MSU Facts
  7. ^ MSU Today — March 25, 2005

References

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