Template:Software2

Code_Saturne è un software libero di simulazione numerica per lo studio della Meccanica dei fluidi. Tecnicamente è un software di (CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics) Fluidodinamica computazionale.
Sviluppato a partire dal 1997 dal servizio R&D (Recherche et Développement, originariamente DER) di EDF - Électricité de France, È stato reso disponibile sotto la licenza GNU GPL nel marzo 2007.[1]

Simulazione numerica di un campo di moto attorno ad un profilo alare

E' basato su un approccio a volume finito che accetta griglie di calcolo (mesh) di tutti i tipi (strutturati, strutturati per blocchi, non strutturati, ibridi, lineari, non lineari, ...) e qualsiasi tipo di elemento (tetraedro, esaedro, piramide, qualsiasi poliedro, ...), Code_Saturne permette di modellizzare flussi incomprimibili o espandibili, con o senza turbolenze o trasferimento di calore.
Moduli dedicati sono disponibili per la fisica specifica come il trasferimento di calore per irraggiamento, la combustione (gas, carbone polverizzato, olio combustibile, ...), la magneto-idrodinamica, i flussi comprimibili, i flussi polifasici (approccio Eulero/Lagrange con accoppiamento a due vie con la Teoria dei gruppi), oppure come estensioni per applicazioni specifiche (per esempio Mercure_Saturne per la meteorologia).

Code_Saturne può anche essere incorporato a SYRTHES, codice software per lo studio termico dei solidi. Può inoltre essere associato al programma di simulazione numerica dei materiali e delle strutture meccaniche Code_Aster, in particolare attraverso la piattaforma per la modellazione solida SALOME.
SYRTHES e Code_Aster sono sviluppati da EDF e distribuiti sotto licenza Gnu GPL.

Funziona anche in parallelo su computer multiprocessore e a memoria distribuita.

Metodo di rappresentazione

Gli output di post-trattamento sono disponibili in formati EnSight®, CGNS e MED_fichier, con le funzionalità avanzate offerte dalla libreria software FVM (librairie « Finite Volume Mesh » sviluppata da EDF sotto licenza LGPL).

General

Ownership of the format and related information.

