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L'Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America fa parte del Dipartimento del Commercio degli Stati Uniti d'America

Il Censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America è un censimento decennale mandato dall'articolo I, sezione 2 della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America che afferma:

(inglese)
«Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States... according to their respective Numbers.... The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years.»
(italiano)
«I rappresentanti saranno ripartiti fra i diversi Stati che facciano parte dell'Unione in rapporto al numero rispettivo degli abitanti, da computarsi aggiungendo al totale delle persone libere.... Il censimento dovrà essere fatto entro tre anni dal 1º Congresso degli Stati Uniti d'America, e successivamente, ogni dieci anni.»

([1][2])

L'Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America (ufficialmente Bureau of the Census, come definito nel Titolo 13 U.S.C. § 11) è responsabile del censimento degli Stati Uniti.

Il primo censimento dopo la Guerra d'indipendenza americana è stato fatto nel 1790, sotto il Segretario di Stato Thomas Jefferson; ci sono stati 22 censimenti federali da quel momento[2]. Il censimento nazionale corrente si è tenuto nel 2010 ed il prossimo censimento è previsto per il 2020 e gran parte di essa sarà fatto utilizzando Internet[3]. Per anni, durante i censimenti decennali, L'Ufficio del censimento degli Stati Uniti d'America effettua delle stime utilizzando indagini e modelli statistici, in particolare, l'American Community Survey.

Il Titolo 13 del Codice degli Stati Uniti controlla come il censimento viene condotto e come i suoi dati viene gestito. L'informazione è riservata come da 13 U.S.C. § 9. Rifiutarsi o non rispondere al censimento è punibile con multe di $100, un agente immobiliare o di lavoro che non fornise i nomi corretti per il censimento è punibile con multe di $500, ed un agente di affari che fornisce risposte false per il censimento è punibile con multe di $10.000, ai sensi de U.S.C. § 221 - 224.

Il censimento degli Stati Uniti è un censimento della popolazione, e si distingue dal censimento statunitense dell'Agricoltura che non è più di competenza del Ufficio del censimento. È anche distinto da censimenti locali condotti da alcuni Stati o giurisdizioni locali.

Procedure

 
Trascrizione dei dati del censimento utilizzando una macchina tabulatrice, circa 1940
 
Questa foto pubblicitaria del censimento del 1940 mostra un censitore a Fairbanks, in Alaska. Il cane musher rimane fuori portata d'orecchio per mantenere la riservatezza

Il censimento decennale degli Stati Uniti si basa sul conteggio effettivo delle persone che abitano in strutture residenziali degli Stati Uniti. Essi comprendono i cittadini, residenti legali non cittadini, i visitatori non cittadini che vi risiedono e clandestini. L'Ufficio del censimento basa la sua decisione su chi contare sul concetto di residenza abituale. La residenza abituale è un principio stabilito dalla legge del censimento del 1790, è definito come il luogo in cui una persona vive e dorme la maggior parte del tempo. L'ufficio del censimento utilizza procedure speciali per assicurare che coloro che sono senza custodia convenzionale vengano contati; Tuttavia, i dati di queste operazioni non vengono considerati accurati come i dati ottenuti dalle procedure tradizionali[4].

Il censimento utilizza anche l'imputazione assegnare i dati alle unità abitative dove lo stato di occupazione è sconosciuto. Questa pratica ha effetti in molti settori, ma viene considerata controversa[5]. Tuttavia, la pratica era governata costituzionalmente dalla Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America in Utah v. Evans.

I cittadini statunitensi che vivono all'estero sono specificamente esclusi dato che possono essere conteggiati nel censimento anche se possono votare. Solo gli americani residenti all'estero che sono "dipendenti federali (militari e civili) insieme ai loro familiari a carico che vivono all'estero con loro" sono contati. "I cittadini statunitensi privi di residenza all'estero che non sono affiliati con il governo federale (sia come dipendenti o persone a loro carico) non saranno inclusi nei conti esteri. Questi conteggi d'oltremare vengono utilizzati esclusivamente per la ripartizione dei seggi alla Camera dei Rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti d'America[6]."

