Wikipedia

U2

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Elan Morin Tedronai (talk | contribs) at 07:46, 13 October 2006. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
For other uses, see U2 (disambiguation).

U2 is an Irish rock band formed in Dublin, featuring Bono (Paul David Hewson) on vocals, rhythm guitar and harmonica; The Edge (David Howell Evans) on lead guitar, keyboards and backing vocals; Adam Clayton on bass guitar; and Larry Mullen, Jr. on drums and occasional backing vocals.

U2
File:U2photo.jpg
U2 - The Edge, Bono, Adam Clayton, and Larry Mullen Jr.
Background information
Years active1978–present
MembersBono (Paul Hewson)
The Edge (Dave Evans)
Adam Clayton
Larry Mullen Jr.

Formed in 1976, U2 has consistently remained among the most popular acts in the world since the mid 1980s. The band has sold approximately 50.5 million albums in the U.S., according to the RIAA,[1] and upwards of 170 million worldwide,[2] has had six #1 albums in the US and nine #1 albums in the UK and is one of the most successful bands of the rock era. The band has won 22 Grammy awards,[3] more than any other recording artist.

The band is also politically active in human rights causes, such as the Make Poverty History campaign as well as Live Aid, Live 8, and Bono's DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa) campaign.

History

Formation and breakthrough (1976 – 1979)

The band was formed in Dublin on Saturday, 25 September 1976 . Larry Mullen, Jr., then fourteen, posted a notice on his secondary school bulletin board (Mount Temple Comprehensive School) seeking musicians for a new band. The response that followed that note resulted in seven boys attending the initial practice in Larry's kitchen. Known for about a day as "The Larry Mullen Band," the group featured Mullen on drums, Adam Clayton on bass guitar, Paul Hewson (Bono) on vocals, Dave Evans (The Edge) on guitar, his brother Dik Evans on guitar and Mullen's friends Ivan McCormick and Peter Martin.[4] Soon after, the group settled on the name Feedback because of the amplifier noise phenomenon they favored. Martin only came to the first practice, and McCormick was out of the core group within a few weeks.

After 18 months of rehearsals, Feedback changed its name to The Hype. The band performed with their new name at a talent show in Limerick, Ireland on 17 March 1978. One of the judges for the show happened to be CBS Records' Jackie Hayden; they won the contest, earning a £500 prize. Hayden was impressed enough with the band that he gave them studio time to record their first demo. Jackie Hayden later went on to work for Irish Magazine Hot Press

The origin of the name U2 is not clear. Although it is also the name of a famous 1960s spyplane, the Dublin punk rock guru Steve Averill (better known as Steve Rapid of The Radiators From Space) claimed that it was chosen by the band from a list of ten names created by him and Adam Clayton. In an interview with Larry King, Bono is quoted as saying "I don't actually like the name U2," and "I honestly never thought of it as 'you too'."[5] Others feel that U2 derived its name from the Irish Unemployment form (in the same way as UB40 in the UK)[citation needed].

Dik Evans announced his departure in March 1978. The Hype performed a farewell show for Dik at the Community Centre in Howth. Dik walked offstage halfway through the set and later joined the Virgin Prunes, a fellow Dublin band. The remaining four members finished their performance as U2. In May, Paul McGuinness,who had been introduced to the band by Hot Press journalist Bill Graham, became U2's manager.

 
U2's first release, the Three (EP)

Influenced by Television and Joy Division, U2's early sound had a sense of exhilaration that resulted from The Edge's "radiant chords" and Bono's "ardent vocals".[6] U2 released its first single (in Ireland only) in September 1979, entitled U2-3, as a 12 inch and subsequently a 7 inch. The first 1,000 12 inch copies were individually hand numbered and it went on to top the Irish charts. In December 1979, U2 performed in London, their first shows outside Ireland, but failed to get much attention from audiences or critics. In February 1980, their second single "Another Day" was released on the CBS label but again only for the Irish market.