Format Full name Owner Based Format File extension MIME type Application Patented
Abc Advanced Bitonal Compression LEAD Technologies .abc Bitonal document and check images.[2] (NO)
ADRG ARC Digitized Raster Graphics .adrg
AdobeResource Adobe Systems TIFF?
ADRI ARC Digitized Raster Images .adri
AI Adobe Illustrator Document Adobe Systems .ai application/illustrator, application/postscript Adobe Illustrator files are editable using programs that support the format, such as Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape, CorelDRAW, etc. (NO)
Alias Pix image .pix, .matte, .mask,
.alpha, .als
Supported by GIMP
AMI .ami Supported by Amica Paint
ANI ANI file format Microsoft RIFF .ani Used by Microsoft Windows
ANIM Electronic Arts and Commodore Amiga IFF .iff, .anim video/x-anim
APNG Animated Portable Network Graphics Mozilla PNG .png image/png 1.9 and Opera
Apple Icon Image Apple Inc. .icns Used by Mac OS X
APX .apx Supported by Ebuyer Photo Paint
ART AOL .art
ART PFS: 1st Publisher clip art .art
ASCII art .txt, .ansi, .text text/plain Supported by GIMP
Authorware map Adobe Systems .aam application/x-authorware-map
Authorware seg Adobe Systems .aas application/x-authorware-seg
Authorware bin Adobe Systems .aab, .x32, .u32,
.vox
application/x-authorware-bin
AutoCAD DXF Drawing Interchange Format Autodesk .dxf image/vnd.dxf
AWD .awd image/awd Used by PhotoPhilia
ARW Sony Alpha RAW Sony TIFF .arw
BAY Casio RAW Casio .bay
BigTIFF TIFF .btf, .tiff, .tif image/tiff
BMP Windows bitmap Microsoft .bmp, .dib, .rle,
.2bp (2bpp)
image/x-bmp Used by many 2D applications.
bmp compressor Bit Map Compressor .hpc
BLEND .blend Supported by Blender
BPG Better Portable Graphics Fabrice Bellard HEVC .bpg Suggestion to replace JPEG, JavaScript decoder available[3] (NO)
BRK Brooktrout Fax .brk
BSAVE BSAVE Image .BSV Used by IBM PC.
CAM Casio CAM Casio JPEG .cam
CADRG Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphics .cadrg
CAL CALS raster file format .cal, .cals, .ras, .dcl
Capture One RAW Phase One .cap
CIFF Camera Image File Format Canon .crw, .ciff
CR2 Canon RAW 2 Canon TIFF .cr2
CDR CorelDRAW Document Corel Corporation .cdr, .ccx, .cdt, .cmx application/coreldraw CorelDRAW files are editable using programs that support the format, such as CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape, etc. (NO)
CGM Computer Graphics Metafile .cgm image/cgm CGM files are editable using programs that support the format, such as IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics, Inkscape, etc.
CIN Cineon .cin image/cineon
Corel Paint Shop Pro Pattern .pat Supported by Corel Paint Shop Pro
CPC Cartesian Perceptual Compression Cartesian Products, Inc. .cpc, .cpi image/cpi Highly compressed raster imaging format. (NO)
CPKT APP5-CPKT Format JPEG .jpg, .jpe, .jpeg image/jpeg Used by PROSERPINE.
CPT Corel Photo-Paint Image .cpt Variant of TIFF up to and including version 6.0; proprietary as of 7.0 (1997)
Crack Art Detlef Röttger & Jan Borchers .ca1, .ca2, .ca3 An application on Atari ST
CUT .cut Used by DSHELL.
CMYK .cmyk
CMYKA .cmyka
DCS Kodak DCS Pro RAW Kodak .dcs
DCR Digital Camera Raw Kodak TIFF .dcr
DDS DirectDraw Surface Microsoft .dds
Degas Design & Entertainment Graphic Arts System Integral Solutions .pi1, .pi2, .pi3,
.pc1, .pc2, .pc3
An application on Atari ST
DNG Digital Negative Adobe Systems Compatible with ISO 12234-2, TIFF/EP[4] .dng A raw image format suitable as an archival format and as the native raw format of digital cameras[5] No: no known intellectual property encumbrances or license requirements[6]
DIA Dia Drawing XML .dia Used by Dia
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine National Electrical Manufacturers Association .dcm, .dicom application/dicom[7] Numerous biomedical imaging applications[7] (e.g. OsiriX, XMedCon), some general bitmap graphics applications (e.g. GIMP, Photoshop)
DjVu DjVu AT&T Research .djvu, .djv image/vnd.djvu
Doodle .doo An application on Atari ST
DPX Digital Picture eXchange file format .dpx image/dpx
