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イギリス統治時代

チェーロー王国、ナーガヴァンシー朝、ラームガル王国およびカラーグディハーはイギリス東インド会社の支配地となり、ラームガル藩王国やその他の領主の土地は恒久的にザミーンダーリー制が敷かれるようになった。カラーグディハーでは、1809年からラージダーンワル王が任じられ、またコーダルマー、パールガンジ、レードーなど一部の土地ではザミーンダーリー制も敷かれてカラーグディハー・ガーディーが置かれた[1]。

チョーター・ナーグプル高原の諸藩王国はマラーター帝国の勢力圏になっていたが、19世紀初頭のマラーター戦争の結果イギリス東インド会社の属国となり、チョーター・ナーグプル小藩王国と呼ばれるようになった[2]。

イギリス東インド会社によるジャールカンド地方の植民地化は住民の抵抗を引き起こし、1769年にラグナート・マハトーが主導した反乱を皮切りに[3]、1771年にはラージマハール丘陵で先住民パハーリヤーの指導者ティルカー・マーンジーが領主およびイギリス政府に対し反乱、1779年にはマーンブームでブーミジ族がイギリスによる支配に対して武装蜂起した。

 
イギリス東インド会社のザミーンダーリー制に反対した1855年のサンタールの反乱。

19世紀にはさらに激しさを増し、1807年にはバルウェーのウラーンウ族がシュリーナガルから赴任した領主を殺害、1811年と1813年にはムンダ族が反乱を起こし、1812年には在地領主であったバクタル・サーイとムンダル・シンハの二人がイギリス東インド会社を相手に戦った[4]。1820年にはシンハブームでホー族が反乱、1832年には西ベンガルでコール族が蜂起、そして1855年には兄弟のシドゥーとカーヌーに率いられたサンタールの反乱が起こった。

1857年、父祖伝来のジャーギールを受け継いでいたボーグター系カルワール族の族長兄弟であるニーラーンバラとピーターンバラが、イギリス東インド会社に対して反乱を起こした[5]。この年の5月10日にはインド大反乱が始まり、タークル・ヴィシュワナート・シャーデーウやパーンデー・ガンパト・ラーイらがイギリス東インド会社に対して蜂起して、チャトラーの戦いにおいて反乱軍と東インド会社の間に戦闘が発生した[6] [7]。 この他インド大反乱では、ティカイト・ウムラーンウ・シンハ、シェーク・ビカーリー、ナディール・アリ、ジャイ・マンガル・シンハらも、中心的な役割を果たした[8]。

インド大反乱の後、イギリス東インド会社によるインド支配はビクトリア女王と王室に移管され[9]、女王は1876年にインド女帝を名乗った。

1882年にチェーロー王国やカルワール族が再び反乱を起こすが、撃退された[10]。また1895年にはビルサー・ムンダーの反乱が起き、1900年まで続いた[11]。この時期の反乱は、主にクーンティー、タマール、サルワダー、バンドガオーンなどのムンダ族居住地域に集中していた。


In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.[12]

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces.

In March 1940, INC 53rd Session[13][14] was accomplished under the presidency of Maulana Abul Qalam Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh now Ramgarh Cantonment. Mahatma Gandhi,[15] Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and others greats leaders[16] of Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.[17] Mahatma Gandhi also opened khadi and village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.[18]

At that time, under the leadership of Netajee Subhas Chandra Bose conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of All India Forward Block and M.N. Roy was seen as leader of Radical democratic party.

 
Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.