Negli ultimi censimenti degli Stati Uniti, la giornata dedicata al censimento è stata il 1 aprile[7].Tuttavia, in precedenza avveniva nel mese di agosto, secondo le istruzioni date all'United States Marshals Service: "Tutte le domande si riferiscono al giorno in cui avviene l'enumerazione, il primo Lunedi nel mese di agosto. tuo assistenza sarà presente capire che sono da inserire in. I suoi assistenti potranno in tal modo capire che sono da inserire nelle loro dichiarazioni tutte le persone appartenenti alla famiglia nel primo Lunedi nel mese di agosto, anche coloro che possono essere decedutoi nel momento in cui prendono il conto; e, d'altra parte, che essi non devono includervi bambini nati dopo quel giorno[8]."

Controversie

Le minoranze hanno più probabilità, statisticamente, di essere sottostimate. Ad esempio, l'Uifficio del censimento stima che nel 1970 oltre il sei per cento dei neri sono stati contati, mentre solo circa il due per cento dei bianchi sono stati contati. I democratici spesso sostengono che le tecniche di campionamento moderne debbano essere utilizzate in modo tale che possano essere dedotti i dati più precisi e completi. I repubblicani spesso sono contro tali tecniche di campionamento, dichiarando che la Costituzione degli Stati Uniti richiede un "conteggio vero e proprio" per la ripartizione dei seggi della Camera, e che la nomina politica tenterebbe di manipolare le formule di campionamento[9].

Gruppi come la Prison Policy Initiative affermano che la pratica del censimento di contare i prigionieri come residenti di carceri, non i loro indirizzi pre-incarcerazione, porta a informazioni fuorvianti sui dati demografici razziali e sui numeri della popolazione[10].

Nel 2010 Jaime Grant, allora direttore del National Gay and Lesbian Task Force's Policy Institute, pensa all'idea di un adesivo rosa brillante per le persone omosessuali sulla loro busta del censimento che permetteva loro di selezionare una casella di queste caselle: "lesbiche, gay, bisessuali, transessuali", con il loro gruppo chiamato "queering the census[11]." Although the sticker was unofficial and the results were not added to the census, she and others hope the 2020 census will include such statistics.[11]

In 2015 Laverne Cox called for transgender people to be counted in the census.[12]

History

Censuses had been taken prior to the Constitution's ratification; in the early 17th century, a census was taken in Virginia, and people were counted in nearly all of the British colonies that became the United States.

Throughout the years, the country's needs and interests became more complex. This meant that statistics were needed to help people understand what was happening and have a basis for planning. The content of the decennial census changed accordingly. In 1810, the first inquiry on manufactures, quantity and value of products occurred; in 1840, inquiries on fisheries were added; and in 1850, the census included inquiries on social issues, such as taxation, churches, pauperism, and crime. The censuses also spread geographically, to new states and territories added to the Union, as well as to other areas under U.S. sovereignty or jurisdiction. There were so many more inquiries of all kinds in the census of 1880 that almost a full decade was needed to publish all the results. In response to this, the census was mechanized in 1890, with tabulating machines made by Herman Hollerith. This reduced the processing time to two and a half years.[13]

For the first six censuses (1790–1840), enumerators recorded only the names of the heads of household and a general demographic accounting of the remaining members of the household. Beginning in 1850, all members of the household were named on the census. The first slave schedules were also completed in 1850, with the second (and last) in 1860. Censuses of the late 19th century also included agricultural and industrial schedules to gauge the productivity of the nation's economy. Mortality schedules (taken between 1850 and 1880) captured a snapshot of life spans and causes of death throughout the country.

The first nine censuses (1790–1870) were not managed by the Executive branch, but by the Judicial branch. The United States federal court districts assigned U.S. marshals, who hired assistant marshals to conduct the actual enumeration. The census enumerators were typically from the village or neighbourhood and often knew the residents. Before enabling self-identification on the censuses, the US Census Bureau relied on local people to have some knowledge of residents. Racial classification was made by the census enumerator in these decades, rather than by the individual.

