In graph theory, the complement or inverse of a graph G is a graph H on the same vertices such that two vertices of H are adjacent if and only if they are not adjacent in G. That is, to generate the complement of a graph, one fills in all the missing edges required to form a complete graph, and removes all the edges that were previously there. It is not, however, the set complement of the graph; only the edges are complemented.
Formal construction
Let G = (V, E) be a simple graph and let K consist of all 2-element subsets of V. Then H = (V, K \ E) is the complement of G.
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Applications and examples
Several graph-theoretic concepts are related to each other via complement graphs:
- The complement of an edgeless graph is a complete graph and vice versa.
- An independent set in a graph is a clique in the complement graph and vice versa.
- The complement of any triangle-free graph is a claw-free graph.
- A self-complementary graph is a graph that is isomorphic to its own complement.
- Cographs are defined as the graphs that can be built up from disjoint union and complementation operations, and form a self-complementary family of graphs: the complement of any cograph is another (possibly different) cograph.
References
- Bondy, John Adrian; Murty, U. S. R. (1976), Graph Theory with Applications, North-Holland, ISBN 0-444-19451-7, pages 6 and 29.
- Diestel, Reinhard (2005), Graph Theory (3rd ed.), Springer, ISBN 3-540-26182-6. Electronic edition, page 4.