DRF Kodak Pro Back RAW Kodak .drf
Dr. Halo .cut
Encapsulated PostScript .epi, .eps, .eps2,
.eps3, .epsf, .epsi,
.ept
application/postscript
ECW Enhanced Compressed Wavelet ERDAS .ecw Wavelet image format used primarily with geo-referenced aerial and satellite imagery
EDG EDGE2 Original Format TAKABO .edg Used by EDGE2
EMF Enhanced Metafile Format Microsoft .emf, .emz Microsoft Office
EMF+ Enhanced Metafile Format Plus Extensions Microsoft .emf, .emz
ERF EPSON RAW EPSON TIFF .erf
ERI Entis Rasterized Image format .eri
Exif Exchangeable Image File Format .exif
EVA Extended Vector Animation Sharp Corporation .eva application/x-eva
EXR OpenEXR ILM .exr image/exr Used in film effects for 3d rendering and hdr images. ?
Farbfeld Laslo Hunhold .ff Very simple lossless bitmap format used for image processing.
FIF Fractal Image Format .fif
FIG FIG format .fig application/x-xfig Supported by Xfig
FITS Flexible Image Transport System .fit, .fits Scientific (esp. astronomical) data acquisition
FLA Flash Source File .fla
FLIC Autodesk .fli, .flc, .flx, .flh, .flt Supported by GIMP
FLW Kivio Document .flw Supported by Kivio
FPX FlashPix (1.0.2) .fpx image/vnd.fpx
FreeHand Adobe Systems .fh4, .fh5, .fh7,
.fh8, .fhc, .fh
image/x-freehand
FutureSplash Adobe Systems .spl application/futuresplash
FXT 3DFX .fxt
GEGL composition XML .xml application/xml Used by GEGL
Gerber Format The Gerber Format Specification[8] Ucamco Printable ASCII .gbr application/vnd.gerber Printed Circuit Board or PCB software
GIF Graphics Interchange Format CompuServe,
Unisys (compression algorithm)
.gif, .gfa, .giff image/gif Supported by most web browsers. Supports transparency and animation. Expired
GIMP brush The GIMP Team .gbr Supported by GIMP
GIMP compressed XJT image The GIMP Team JPEG, tar .xjt,
.xjtgz (compressed),
.xjtbz2 (compressed)
None. Lossy format, not suitable for editing Supported by GIMP
GIH Gimp image hose The GIMP Team .gih Supported by GIMP
GIMP patterns The GIMP Team .pat Supported by GIMP
GRA .gra Used by QSV and QLD.
G3 Fax .g3 Supported by GIMP
Hasselblad 3FR RAW TIFF .3fr
Hasselblad/Imacon FFF .fff
HDRi TIFF .tif, .tiff image/tiff
HG Hyper Graphic Press .hg Supported by some old Japanese applications.
ICER NASA Mars Rovers
IIQ RAW Intelligent Image Quality RAW Phase One .iiq
IMA .ima .ima team .ima Format for photographic images with HDR encoding.
IMG (GEM Paint) .img Supported by GEM Paint
IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE) ERDAS IMAGINE ERDAS Hierarchical File Architecture (HFA) .img Image format used primarily with geo-referenced imagery, thematic grid data, and elevation grid data. (NO)
im4 Masahide Hirabayashi .im4
Inkscape SVG The Inkscape Team SVG .svg, .svgz image/svg+xml Used by Inkscape
ICO ICO file format Microsoft .ico, .cur image/vnd.Microsoft.icon, image/x-icon Used by Microsoft Windows and web browsers as favicon
ICS Image Cytometry Standard .ics, .ids
IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification .igs image/iges CAD/CAM interoperability
ILBM InterLeaved BitMap Electronic Arts and Commodore Amiga IFF .iff, .ilbm, .lbm image/x-ilbm Planar graphics format designed for Amiga graphics hardware.
IPTC/NAA IPTC/NAA TIFF
JBIG Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group .jbig, .bie, .jbg
JBIG2 Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group
JNG JPEG Network Graphics .jng image/x-jng
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group Joint Photographic Experts Group .jpg, .jpeg, .jpe
(containers:
.jif, .jfif, .jfi)
image/jpeg Photographic images. Supported by most web browsers. Expired (see also Forgent#JPEG)
JPEG 2000 Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 Joint Photographic Experts Group .jp2, .j2c, .jpc,
.j2k, .jpx
image/jp2 Photographic images, eventual replacement for JPEG. Yes (no licence costs for part 1)
JPEG-LS Joint Photographic Experts Group .jls
JPEG-HDR