Num Year Date Taken Population Notes
1 1790 August 2, 1790 3,929,326
2 1800 August 4, 1800 5,308,483
3 1810 August 6, 1810 7,239,881
4 1820 August 7, 1820 9,638,453
5 1830 June 1, 1830 12,866,020
6 1840 June 1, 1840 17,069,453 The census estimated the population of the United States at 17,100,000. The results were tabulated by 28 clerks in the Bureau of the Census.
7 1850 June 1, 1850 23,191,876 The 1850 census was a landmark year in American census-taking. It was the first year in which the census bureau attempted to record every member of every household, including women, children and slaves. Accordingly, the first slave schedules were produced in 1850. Prior to 1850, census records had only recorded the name of the head of the household and tabulated the other household members within given age groups.
8 1860 June 1, 1860 31,443,321 The results were tabulated by 184 clerks in the Bureau of the Census.
This was the first census where the American Indians officially were counted, but only those who had 'renounced tribal rules'. The figure for the nation was 40,000.
9 1870 June 1, 1870 39,818,449
10 1880 June 1, 1880 50,189,209 This was the first census that permitted women to be enumerators.
11 1890 June 2, 1890
[Nota 1] 		62,947,714 Because it was believed that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed, the tracking of westward migration was not tabulated in the 1890 census.[14] This trend prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his milestone Frontier Thesis.

The 1890 census was the first to be compiled using the new tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith. The net effect of the many changes from the 1880 census (the larger population, the number of data items to be collected, the Census Bureau headcount, the volume of scheduled publications, and the use of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators) was to reduce the time required to fully process the census from eight years for the 1880 census to six years for the 1890 census.[15] The total population, of 62,947,714, was announced after only six weeks of processing (punched cards were not used for this family, or rough, count).[16][17] The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was widely believed that the "right answer" was at least 75,000,000.[18]
This census is also notable for the fact it is one of only three for which the original data is no longer available. Almost all the population schedules were destroyed following a fire in 1921.

12 1900 June 1, 1900 76,212,168
13 1910 April 15, 1910 92,228,496
14 1920 January 1, 1920 106,021,537 This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 100 million.
15 1930 April 1, 1930
[Nota 2] 		122,775,046
16 1940 April 1, 1940 132,164,569 This is the most recent Census where individuals' data has now been released to the public (by the 72-year rule).
17 1950 April 1, 1950 150,697,361 Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2022.
18 1960 April 1, 1960 179,323,175 Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2032.
19 1970 April 1, 1970 203,302,031 This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 200 million. Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2042.
20 1980 April 1, 1980 226,545,805 Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2052.
21 1990 April 1, 1990 248,709,873 Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2062.
22 2000 April 1, 2000 281,421,906 Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2072.
23 2010 April 1, 2010 308,745,538 For the first time since 1940, the 2010 Census is a short-form-only census, as the decennial long form has been replaced by the American Community Survey.
This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 300 million. Because of the 72-year rule, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2082.
 
Census regional marketing logo in Minnesota.

Respondent confidentiality

The principal purpose of the census is to divide the house seats by population. In addition, collected data is used in aggregate for statistical purposes.[19] Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of such general statistics. The confidentiality of these replies is very important. By law, no oneTemplate:Mdash neither the census takers nor any other Census Bureau employeeTemplate:Mdash is permitted to reveal identifiable information about any person, household, or business. Without such protections, those living illegally in the United States or hiding from the government would be deterred from submitting census data.

By law (92 Stat. 915, Public Law 95-416, enacted on October 5, 1978), individual census records are sealed for 72 years,[20] a number chosen in 1952[21] as slightly higher than the average female life expectancy, 71.6.[22] The individual census data most recently released to the public is the 1940 census, released on April 2, 2012. Aggregate census data are released when available.

Historical FBI use of data

Under the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), using primarily census records, compiled (1939–1941) the Custodial Detention Index ("CDI") on citizens, enemy aliens, and foreign nationals, who might be dangerous. The Second War Powers Act of 1941 repealed the legal protection of confidential census data, which was not restored until 1947. This information facilitated the internment of Japanese-Americans, following the Japanese attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the internment of Italian- and German-Americans following the United States' entry into World War II.[23][24]

In 1980, four FBI agents went to the Census Bureau's Colorado Springs office with warrants to seize Census documents, but were forced to leave with nothing. Courts upheld that no agency, including the FBI, has access to Census data.[25]

Data analysis

The census records and data specific to individual respondents are not available to the public until 72 years after a given census was taken, but aggregate statistical data derived from the census are released as soon as they are available. Every census up to and including 1940 is currently available to the public and can be viewed on microfilm released by the National Archives and Records Administration, the official keeper of archived federal census records. Complete online census records can be accessed for no cost from National Archives facilities and many libraries,[26] and a growing portion of the census is freely available from non-commercial online sources.[27][28][29]

Census microdata for research purposes are available for censuses from 1850 forward through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), and scanned copies of each of the decennial census questionnaires are available online from many websites. Computerized aggregate data describing the characteristics of small geographic areas for the entire period from 1790 to 2010 are available from the National Historical Geographic Information System.

