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Prince of Wales Island is one of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago in the Alaska Panhandle. It is the fourth-largest island in the United States (after Hawaii, Kodiak Island, and Puerto Rico) and the 97th-largest island in the world.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)&oldid=764325199 の抄訳)
プリンスオブウェールズ島 (Prince of Wales Island)は、
アメリカ合衆国アラスカ州のアラスカ・パンハンドル(太平洋沿岸を南東へ取っ手のように領土が伸びている地域)にある アレキサンダー諸島の島のひとつ。 アメリカ合衆国領の島のなかで4番目に大きな島である。
| Prince of Wales | |
| Prince of Wales Archipelago | |
| Island | |
 Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)
| |
| Country | United States |
|---|---|
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | The Unorganized Borough |
| Census Area | Prince of Wales-Hyder (CA) |
| 近隣 | Ketchikan Gateway |
| 標高 | 0m (0ft) [1] |
| 最高地 | |
| - 所在地 | Neversummer ridge(Alaska) |
| - 標高 | 3,996ft (1,218m) |
| 最低地 | |
| - 標高 | 0ft (0m) |
| 長さ | 135mi (217km) |
| 幅 | 45mi (72km) |
| 面積 | 2,577 sq mi (6,674 km²) |
| 等時間 | AKST (UTC-9) |
| - 夏時間(DST) | AKDT (UTC-8) |
| ZIP code | 99901 ... 99950 |
| Area code | +1 907 |
| USGS GNIS | 1424651 |
| 地形図 | USGS Alaska |
| [1] | |
Geography and ecology 地理・自然環境
The island is 135マイル (217 km) long, 45マイル (72 km) wide and has an area of 2,577 sq mi (6,674 km2), about 1/10 the size of Ireland and slightly larger than the state of Delaware. Approximately 4,000 people live on the island.
島は長さ135マイル (217 km)、幅45マイル (72 km)、面積2,577 sq mi (6,674 km2)でアメリカ合衆国のデラウェア州より少し大きいその島におよそ4000人の人が住んでいる。
Craig is the largest community; founded as a saltery in the early 20th century, it has a population of 1,000. Some 750 people live in Klawock, a long-established village that grew with the fishing industry. Hollis was a boom and bust mining town from 1900 to about 1915. Abandoned, it was re-established as a logging camp in the '50s. It now has a population of 100 and is the ___location of the ferry terminal.[2]
最大の街は20世紀初頭に魚の塩漬け加工業の関係者によって拓かれたクレイグで人口およそ1000人。 他に漁業で栄えた歴史ある街のクラウォック(人口約750人)や、 1900年からおよそ1915年にかけて鉱山のブームにより作られたものの放棄された街を1950年代に丸太小屋集落として再建した街であるホリス(人口約100人)がある。
Mountain peaks, all but the tallest of which were buried by Pleistocene glaciation, reach over 3,000フィート (914 m). Fjords, steep-sided mountains, and dense forests characterize the island. Extensive tracts of limestone include karst features such as El Capitan Pit, at 598.3フィート (182.4 m), possibly the deepest vertical shaft in the United States.
山脈の山々の標高は、更新世氷河作用の影響を受けつつも3,000フィート (914 m)を超えている。 フィヨルド、急斜面の山、深い森がこの島を特徴づけている。広大な石灰岩の洞窟があり、エル・キャピタン・ピットと呼ばれている[[2]]は深さ598.3フィート (182.4 m)で、アメリカ合衆国で一番深いドリーネの可能性がある。
Moist, maritime conditions dominate the weather.
海況により発生する霧が、この島の天候に大きな影響を与えている。
The Tongass National Forest covers most of the island. Within the forest and on the island are the Karta River Wilderness and the South Prince of Wales Wilderness. Many of its wildlife, such as the Prince of Wales flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons), are found nowhere else.[3]
島のほとんどがトンガス国有林に指定されている。 島には国立原生自然保全制度により指定されているカラ川原生地域と南プリンスオブウェールズ原生地域の二つの原生地域がある。
The island is in the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area.