JPEG XR / HD Photo JPEG XR / HD Photo Microsoft .wdp, .hdp, .jxr image/vnd.ms-photo TIFF-like container format with HDR encoding for photographic images Yes (royalty-free)
J6I RICOH JPEG .j6i Used by RICOH DC-1/2
KDC Kodak DC40/DC50 RAW Kodak TIFF .kdc
KOA .koa,
.gg (compressed)
Supported by Koala Paint
KIFF Kt Interchange File Format .kif, .kiff
KISS CEL .cel Supported by GIMP
Kodak TIFF extensions Kodak TIFF .tif
Kodak YCC Kodak .pcd
KQP Minolta JPEG .kqp
K25 Kodak DC25 RAW Kodak TIFF .k25
Leaf Mosaic RAW TIFF .mos
LightStream Picture .lsp
Logluv TIFF Greg Ward TIFF Supported by Libtiff
Mac Paint .pnt, .mac
MDC Minolta RD175 Format Minolta .mdc
MET OS/2 Metafile Format .met Supported by SAS/GRAPH
MNG Multiple-image Network Graphics PNG .mng video/x-mng
MO:DCA MO:DCA IBM .mda, .ica, .mmr,
.afp
image IBM's Content Manager and Image Plus (NO)
MSP Microsoft Paint Microsoft .msp
MYD Myd format .myd
MYV Myv vector format .myv
NEF Nikon RAW Nikon TIFF .nef
MEF Mamiya RAW Mamiya TIFF .mef
Neochrome Dave Staugas .neo An application on Atari ST
MAG MAKIchan Graphic loader Woody-Rinn .mag Used by many old Japanese applications.
MAKI MAKIchan net format Woody-Rinn .mki
MIFF Magick image file format ImageMagick Studio .miff Supported by ImageMagick
MSA Misachan File Hirohumi Iguchi .msa Supported by old Japanese applications
MSL Magick Scripting Language ImageMagick Studio .msl Supported by ImageMagick
MVG Magick Vector Graphics ImageMagick Studio .mvg Supported by ImageMagick
MPC Magick Persistent Cache image file format ImageMagick Studio .mpc Supported by ImageMagick
MRW Minolta RAW Minolta .mrw
NSK-TIFF NSK-TIFF Nihon Shinbun Kyokai (日本新聞協会) TIFF
OAZ OAZ Fax Oaz Communications .oaz Used by NetFax Manager
ODG OpenDocument drawing .odg
ORA OpenRaster freedesktop.org OpenDocument/XML .ora DrawPile, GIMP, Krita, MyPaint, Nathive, Pinta
ORF Olympus RAW Olympus TIFF .orf
PAM portable arbitrary map file format .pam image/x-portable-arbitrarymap
Panasonic RAW Panasonic TIFF .raw, .rw2
PCIF Polyomino Compressed Image Format .pcf
PhaseOne P25/P30/P45 RAW Phase One .tif, .tiff
PictureGear Pocket Image .prc
PBM Portable Bitmap File Format .pbm image/x-portable-bitmap
PCD Kodak ImagePac Photo CD Kodak .pcd image/jpcd
PCF Pixel Coordination Format .pcf image/pcf
PCX ZSoft PC Paintbrush File ZSoft Corporation .pcx, .pcc, .dcx image/x-pcx Dated rle packed indexed image format, used in some early 3d shooting games like Unreal Tournament as it takes up very little space and is easy to decode. ?
PDF Portable Document Format Adobe Systems .pdf, .epdf application/pdf
PDN Paint.NET Image dotPDN LLC .pdn Preferred and supported by Paint.NET
PEF PENTAX RAW PENTAX TIFF .pef
PGF Progressive Graphics File xeraina GmbH .pgf Photographic images, eventual replacement for JPEG.
PGM Portable Graymap File Format .pgm image/x-portable-graymap
PGML Precision Graphics Markup Language Adobe Systems, IBM, Netscape, Sun Microsystems
Photochrome .pcs
PNM Portable Anymap File Format .pnm image/x-portable-anymap
PTX Pentax RAW Bitmap Graphic Pentax .ptx
Pi Yanagisawa .pi Used by some old Japanese applications.
PIC Yanagisawa PIC Yanagisawa .pic Used by many old Japanese applications.
PIC DoGA PIC Project Team DoGA .pic Used by DoGA CGA System.
PICT Macintosh PICT Format Apple Inc. .pict, .pic, .pct,
.pct1, .pct2
image/pict Metafile for Mac OS, not meant for print publishing. Likely expired
PICtor John Bridges, Doug Wolfgram .pic Supported by PCPaint
PIC2 Yanagisawa .p2 Supported by some old Japanese applications.
PLD PhotoLine Document Computerinsel GmbH .pld application/pld Native format of the PhotoLine image editing program. ?
PMP Sony JPEG .pmp Used by Sony Cyber-Shot
PNG Portable Network Graphics World Wide Web Consortium .png image/png W3C endorsed replacement for GIF. Supported by most web browsers.
PostScript ps, ps2, ps3
PPM Portable Pixmap File Format .ppm image/x-portable-pixmap Very easy to understand. Programs to analyze and write to this format are easily written.
PSD Photoshop Document Adobe Systems .psd, .psb, .pdb,
.pdd
