Razza (categorizzazione umana)

Razza è un costrutto sociale, un gruppo di persone che presentano medesime e distinte caratteristiche fisiche.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} Il primo utilizzo attestato del termine nel linguaggio comune risale al XVII secolo quando essa iniziò ad essere utilizzato come fenotipo nei trattati. Il termine venne utilizzato in senso biologico e tassonomico,^[7] a partire dal XIX secolo per denotare le differenze genetiche nella popolazione umana, definibile appunto per fenotipi.^[8][9]

Il concetto sociale di gruppi razziali sono variate nel corso del tempo, coinvolgendo anche una forma di tassonomia popolare^[10] che definisce dei tipi essenziali degli individui basati sui tratti percepibili. Gli scienziati considerano oggi l'essenzialismo biologico come ormai superato,^[11] e generalmente scoraggiano le spiegazioni razziali per differenziazioni collettive sia per tratti fisici che comportamentali.^{[12][13][14][15][16]}

Sebbene vi sia un accordo scientifico ormai internazionale sul fatto che le concettualizzazioni di razza non siano da considerare come valide, alcuni scienziato hanno oggi recuperato in maniera molto mutata tale concetto.^[17] Nel caso dell'uomo^[12] or simplistic way,^[18]Template:Page needed si è suggerito di recente che il concetto di razza non abbia un significato tassonomico, dal momento che essa raduna in sé semplicemente tutti gli individuo appartenenti alla specie Homo Sapiens ed alla sua sottospecie Homo sapiens sapiens.^[19][20]

Dalla seconda metà del XX secolo, l'associazione del concetto di razza con le ideologie sorte dal lavoro degli antropologi del XIX secolo ha portato ad una problematicità nell'uso del termine razza. Pur continuando ad essere utilizzato in contesti generali, la parola razza viene oggi infatti spesso rimpiazzata con altre parole meno ambigue come popolazione, popolo, etnia o comunità a seconda del contesto.^[7][21]

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Further reading

• Genetic variation, classification and 'race', in Nat. Genet., vol. 36, 11 Suppl, November 2004, pp. S28–33, DOI:10.1038/ng1435.
• Audrey Smedley, The History of the Idea of Race... and Why It Matters (PDF), presented at the conference "Race, Human Variation and Disease: Consensus and Frontiers" sponsored by the American Anthropological Association, March 14, 2007.
• What's the Use of Race?: Modern Governance and the Biology of Difference, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-262-51424-8. This review of current research includes chapters by Ian Whitmarsh, David S. Jones, Jonathan Kahn, Pamela Sankar, Steven Epstein, Simon M. Outram, George T. H. Ellison, Richard Tutton, Andrew Smart, Richard Ashcroft, Paul Martin, George T. H. Ellison, Amy Hinterberger, Joan H. Fujimura, Ramya Rajagopalan, Pilar N. Ossorio, Kjell A. Doksum, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper, Angela C. Jenks, Nancy Krieger, and Dorothy Roberts.
• Race in Biology and Anthropology: A Study of College Texts and Professors, in Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol. 29, n. 3, 1992, pp. 301–21, DOI:10.1002/tea.3660290308.

External links

Altri progetti

• Wikiquote
• Wikimedia Commons

•   Wikiquote contiene citazioni di o su razza
•   Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su razza
• Race: the Power of an Illusion companion website to California Newsreel feature, 2003, PBS
• James, Michael (2008) "Race", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• "Understanding Race", American Anthropological Association's educational website, with links for primary school educators and researchers

Documenti ufficiali e governativi

• "The Race Question", UNESCO, 1950
• US Census Bureau: Definition of Race
• "Statement on Biological Aspects of Race", American Association of Physical Anthropologists
• "Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity", Federal Register, 1997, Department of Interior
• RACE: Are we so different?, a public education program by the American Anthropological Association.

Stampa

• "Race (human)", Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
• "The Myth of Race", Medicine Magazine, 2007.
• Is Race "Real"?, forum by Social Science Research Council, includes A.M. Leroi, 2005 op-ed article, New York Times, advocating biological conceptions of race; responses from scholars in various fields More from Leori with responses
• Richard Dawkins: "Race and creation", (extract from The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life), in Prospect Magazine, October 2004

1. ^ Robert L. Anemone, Race and biological diversity in humans, in Race and Human Diversity: A Bicultural Approach, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pretice Hall, 2011, pp. 1–10, ISBN 0-131-83876-8.
2. ^ Robert L. Anemone, Race as a cultural construction, in Race and Human Diversity: A Bicultural Approach, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 2011, pp. 163–183, ISBN 0-131-83876-8.
3. ^ Yasuko I. Takezawa, Race (human), in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc..
4. ^ Matt Cartmill, The status of the race concept in physical anthropology (PDF), in American Anthropologist, vol. 100, n. 3, American Anthropological Association, 1998, pp. 651–660, DOI:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.651.
5. ^ The Race Question (PDF), su unesdoc.unesco.org, UNESCO, July 18, 1950.
6. ^ Nicholas Wade, What Science Says About Race and Genetics: The New York Times' former science editor on research showing that evolution didn't stop when human history began, in Time.com, May 9, 2014.
7. Race², in Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press.
   
   «1. Each of the major division of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics [example elided]. 1.1. (SC) The fact or condition of belonging to a racial division or group; the qualities or characteristics associated with this. 1.2. A group of people sharing the same culture, history, language, etc.; an ethnic group [example elided].»
   Provides 8 definitions, from biological to literary; only the most pertinent have been quoted.
8. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Lie; Thompson; et al.
9. ^ Conceptualizing human variation, in Nature Genetics, vol. 36, 11s, 2004, pp. S17–S20, DOI:10.1038/ng1455.
10. ^ Vedi:
    • Montagu
    • Bamshad e Olson
11. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Sober
12. Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Lee, Mountain; et al. 2008
13. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore aaa
14. ^ Keita, Conceptualizing human variation, in Nature Genetics, vol. 36, 11s, 2004, pp. S17–S20, DOI:10.1038/ng1455.
15. ^ Guy Harrison, Race and Reality, Amherst, Prometheus Books, 2010.
    
    «Race is a poor empirical description of the patterns of difference that we encounter within our species. The billions of humans alive today simply do not fit into neat and tidy biological boxes called races. Science has proven this conclusively. The concept of race (...) is not scientific and goes against what is known about our ever-changing and complex biological diversity.»
16. ^ Dorothy Roberts, Fatal Invention, London, New York, The New Press, 2011.
    
    «The genetic differences that exist among populations are characterized by gradual changes across geographic regions, not sharp, categorical distinctions. Groups of people across the globe have varying frequencies of polymorphic genes, which are genes with any of several differing nucleotide sequences. There is no such thing as a set of genes that belongs exclusively to one group and not to another. The clinal, gradually changing nature of geographic genetic difference is complicated further by the migration and mixing that human groups have engaged in since prehistory. Human beings do not fit the zoological definition of race. A mountain of evidence assembled by historians, anthropologists, and biologists proves that race is not and cannot be a natural division of human beings.»
17. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore nih10
18. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Graves 2001
19. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Keita2004
20. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore AAPA
21. ^ Keita, Conceptualizing human variation, in Nature Genetics, vol. 36, 11s, 2004, pp. S17–S20, DOI:10.1038/ng1455.