インド独立後

After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai became part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state.[19] In 1912, the state of Jharkhand was first proposed by a student of St.Columba's College in Hazaribagh. Initially, in 1928, it was demand of Unnati Samaj, political wing of Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in eastern India. Prominent leader like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh demanded a separate state. Jharkhand Party led by Jaipal Singh Munda submitted memorandum to States Reorganization Commission for Jharkhand state, but it was rejected due to there was many languages and no link language in the region, tribal were not in majority and adverse effects on economy after separation from Bihar. In 1972, Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren and A. K. Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. Nirmal Mahto founded All Jharkhand Students Union. They spearheaded movement for separate state of Jharkhand. AJSU introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for boycott of election while JMM opposed it. Due to differences these party parted away from each other. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam. Other tribal area were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and Santal Pargana development board constituted under the chairmanship of then Chief minister of Bihar under the provinsion of fifth schedule in 1972. It failed to meet desire result. Jharkhand co-ordination committee (JCC) led by Ram Dayal Munda, Dr. B.P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started fresh initiative in the matter. Dr. B.P Keshri sent memoradum to form Jharkhand state. Centre government formed a committee on Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need of greater allocation of the development funds for the area. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council (JAAC) Bill passed in Bihar legislative assembly in December 1994. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council (JAAC) have given charge of 40 subjects including Agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend for legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frames bylaws and regulations.[20][21]

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo had led the movement. In 1998, the Union government decided to send the bill concerning formation of Jharkhand state to Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including BJP, JMM, AJSU and Congress came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. The voting on Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of separate state took to streets in leadership of Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in police station for hours along with many supporters.[22][23]

After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill. Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament this year, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state.[24] NDA formed the government and Babulal Marandi took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the birth anniversary of tribal leader Birsa Munda.[21]

ジャールカンド州成立後

The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of Bihar. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.[25]

Naxal insurgency

→「Tritiya Prastuti Committee」も参照

Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police, and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum.[26]

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area[27] (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Naxal Belt" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,[27] where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.[28] Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.[29] The impoverished state provides ample recruits for communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource extractions.[29] As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[29] In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[27]

On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi. His widow, Suman Mahato, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.[30]

  1. ^ Hazaribagh District Gazetteer. https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5 
  2. ^ “Archived copy”. 2018年9月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  3. ^ “चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती”. prabhatkhabar.com. 2018年7月3日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  4. ^ “Archived copy”. 2018年12月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  5. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「latehar.nic.in」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  6. ^ Mathur Das Ustad (1997). “The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar”. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 58: 493–500. JSTOR 44143953. 
  7. ^ “Archived copy”. 2018年11月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  8. ^ “JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari”. news.webindia123.com. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  9. ^ Kaul, Chandrika. “From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947”. 2016年6月17日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年11月22日閲覧。
  10. ^ “Archived copy”. 2015年10月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年12月3日閲覧。
  11. ^ Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983
  12. ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford
  13. ^ “Archived copy”. 2013年6月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年12月3日閲覧。
  14. ^ Danik jagran Ranchi Page No.14, 2 October 2011
  15. ^ “Error”. 2016年3月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  16. ^ “Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)”. 2016年3月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  17. ^ “RAMGARH SESSION-1940”. 2017年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  18. ^ “Chronology 1940”. 2018年11月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月30日閲覧。
  19. ^ Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936
  20. ^ Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. ISBN 9788170226918. https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Small+States+Syndrome+in+India+Jharkhand#v=onepage 
  21. ^ a b 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「https」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  22. ^ “Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo”. 10 January 2018. 2019年11月14日閲覧.
  23. ^ “Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary”. 10 January 2019. 2019年11月14日閲覧.
  24. ^ gigisoftsolutions. “History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History”. traveljharkhand.com. 2015年4月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年7月20日閲覧。
  25. ^ “About : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand” (英語). www.jharkhand.gov.in. 2016年11月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2017年2月2日閲覧。
  26. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (5 February 2009). “Cell phones to fight India rebels”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  27. ^ a b c “Rising Maoists Insurgency in India”. Global Politician (2007年1月15日). 2010年4月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年7月18日閲覧。
  28. ^ Maoists who menace India Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine., New York Times, 17 April 2006
  29. ^ a b c “Hidden civil war drains India's energy”. Asia Times Online (2006年8月9日). 2011年6月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年7月18日閲覧。
  30. ^ Thaker, Jayesh (12 April 2014). “Ex-MPs add she might to LS fight”. The Telegraph. Kolkata. 2017年9月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ. 2019年4月30日閲覧.
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