image/vnd.adobe.photoshop[9] Used mainly for storing image manipulation & editing data. (NO)
PSP Paint Shop Pro Document Corel Corporation .psp, .tub,
.pspimage
image/x-psp It can only be opened in programs that support the format, such as Paint Shop Pro, The GIMP, etc. ?
PSX TIM .tim
PSX TIM2 Sony PlayStation Tim2 Sony .tm2, .str Used by PlayStation 2
PXA .pxa Used by Pixia
QuickTime Image Apple Inc. .qtif, .qti, .qif
Q0 .q0
Q4 XLD4 MAJYO .q4
RAD Gregory Ward Larson .rad Radiance
RAF Fujifilm RAW Fujifilm .raf
RGB .rgb
RGBA .rgba
RGBE Gregory Ward Larson .hdr image/vnd.radiance Radiance, most HDR imaging software
R3D RED REDCODE RAW Red .r3d
SAI SYSTEMAX .sai Supported by PaintTool SAI
SCT Scitex Continuous Tone Picture .sct
SDA Sun Microsystems .sda Supported by StarOffice Draw 3-5
SDD Sun Microsystems .sdd Supported by StarOffice Draw 3-5
SFW Seattle File Works image Seattle File Works JPEG (JFIF) .sfw, .pwp JPEG-converters sfwjpg and pwpjpg for Unix/Linux and Windows
SGB Sun Microsystems .sgb Supported by StarOffice Graphics 2
SGI Silicon Graphics Image .sgi, .rgb, .rgba,
.bw, .int, .inta,
.icon
Shockwave Director Adobe Systems .dir, .dcr, .dxr, .fgd application/x-director Used by Adobe Shockwave.
SHAPE Dia Stencil SVG .shape Used by Dia.
SK .sk Supported by Skencil
SketchUp Format .skp, .skb Supported by SketchUp
SML Kivio stencil .sml Supported by Kivio
SRF Sony RAW File Sony TIFF .srf, .sr2
SUN Sun rasterfile Sun Microsystems .sun, .ras, .rs, .im1,
.im8, .im24, .im32
Supported by GIMP
STX SBIG CCD camera ST-x .stx, .st4, .st5,
.st6, .st7, .st8,
.st9
SView5 Graphics Andreas Kleinert .svg/.sgx Used by SView5-Library/SDK
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics World Wide Web Consortium XML .svg,
.svgz (compressed)
image/svg+xml Scriptable vector image format; supported by major web browsers, occasionally via plug-in.
SWF Shockwave Flash Adobe Systems .swf application/x-shockwave-flash Supported by many web browsers via plug-in.
SXD OpenOffice.org 1.0 drawing format .sxd
TGA Truevision Targa Truevision Inc. .tga, .tpic image/tga Used by many 3D rendering applications and 3d games. Yes?
TIFF Tagged Image File Format Adobe Systems .tiff, .tif image/tiff Document scanning and imaging format, also functions as a container.
TIFF/EP Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography International Organization for Standardization TIFF .tiff, .tif
TIFF-FX Tag Image File Format Fax eXtended TIFF .tiff, .tif image/tiff-fx
Tiny Stuff David Mumper .tny, .tn1, .tn2, .tn3,
.tn4, .tn5, tn6
An application on Atari ST
TLG5 .tlg Used by KiriKiri
TLG6 .tlg Used by KiriKiri
UFO Ulead File for Objects .ufo
VML Vector Markup Language Microsoft XML .htm, .html application/vnd. openxmlformats-officedocument. vmlDrawing Internet Explorer, Microsoft Office
WBMP Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format Open Mobile Alliance (formerly WAP Forum)) .wbmp, .wbm, .wbp image/vnd.wap.wbmp Used in WAP-pages
WebP WebP Google .webp image/webp Provides an alternative to JPEG, PNG and GIF with superior compression Yes (royalty-free)
WinFax Symantec .wfx, fxs, fxo
WMF Windows Metafile Format Microsoft .wmf, .wmz
WordPerfect Graphics File .wpg
XAML Extensible Application Markup Language Microsoft XML .xaml application/xaml+xml Used by Windows Presentation Foundation and Microsoft Silverlight. ?
XAR Xar Xara Xar (graphics) .xar application/vnd.xara Used by Xara Photo & Graphic Designer
XBM X BitMap .xbm, .bm,
.icon, .bitmap
image/x-xbitmap Used by many legacy Unix applications.
XCF XCF, name derived from eXperimental Computing Facility The GIMP Team .xcf,
.xcfbz2 (compressed),
.xcfgz (compressed)
application/x-gimp-image Used by GIMP
XPM X-Pixmap .xpm, .pm image/x-xpm Used by many legacy Unix applications.
X3F SIGMA RAW SIGMA .x3f
XWD .xwd, .x11 Used by X Window System
XYZ RPG Maker image file ASCII .xyz RPG Maker
YCbCr .ycbcr
YCbCrA .ycbcra
YUV .yuv
ZDT .zdt Used by TECH Win
Format Full name Owner Based Format File extension MIME type Application Patented