この島は★★★センサスエリアである。
History
Prince of Wales Island is the homeland of the Kaigani Haida people. Kaigani is a mispronunciation of the Tlingit word x'aax' aani which translates to "crabapple country".[要出典] The Tlingit name for the island is Taan, meaning "sea lion". The island is traditional Tlingit territory with the Haida moving into the area in the late 18th century and the abandoned Haida villages actually being Tlingit in name.[要出典]
In 1741, Aleksei Chirikov, commanding a ship on Vitus Bering's second voyage of exploration out of Kamchatka, made the first European landfall on the northwest coast of North America at Baker Island on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island while out to sea without stopping. It was not until 1774 that Juan Pérez[4] led a Spanish expedition sailing in a 39-foot boat from La Paz, Mexico reached Sumez Island off of Prince of Wales' west coast. A British expedition in 1779, under Captain James Cook, passed Prince of Wales Island. Comte de La Perouse led a French expedition to the area in 1786.[5] Karta Bay is the site of the first salmon saltery in Alaska.[6]
Mining of gold, copper, and other metals on the island began in the late 19th century. Gold production came from underground lode mines exploiting: gold-bearing quartz veins in metamorphic rocks (such as the Gold Standard, Sea Level, Dawson, Golden Fleece and Goldstream mines); skarns (at the Jumbo and Kassan Peninsula copper-gold mines); zoned mafic-ultramafic plutons, as at the Salt Chuck silver-gold-copper-PGE mine; and VMS deposits such as Niblack. Uranium was mined at Bokan Mountain in the 1950s and 1970s.[7][8]
19世紀終わりには銅や金などの金属鉱業が起こり、1950から1970年代にかけてはBokan Mountainでウランが採掘された。
Economy
Logging
Historically, logging was the mainstay of the collective Prince of Wales economy; however, the recent decline in the industry leaves only a few small-scale sawmills operating. In 1975, the Point Baker Association and others sued the United States Forest Service to prevent logging 400,000エーカー (160,000ヘクタール) on the northern portion of the island., Zieske v. Butz, 406 F. Supp. 258, (1976)
In December 1975, Judge von der Heydt issued a ruling enjoining all clearcutting on the 400,000エーカー (161,874 ha) on Northern Prince of Wales Island west of a line from the west side of Red Bay to the easternmost point of Calder Bay. In March 1976, the United States Congress responded to the suit by passing the National Forest Management Act, which removed the injunction. Still, only half of the marketable timber was cut on the north end of the island.[9]
Road construction and logging on the north end of the island at Labouchere Bay commenced early in 1975. Living on a floating camp, employees of Robertson & Sons began cutting trees, clearing stumps, and blasting rock in order to build pads for mobile trailers for both the road construction and logging families. The camps were ready in early June for Robertson employees to bring in their families. Under the supervision of the US Forest Service, logging began in 1976.[要出典]
In 2010, Senators Lisa Murkowski and Mark Begich introduced S730 to privatize stands of old growth forests on the island.[10]
Tourism 観光
Tourism, including sport fishing, is an important part in Prince of Wales' economy. Two factors led to the increase of tourism on the island. One was, easier accessibility because of the roads built for the logging companies years ago. The second was the new Inter-Island Ferry Authority.
スポーツ・フィッシングなどの観光事業はこの島の経済の一部を支える重要な事業である。 フェリー会社による島へのアクセスルートの整備と林業事業者による林道整備による島内の移動手段の整備が観光客の増大につながった。
Fishing
Commercial fishing provides the foundation of the economy for numerous towns on the island including Craig, Klawock, Hydaburg, Port Protection and Point Baker. During the summer, trollers and seiners both fish for all five species of Pacific salmon. Longliners bring up halibut and black cod. Dungeness crab and shrimp seasons are open throughout the year. During the winter there are dive fisheries for geoducks, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins.
漁業は島の各地の経済の基盤である。
夏の間はトロール漁や地引き網でサケを捕獲し、延縄漁(はえなわりょう)ではオヒョウやアブラボウズの捕獲。 [[アメリカイチョウガニ]やエビの漁は一年中行われている。 冬にはアメリカナミガイやナマコ、ウニの潜水漁が行われている。
Government 行政
Since Prince of Wales Island is almost entirely made up of federal land, the two ranger districts (Craig and Thorne Bay) on the island provide employment for a number of residents..
