The theory of organizational knowledge creation developed by Ikujiro Nonaka and his colleagues (Nonaka 1994; Nonaka et al. 1994; Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995; Nonaka et al. 2000; 2001a; Nonaka & Toyama 2003) originated in studies of information creation in innovating companies (Imai et al. 1985; Nonaka 1988a, 1988b, 1990, 1991b, Nonaka & Yamanouchi 1989; Nonaka & Kenney 1991) and appears to have undergone two phases of development.
Initially a two dimensional theory of knowledge creation was proposed (Nonaka 1994: 16-17; Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995: 57-60). The first, or “epistemological”, dimension is the site of“social interaction” between tacit and explicit knowledge whereby knowledge is converted from one type to another, and new knowledge created (Nonaka et al. 1994: 338; Nonaka 1994: 15).
Four modes of knowledge conversion were identified (Figure 1):
- tacit to tacit(Socialization);
- tacit to explicit (Externalization);
- explicit to explicit (Combination), and
- explicit to tacit (Internalization).
After Internalization the process continues at a new ‘level’,hence the metaphor of a “spiral” of knowledge creation (Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995: 71-2, 89) often referred to as the SECI model.
See also
- [I-Space]