Rispetto alla modellazione geometrica generata dalla tecnica di rappresentazione geometria solida costruttiva (CSG), che utilizza solo gli oggetti primitivi e le operazioni logiche Booleane abbinate, la boundary representation è più flessible ed ha un set di operazioni molto più ricco. Questo fa della rappresentazione BREP una scelta più indicata per i sistemi CAD. La tecnica CSG è stato utilizzata inizialmente da diversi sistemi commerciali perchè facile da implementare. L'avvento di affidabili sistemi commerciali basati su kernel B-rep come Parasolid e ACIS, prima indicati, ha portato alla diffusa adozione di B-rep per CAD. Oltre alle operazioni booleane, B-rep ha estrusione (di ogni tipo), smussatura, meshing, disegno, shelling (riempimento), tweaking (modifiche) e altre operazioni che fanno uso di tutto questo.

La BREP è essenzialmente una rappresentazione in locale che collega facce, bordi e vertici. Un'estensione di questo è nel raggruppamento dei sub-elementi della forma in unità logiche, chiamate geometric features (caratteristiche geometriche), o più semplicemente features. Un lavoro pionieristico è stato fatto da Kyprianou a Cambridge (USA) anche utilizzando il sistema BUILD e continuato ed ampliato da Jared e altri. Le caratteristiche sono alla base di molti altri sviluppi, permettendo un "ragionamento geometrico" ad alto livello a proposito di forme per il confronto (verifica e comparazione), il processo di pianificazione, la costruzione, ecc.