この島のほとんどの地域は連邦政府の所有地であり、特にクレイグとトーンベイの二つの森林管理地域は住民に多くの雇用を提供している。
Mining 鉱業
Mineral exploration continues at many projects on Prince of Wales Island. The only producing uranium mine in the entire state of Alaska was located on the island, the Ross-Adams mine in Kendrick Bay. Current remediation projects have been reported in local media, and continued exploration of rare earth metals continue in the region. Bokan Mountain has been rated by the Technology Metals report as a ___location (tied with Canada's Strange Lake) containing the third highest of "relative" quantity of individual critical rare earth oxides, a way of comparing rare earth mine reserves.[11] In 2012 the Pentagon issued a contract to perform a mineralogical and metallurgical study of the mountain.[12][13] The "The Bokan – Dotson ridge REE"[14] rare earth deposit on Bokan Mountain owned by Ucore is estimated to hold 5.3 million tons of heavy rare earths with 207,000 tons dysprosium. It is a small deposit on a global basis but the largest in the United States. The mine is on a fast track to commence operations in 2017.[15] Ucore Rare Metals Inc. paid about $1 million for a 9,421 acre claim to the family of a prospector who held uranium claims for many years on Bokan Mountain.[13]
鉱物資源の探査活動は島の各地で継続している。
アラスカ州における唯一のウラン鉱山がこの島のケンドリック湾にあったロス・アダムス鉱山であった。 現在は鉱山の修復計画が続いていることが地元メディアによって報じられている。また、レア・アースメタルの探査活動が引き続き行われている。
島南部のBokan Mountain鉱区は、アメリカ合衆国では最大のジスプロシウムを始めとするレア・アースメタルの相当量の埋蔵が推定され、採掘が予定されている。
Transportation
Roads 道路
A 2,500 mile road system, which taxpayers paid for in credits to logging contractors, was built on the island.[16] However, many of these roads are now being decommissioned as unnecessary in the post-clearcutting era. Only a small percentage of this road system is paved, currently no further than Naukati. The gravel roads cost between 150,000 and 500,000 per mile in today's dollars. Point Baker and Port Protection chose in 1974 not to be connected to the road system.[17]
There is now a newly designated state "scenic highway" - the 500-kilometer (310 mi) Prince of Wales Island road system. The highway reaches almost every community on Prince of Wales.
以前は、納税者の融資を原資として林業業者によって開かれたおよそ2,500マイル (4,000 km)の道路があったが、伐採の終了とともにそのほとんどは役目を終え打ち捨てられた。 現在でも道路の内、ほんの一部しか舗装されていない。舗装や維持には多額の費用を要し、1974年には島北部のポイント・ベイカーやポート・プロテクション地区は地区の道路を島全体の道路システムに接続することを断念していた。 現在では州によって新しく計画された500kmに及ぶ道路が島のほとんどの集落を結んでいる。
Cargo 物流
A few companies provide scheduled barge service from Pacific coast ports to southeastern Alaskan ports, including those on Prince of Wales island (primarily Craig).
いくつかの企業が、太平洋湾岸の港からこの島を含む南東のアラスカ各地の港に対する、はしけによる定期的な物流サービスを行っている。プリンスオブウェールズ島における主要港はクレイグである。
Public ferry
Alaska Marine Highway System
Historically, the Alaska Marine Highway (AMHS) intermittently served the port of Hollis, until the Inter-Island Ferry Authority began regular scheduled service.
Inter-Island Ferry Authority
The Inter-Island Ferry Authority (IFA) provides daily service on a three-hour, 36-mile route between Prince of Wales Island and Ketchikan. It ferries more than 50,000 passengers and 12,000 vehicles between Hollis and Ketchikan annually.
インターアイランド・フェリーオーソリティー(FIA)がケチカンと島を3時間(36マイル)で結んでいる。 年間5万人以上の人と1万2000台の乗り物が運ばれている。
The system is more than a form of transportation - it is an economic engine for southern Southeast Alaska, generating jobs, commerce, and tourism - while also increasing community well-being. In 2015, the IFA brought 3,000 tourists to Prince of Wales Island, where they spent more than $10 million on hotels, fishing expeditions, and dining - generating hundreds of summer jobs across the island. It provides a means for the seafood industry to move millions of pounds of high-quality, high-value fresh and live seafood to market, creating hundreds more jobs. It provides access to health care for a thousand island residents who use Ketchikan's medical services without the cost, inconvenience, or weather-related delays of flying. It shuttles workers to their jobs. It reinforces Ketchikan's status as the regional economic hub, as Prince of Wales residents spent more than $14 million there in 2015 on groceries, goods, services, and medical care. The Inter-Island Ferry allows for cultural and social commerce as well. Students, tribal members, and other residents use the system to participate in basketball games, totem pole raisings, trainings, college fairs, celebrations, and funerals. There were 3,100 student trips last year. This allowed students from 13 different Alaska school districts the opportunity to challenge themselves and interact with their peers. It connects residents to family, friends, and recreation. The ferry is a critical piece of a more extensive transportation network. It provides transportation security on days when the skies are rough, and access to transportation to those who cannot afford alternative means. Nearly a quarter of the ridership last year were senior citizens and young children, who have saved a combined $17 million over the cost of flying since the system began in 2002. Its reliable arrivals and departures - so precise that people are said to set their watches by it - have enabled organizations to build their business models around this daily transportation connection. The result of the IFA's efficient operations is farebox revenue that covers a full 85% of the ferry's operational costs, a significant rate in the world of public transportation. The word businesses and residents most frequently use to describe the ferry service is "invaluable." While there are many intrinsic values of the system that cannot be measured, an analysis of the ferry's economic impact in the seafood, healthcare, visitor, transportation, and retail sectors shows an impressive $52.2 million combined impact in Ketchikan and Prince of Wales in 2015.[18]
Airports 飛行場
Klawock Airport (IATA: KLW, ICAO: PAKW, FAA LID: AKW) is the only airport on Prince of Wales island. Four commercial airlines in Ketchikan provide scheduled service to Prince of Wales island. Air taxi or chartered flights are also available from them and other airlines.
