The following table compares general and technical information for popular programming languages. See the individual products' articles for further information.
| Language
|
General model of execution
|
Influences
|
Principal paradigm
|
Typing discipline
|
Introduced
|
Search engine hits[1]
|
Search engine trend[2]
|
| Ada
|
Compilation
|
Algol, Pascal, C++ (Ada 95), Smalltalk (Ada 95)
|
multi-paradigm: concurrent, distributed, generic-programming, imperative, object-oriented
|
static, strong, safe, nominative
|
1983
|
18
|
0
|
| C
|
Compilation
|
Algol, B
|
imperative, flow-driven
|
static, weak
|
1973
|
2
|
-1
|
| C++
|
Compilation
|
C, Simula, Algol 68
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, generic
|
static, weak
|
1980
|
3
|
+1
|
| C#
|
Compilation
|
Java, C++
|
object-oriented
|
dynamic, strong, both safe and unsafe, nominative
|
2000
|
7
|
0
|
| COBOL
|
Compilation
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1959
|
15
|
-1
|
| ColdFusion
|
Compilation
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1995
|
16
|
+9
|
| Common Lisp
|
Compilation
|
Lisp, Smalltalk
|
multi-paradigm: functional, object-oriented
|
dynamic
|
1984
|
14
|
+1
|
| D
|
Compilation
|
C++
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, generic
|
?
|
2000
|
19
|
+8
|
| Delphi
|
Compilation
|
Pascal, Object Pascal
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented
|
static, strong
|
1995
|
10
|
-1
|
| Java
|
Interpretation/JIT compilation/Dynamic compilation
|
C++, Objective-C
|
object-oriented
|
static, strong
|
1996
|
1
|
+1
|
| JavaScript
|
Interpretation
|
C, LiveScript
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, functional
|
dynamic
|
1995
|
9
|
+2
|
| Mathematica
|
Interpretation
|
Lisp
|
Multiple paradigms
|
dynamic, strong
|
1986
|
>50
|
?
|
| Objective-C
|
Compilation/JIT compilation
|
C, Smalltalk
|
object-oriented
|
dynamic, strong
|
1986
|
49
|
?
|
| Perl
|
Interpretation
|
C, shell, awk, sed, Lisp
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented
|
dynamic
|
1987
|
6
|
-3
|
| PHP
|
Interpretation
|
Perl, C
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented
|
dynamic, strong
|
1995
|
4
|
+1
|
| Python
|
Interpretation
|
ABC, Perl
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, functional
|
dynamic (duck), strong
|
1991
|
8
|
0
|
| Ruby
|
Interpretation
|
Smalltalk, Perl
|
multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, functional, concurrent
|
dynamic (duck), strong
|
1995
|
20
|
+10
|
| Scheme
|
Interpretation
|
Lisp, Algol 60
|
functional
|
dynamic
|
1975
|
14
|
+1
|
| Smalltalk
|
JIT compilation
|
Sketchpad, Simula
|
object-oriented
|
dynamic
|
1971
|
35
|
?
|
| Visual Basic
|
Compilation
|
QuickBASIC
|
event-driven
|
static, strong
|
1991
|
5
|
+1
|
| Visual Basic .NET
|
JIT compilation
|
Visual Basic
|
object-oriented, event-driven
|
static, strong
|
2001
|
17
|
+11
|
- ^ From the first column of the May, 2006 TIOBE Programming Community Index. Languages are ranked sequentially from most web hits to least web hits based on search engine results. Google, MSN, and Yahoo are used to calculate the rank. In determining popularity of a language, the language may include or exclude certain dialects or other languages. See what's included or excluded in the Exceptions and inclusions chart below.
- ^ From the Delta in Position column of the May, 2006 TIOBE Programming Community Index. This number indicates the language's change in search engine hits over the last year. In determining the hit trend for a language, the language may include or exclude certain dialects or other languages. See what's included or excluded in the Exceptions and inclusions chart below.
Exceptions and inclusions
Exceptions and inclusions used in determining popularity and usage trend
| Language
|
Exceptions/Inclusions
|
| Awk
|
Included: awk, gawk, mawk, nawk
|
| C#
|
Included: C#, C-Sharp, C Sharp
|
| ColdFusion
|
Included: ColdFusion, Cold Fusion, CFMX, CFML
|
| D
|
Exception: "3-D Programming"
|
| Delphi/Kylix
|
Included: Delphi, Kylix
|
| IDL
|
Exception: "corba"
|
| Lisp/Scheme
|
Included: Lisp, Scheme
|
| Python
|
Included: Python, Jython, IronPython (Jan Persson)
|
| T-SQL
|
Included: T-SQL, Transact-SQL
|
| Tcl/Tk
|
Included: Tcl/Tk, Tcl, Tk
|
| VB.NET
|
Included: VB.NET, Visual Basic.NET, Visual Basic .NET, Visual Basic 2005, VB 2005
|
| Visual FoxPro
|
Included: FoxPro, Fox Pro, VFP
|