La Boundary representation è stata inoltre estesa per rappresentare speciali tipi di modelli non solidi, chiamati non-manifold.[10] Come descritto da Braid, i solidi normali in natura hanno la proprietà che, presso in ogni punto sul limite, una piccola sfera intorno al punto è divisa in due parti, una interna ed una esterna all'oggetto. Il modello non-manifold rompe questa regola. Una importante sotto-classe di modelli non-manifold sono gli oggetti texture usati per rappresentare gli oggetti piani e integrare la modellazione delle superfici in un ambiente di modellazione solida.

Standard

Nel mondo dello scambio di dati, STEP, the Standard for the Exchange of Product Model data definisce anche alcuni modelli di dati per le rappresentazioni dei bordi. I comuni generici modelli tipologici e geometrici sono definiti in ISO 10303-42 Geometric and topological representation. La seguente Application Integrated Resources (AICs) specifica le boundary models che sono i vincoli per le specifiche generiche geometriche e tipologiche:

  • ISO 10303-511 Topologically bounded surface, definitione di una advanced face, che è una superficie delimitata dove la superficie è di tipo elementare (piana, cilindrica, conica, sferica o toroidale), o una superficie pulita. I bordi sono definiti da linee, coni, poligoni, superfici curve, o curve b spline
  • ISO 10303-514 Advanced boundary representation, definisce un volume solido con vuoti possibili, che è composto da facce complesse
  • ISO 10303-509 Manifold surface, un'area non intersecata in 3D composta da facce complesse
  • ISO 10303-521 Manifold subsurface, una sub-area oltre la superficie manifold
  • ISO 10303-508 Non-manifold surface, qualsiasi tipo di modifiche avanzate della superficie
  • ISO 10303-513 Elementary boundary representation simile a ISO 10303-514, ma limitato solo lle superfici elementari
  • ISO 10303-512 Faceted boundary representation un modello semplificato di superficie costruita solo con superfici piane


Evoluzione e confronto dei formati

Nonostante STEP abbia avuto molto successo, rimane ancora il problema della velocità dello sviluppo e dell'impiego. Molti critici mettono in evidenza che gli standard XML per il commercio su Internet si stanno sviluppando molto più velocemente.

Fondamentalmente, i dati dei prodotti sono molto diversi dai dati del commercio su internet come anticipi, saldi etc... Il metodo tradizionale per comunicare le informazioni sui dati dei prodotti è creare un abbozzo ma, per comunicare un anticipo, il metodo tradizionale è creare un modello. Le informazioni degli abbozzi sono molto più complicate e articolate, è ciò rende STEP molto più difficile da sviluppare.

È in corso lo sviluppo di un formato XML per condividere con STEP i dati dei prodotti. Ma STEP divide i dati originali in entità multiple che non sono facili da capire per XML o per qualunque altro formato. L'obiettivo finale è che STEP crei automaticamente un documento XML.

Ogni protocollo di applicazione include un diagramma che descriva le funzioni che un ingegnere deve tener conto per perseguire il suo scopo e un modello di requisito di Applicazione che descriva le informazioni richieste da tali attività.

Questi richieste di informazioni vengono poi inserite in una serie comune di risorse integrate e il risultato è un modello di scambio di dati adatti allo scopo. L'obiettivo ultimo di Step è spiegare l'intero ciclo vitale di ogni tipo di prodotto, dalla progettazione concettuale al risultato finale. In ogni caso, ci vorranno degli anni prima che questo obiettivo venga raggiunto.

B-Rep non è molto adatto per modelli di grandi dimensioni. [11]

Oggi il vantaggio più tangibile per chi usa Step è l'abilita' di scambiare dati di progetto come modelli solidi o modelli solidi articolati. Altri standard per lo scambio dei dati, come la più nuova versione di IGES, supportano lo scambio di materiali solidi, sebbene in minor parte secondo www.steptools.com.

Pubblicazioni

Ulteriori informazioni sulla Boundary Representation sono disponibili nei seguenti testi in vari formati tipografici:

  • Marti Mäntylä: "An Introduction to Solid Modeling", Computer Science Press, ISBN 0-88175-108-1, 1988.
  • H. Chiyokura: "Solid Modelling with DESIGNBASE", Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, ISBN 0-201-19245-4, 1988.
  • Ian Stroud: "Boundary Representation Modelling Techniques, Springer, ISBN 1-84628-312-4, 2006

Voci correlate


Note

[[Categoria:]]