Boy and October (1980 - 1982)

Island Records signed the band in March 1980. U2 released its first international single "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" in May 1980 and released its first album, Boy the following October. It was met with critical praise[7][8][9][10] and is considered by some as one of the better debuts in rock history. Despite Bono’s unfocused, seemingly improvised lyrics, Boy had a specific theme – an examination of adolescence touching on fear over sex, identity confusion, death and uncontrollable mood swings. The album gave the band their first hit single, "I Will Follow," which remains a fan favorite to this day. Boy's release was followed by U2's first tour beyond Ireland and the United Kingdom. Despite their unpolished nature, these early live performances nevertheless helped demonstrate U2's potential, as critics noted that Bono was a very "charismatic" and "passionate" showman. One critic was even reminded of a young Rod Stewart.[11]

The album art seen at left is the United Kingdom album cover. American record-company executives thought the cover communicated paedophilic undertones and changed the image for the U.S. release. The boy on the cover is Peter Rowan, a brother of one of Bono's friends. Peter also appears, three years later, on the cover of War.

U2 made their first appearance on US television on Tomorrow hosted by Tom Snyder. It aired on 4 June, 1981, and the band performed "I Will Follow" and "Twilight", followed by an interview.

The band's second album, October, was released in 1981 . The album contained spiritual lyrics with Bono, The Edge and Larry being committed Christians and making little effort to hide that fact. The three band members had joined a religious group in Dublin called "Shalom," which led all three to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the rock and roll lifestyle. While the Bible has remained a major source of inspiration for Bono’s lyric writing, October is U2's only overtly religious album and is generally held to be among their least successful work.

Since 1982, Anton Corbijn has been the principal photographer for U2, having a major and ongoing influence on their public image. Since their first encounter in February 1982 in New Orleans, they have had a longstanding friendship, mutual inspiration, and shared interest of rock history.

War (1983)

In 1983, U2 returned with apparently a newfound sense of direction and the release of their third album, War. The album included the song "Sunday Bloody Sunday," which dealt with the troubles in Northern Ireland, including the IRA, using religious imagery and what many considered as forceful and almost rebellious lyrics. The ability to use a range of powerful images, taking a song initially about sectarian anger, and turn it into a call for Christians to unite and claim victory over death and evil, proved to many that the band was capable of deep and meaningful songwriting.[12] When some Irish-Americans tried to misrepresent the song as a rallying call for the Provisional IRA Bono responded with what became one of his most recognizable phrases, notably the performance on the live EP Under a Blood Red Sky - "this song is not a rebel song. This song is Sunday Bloody Sunday." Furthermore, as captured in the concert film Rattle and Hum, during the performance of the song on 8 November, 1987 in the USA, the day after the IRA bombing in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, in which 11 people were killed during a Remembrance Day service (see Remembrance Day Bombing), Bono denounced the violence in Ireland and the Irish-American expatriates who supported it. Unlike the style and emotions conveyed by other musicians in the early 1980s, many saw in Bono anger and passion that were palpable, especially as demonstrated by his blunt assertion "Fuck the 'revolution'!"

The album's first single, "New Year's Day", was U2's first international hit, reaching the #10 position on the UK charts and nearly cracking the Top 50 on the US charts. MTV put the "New Year's Day" video, directed by Meiert Avis, into heavy rotation, which immediately launched U2 to the mass American audience. For the first time, the band began performing to sold-out concerts in mainland Europe and the U.S. on their subsequent War Tour. The image of Bono waving a white flag during performances of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" would immediately become a familiar sight. U2 recorded the Under a Blood Red Sky EP on this tour and a live video was also released, both of which received radio and MTV play and helped expand the band's audience.

The Unforgettable Fire and Live Aid (1984-1985)

The band released their fourth album, The Unforgettable Fire, in 1984 with Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois receiving producing credits. The album was named after a series of paintings made by survivors of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It had a significant experimental aspect with the band striving to achieve a more atmospheric sound. Critics and fans alike found Bono's lyrics to be more subtle and poetic, while the Edge's guitar became more effects-driven and his sound more symphonic, and the rhythm section demonstrated its versatility.[13][14] Some critics, such as Rolling Stone's Kurt Loder, however, found that The Unforgettable Fire ironically lacked the "fire" of U2's previous albums[15] Although listeners would, for the most part hear a new sound from U2, their material, although less overtly so, remained political. "Pride (In the Name of Love)", a song about civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., was the first single, cracking the UK Top 5 and the US Top 40. Arguably the centerpiece of the album, the six-minute long "Bad" was to become a live favorite, but was never released as a single.