クレイグ空港(IATA: KLW, ICAO: PAKW, FAA LID: AKW)が島唯一の飛行場である。他に水上飛行機の基地が数か所ある。ケチカンの商用航空会社4社が島との間に定期便を就航させている。
Seaplane bases
| FAA | IATA | ICAO | Seaplane Base [19] |
|---|---|---|---|
| KCC | Coffman Cove | ||
| CGA | Craig | ||
| HYL | Hollis | ||
| HYG | PAHY | Hydaburg | |
| KXA | Kasaan | ||
| AQC | PAQC | Klawock | |
| KPB | Point Baker | ||
| 19P | Port Protection | ||
| KTB | Thorne Bay | ||
| KWF | Waterfall |
Scheduled airlines
| Airline | Hub(s) | Prince of Wales Island Airports |
|---|---|---|
| Island Air Express | Klawock | Ketchikan Daily Scheduled Service from Klawock to Ketchikan [20] |
| Pacific Airways, Inc | Ketchikan | Craig, Hollis, Klawock, Thorne Bay [21] |
| Taquan Air | Ketchikan | Coffman Cove, Craig, Edna Bay, Hollis, Hydaburg, Naukati Bay, Point Baker, Port Protection, Thorne Bay, Whale Pass [22] |
Communities
Notable ex-residents
- Holly Madison, American model and Hugh Hefner's former girlfriend.
- Elisabeth and Roy Peratrovich, early Alaskan civil rights advocates, heavily involved in passage of Alaska's Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945, first civil rights law in the U.S. Elizabeth Peratrovich Day is Alaska's equivalent of Martin Luther King Day.
See also
- On Your Knees Cave (Shuká Káa)
References
- ^ a b “Prince of Wales Island”. Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ “Tongass National”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ Bidlack, Allison L.; Cook, Joseph A. (2001). Reduced genetic variation in insular northern flying squirrels(Glaucomys sabrinus) along the North Pacific Coast. The Zoological Society of London. pp. 283–290. doi:10.1017/S1367943001008885.
- ^ [1]
- ^ “Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast”. Harriman: History of Exploration. pbs.org (2011年). 2011年7月14日閲覧。
- ^ United States. Census Office (1893). Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census, 1890 (Public ___domain ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 30–
- ^ http://ardf.wr.usgs.gov/ardf_data/DixonEntrance.pdf
- ^ http://www.ucoreuranium.com/bokan.asp
- ^ US Forest Service 1989-94 EIS for Ketchikan Pulp Company.
- ^ Berry-Frick, Anissa (2010年3月25日). “Murkowski should try harder to listen”. Juneau Empire (Juneau, Alaska) 2011年7月14日閲覧。
- ^ Areddy, James T. (2011年8月17日). “A Timeline For Eroding China's Rare Earth e reserves. Chokehold”. Wall Street Journal 2011年8月17日閲覧。
- ^ "US Department of Defense Contracts With Ucore for Metallurgical & SPE Studies."
- ^ a b Daniel Grushkin (2011年10月27日). “Alaska's Billion Dollar Mountain”. Bloomberg Business Week Magazine 2013年7月9日閲覧。
- ^ “Rare Earths”. Ucore. 2013年7月9日閲覧。 “The Bokan – Dotson ridge REE project”
- ^ Steve Fisher (2013年7月8日). “In Alaska, Rare Earth Discovery Pits Jobs Against Environment”. New American Media 2013年7月9日閲覧。
- ^ 1989-94 USFS EIS for Ketchikan Pulp Company.
- ^ Correspondence of the Attorney General of Alaska to the USFS 1974-1975 and 1974 Final USFS EIS.
- ^ http://www.interislandferry.com/
- ^ “Location Identifiers”. Federal Aviation Administration. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “Island Air Express”. Island Air Express. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “Pacific Airways, Inc”. Pacific Airways, Inc. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ “Taquan Air”. Taquan Air. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