Traduzione

Template:Software2

Note


Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

|- ! AI | Con e senza perdita di informazioni | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 8, 24, e 32 (possibile con più palette) | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! BMP | Nessuno, RLE, JPEG, e PNG | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, e 32 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! BPG | HEVC, Con e senza perdita di informazioni | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | da 8 a 14 bit per canale | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | opzionale | ?? | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | ?? |- ! CDR | Con e senza perdita di informazioni | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 8, 24 ,e 32 (multiple palette) | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! CPC | CPC | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, mediante dizionario incorporato | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! EPS | Nessuno, LZW, DEFLATE, RLE, DCT | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | Supporto specifico | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | n/d | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! EXR | Nessuno, RLE, ZIP, Piz, PXR24, e B44 | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 16–128 (IEEE 754 virgola mobile) | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! GIF | LZW | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, e 8 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì; maschera piano solo 1b utilizzando indici di colore | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì (GIF89a) | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! HD Photo / JPEG XR | Con e senza perdita di informazioni con trasformazione bi-ortogonale | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 2, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, e 128 (IEEE 754 virgola mobile) | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! ILBM | Opzionale run-length encoding | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 64 EHB, 128, 256 (8-bit), 4,096 (HAM6 pseudo 12-bit), 4,096 puro 12-bit, 262, 144 (HAM8 pseudo 18-bit), e 24-bit | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì,
Color cycling | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! IMA | analisi trasformazione multi-risoluzione dell'originale con e senza perdita di informazioni | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 8-bit, 16-bit integer, 32-bit IEEE 754 virgola mobile | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! JPEG | Con perdita (e parzialmente senza perdita) di informazioni, DCT, RLE, e codifica Huffman predittiva vicina al più prossimo | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 8-bit (greyscale), 12-bit, e 24-bit | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No (vedi il non ufficiale JPEG-HDR) |- ! JPEG 2000 | Con perdita di informazioni e senza perdita (DWT) | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 8 e 16 (greyscale) con possibilità colore sino a 48-bit | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! ORA | Senza perdita di informazioni | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, e 64 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! PAM | Nessuno | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | Fino a 16 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! PCX | Nessuno, RLE | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 e 32 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! PGF | Nessuno e senza perdita di informazioni (DWT) | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | greyscale: 1, 8, 16, 31; colori: 12, 16, 24, 32, e 48 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! PICT | Nessuno, RLE, e QuickTime | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, e 32 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! PLD | Opzionale ZIP, JPEG | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, e 64 | ?? | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! PNG | Senza perdita di informazioni e DEFLATE | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48,e 64 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì (modalità 1–8 bit) | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì; 8b, 16b per-pixel alpha channel; 8b per indici | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, algoritmo Adam7 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No (ma vedi MNG e APNG) | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, usando chunks | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No, vedi discussione |- ! PPM | Nessuno | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | Fino a 16 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! PSD | Nessuno e RLE | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, e 64 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì; 8b, 16b per pixel alpha channel | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | n/d | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No? | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! PSP | Nessuno | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 2, 8, 16, 24, 32, e 48 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì; 8b e 16b per-pixel alpha channel | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! SVG | Nessuno e senza perdita di informazioni gzip | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Vettoriale[1] | 24 e 32 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | n/d | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | si, parziale (1.2 draft)[2] | {{funzione si|si, parziale} (SMIL/SVG) | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì[3] | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, base XML | n/d |- ! TGA | Nessuno, RLE, e altri | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, e 32 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | ?? | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! TIFF | Nessuno, LZW, RLE, ZIP, e altri | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, e 32 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì (1–8 bit) | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, per compressione JPEG | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, usando tag | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì, TIFF virgola |- ! WebP | Con perdita di informazioni e senza perdita | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Raster | 24 e 32 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- ! XAML | Nessuno | style="background: #FF8; color:#000;" | Vettoriale | 32 e 64 | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | n/d | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì |- ! XCF | Nessuno e senza perdita di informazioni (gzip e bzip2) | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Entrambi | 8, 24, e 32 | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | ?? | n/d | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#9EFF9E; color:#000;" | Sì | style="background:#FFC7C7; color:#000;" | No |- class="sortbottom" ! style="width: 7em;"| Formato || algoritmo
Compressione dei dati || Grafica Raster/
vettoriale || Profondità di colore || Tavolozza || Trasparenza || Metadato || Interlacciato || Multi-pagine || Animazione || Layer || Gestione digitale del colore || Estend­ibile || formato HDR |}

References

  1. ^ Supporta i dati raster incorporati con l'uso di Base64
  2. ^ pagine multiple (SVG 1.2)
  3. ^ SVG 1.1 color profile descriptions

Template:Graphics file formats


  Portale Informatica: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di informatica

[[Categoria:Librerie software]] [[Categoria:Software di sistema]] [[Categoria:Linguaggi di programmazione]] [[Categoria:Microsoft]] [[Categoria: Posta elettronica]]