Regions and divisions

 
US Census Bureau Population Regions

The bureau recognizes four census regions within the United States and further organizes them into nine divisions. These regions are groupings of states that subdivide the United States for the presentation of data. They should not be construed as necessarily being thus grouped owing to any geographical, historical, or cultural bonds.

US Census Regions
Region 1: Northeast Region 2: Midwest Region 3: South Region 4: West

See also

Note

  1. ^ Taken one day late because June 1 was a Sunday.
  2. ^ In the Alaska Territory, census-taking began on October 1, 1929.

Riferimenti

  1. ^ Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America
  2. ^ a b (EN) Decennial Census - History - U.S. Census Bureau, su census.gov.
  3. ^ (EN) Carol Morello, 2020 Census will be done by Internet, 28 marzo 2013.
  4. ^ (EN) Annetta Smith e Denise Smith, U.S Census Bureau Census Special Reports Series CENSR/01-2, US GPO, 2001.
  5. ^ (EN) Meng Xiao-Li, Multiple-Imputation Inferences with Uncongenial Sources of Input, in Statistical Science, vol. 9, n. 4, 1994, pp. 538-558.
  6. ^ (EN) Question and Answer Center, su ask.census.gov, US Census Bureau.
  7. ^ (EN) Britta Arendt, Census Day has passed - still time to be counted, Grand Rapids Herald-Review, 3 aprile 2010.
  8. ^ (EN) Instructions for the 1820 US census, su upperstjohn.com, The Upper St. John River Valley.
  9. ^ (EN) Michael Teitelbaum e Jay Winter, Why People Fight So Much About the Census, in The Washington Post, 30 agosto 1998.
  10. ^ (EN) The Problem, su prisonersofthecensus.org, Prisoners of the Census, 26 settembre 2005.
  11. ^ a b (EN) 'Queering the census' movement aims to get single gays counted, su nydailynews.com, NY Daily News.
  12. ^ Mic, Laverne Cox Calls for Transgender People to Be Counted Differently in Census Reporting, su mic.com, Mic. URL consultato il 29 settembre 2015.
  13. ^ Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, "Computer a History of the Information Machine - Second Edition", Westview Press, pages 14-19 2004
  14. ^ "Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1", Bureau of the Census, 1895, xviii-xxxiv.
  15. ^ Report of the Commissioner of Labor In Charge of The Eleventh Census to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1895, Washington, DC, United States Government Publishing Office, July 29, 1895. URL consultato il November 13, 2015. Page 9: "You may confidently look for the rapid reduction of the force of this office after the 1st of October, and the entire cessation of clerical work during the present calendar year. ... The condition of the work of the Census Division and the condition of the final reports show clearly that the work of the Eleventh Census will be completed at least two years earlier than was the work of the Tenth Census." — Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor in Charge
  16. ^ Population and Area (Historical Censuses) (PDF), su www2.census.gov, United States Census Bureau.
  17. ^ Truesdell, Leon E. (1965) The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940, US GPO, p.61
  18. ^ Austrian, Geoffrey D. (1982) Herman Hollerith - Forgotten Giant of Information Processing, Columbia, pp.85-86
  19. ^ What is the purpose of the Census? What is the data used for?, su thisnation.com.
  20. ^ The "72-Year Rule", su census.gov, U.S. Census Bureau.
  21. ^ The 1940 Census: 72-Year-Old Secrets Revealed, su npr.org.
  22. ^ Life expectancy in the USA, 1900-98, su demog.berkeley.edu.
  23. ^ JR Minkel, Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II, su sciam.com, Scientific American, 30 marzo 2007. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2009.
  24. ^ Haya El Nasser, Papers show Census role in WWII camps, USA Today, 30 marzo 2007. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2009.
  25. ^ Mary Boyle, Springs once tested Census' confidentiality, The Gazette (Colorado Springs), March 24, 2000.
  26. ^ National Archives and Records Administration, How can I search the Census Records?, su archives.gov. URL consultato il December 13, 2008.
  27. ^ Discover your Ancestors, su pilot.familysearch.org.
  28. ^ The USGenWeb Free Census Project, su usgwcensus.org. URL consultato il 24 marzo 2010.
  29. ^ The USGenWeb Census Project, su us-census.org. URL consultato il 24 marzo 2010.

Further reading


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