The associated Unforgettable Fire Tour saw U2 playing indoor arenas for the first time. U2 also participated in the Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium for Ethiopian famine relief in July 1985, which was seen by more than a billion people worldwide. U2 were not expected to be one of the main draws for the event, but the band provided the show with one of its most memorable moments, a relentless 13-minute version of "Bad" in which Bono hurdled off the stage to dance with a fan. The other band members were upset with Bono for spending the time they had planned for playing "Pride (In the Name of Love)," and Bono was convinced he had squandered a chance for promoting the band to a greater audience. Larry Mullen Jr. admitted that the rest of the band had considered leaving the stage as he was performing. The Live Aid version of "Bad" has however become one of U2's most renowned performances, and was an indication of the personal connection that Bono could make with audiences.

In 1985, Rolling Stone magazine called U2 the "Band of the 80's," saying that "for a growing number of rock-and-roll fans, U2 have become the band that matters most, maybe even the only band that matters." The band headlined 1986's A Conspiracy of Hope Tour for Amnesty International. This 6-show tour across the U.S. performed to sold-out arenas and stadiums, and helped Amnesty International triple its membership in the process. In May 1986 U2 headlined Self Aid, a benefit concert held in Dublin to highlight the chronic unemployment problem in Ireland at the time. The 14 hour concert was the largest that had ever been staged in Ireland and it was broadcast live in its entirety on Irish Television. U2's performance included spirited cover versions of 'C'mon Everybody' and 'Maggie's Farm'. Other acts who performed at the event included Van Morrison, The Boomtown Rats and Christy Moore.

The Joshua Tree & Rattle and Hum (1986 – 1989)

File:U2 the joshua tree.jpg
U2's The Joshua Tree

In March 1987, U2 released The Joshua Tree. The album debuted at #1 in the UK, quickly reached #1 in the U.S., and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, and second Grammy for the video "Where the Streets Have No Name". The singles "With or Without You" and "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" also quickly went to #1 in the U.S., with "Where the Streets Have No Name" being another heavily played track. U2 was the fourth rock band to be featured on the cover of Time magazine (following The Beatles, The Band, and The Who), who declared that U2 was "Rock's Hottest Ticket". The album, partly inspired by the band's fascination with America, contains country and folk music influences, and is often cited as one of rock's great albums.[16] The Joshua Tree Tour sold out stadiums around the world, the first time the band had consistently played venues of that size.

The documentary and double album Rattle and Hum featured tracks and footage recorded from various shows from The Joshua Tree Tour. Released in record stores and cinemas in 1988 (and to video in 1989), the album and film were intended as a tribute to American music. Recorded, in part, at Sun Studios in Memphis (along with The Point Depot, Dublin, Ireland), with tracks performed with Bob Dylan and B.B. King, and sang about blues great Billie Holiday. Among the live recording on the album were "Helter Skelter" and a cover version of Bob Dylan's famous song "All Along The Watchtower". Despite a positive reception from fans, Rattle and Hum received mixed-to-negative reviews from both film and music critics[citation needed].

After an 18-month break from touring, U2 went on the Lovetown Tour (with special guest B.B. King), which visited Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, but avoided the US and most of Europe. Perhaps feeling that U2 was somewhat stagnating, Bono announced during a December 30, 1989 concert in Dublin that it was time "to go away and just dream it all up again".[17]

Achtung Baby, Zoo TV, Zooropa (1990 – 1995)

File:U2AchtungBaby.jpg
U2's Achtung Baby

The band began work on Achtung Baby in East Berlin with Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois producing. The initial sessions did not go well, with conflict within the band over the direction of the album, although the writing of the song "One" was a breakthrough. In November 1991, U2 released the often experimental and distorted Achtung Baby in which the band had used influences from dance music. It was also a more inward and personal record, and as a result, darker than the band's previous work. Commercially and critically it was one of the band's most successful albums, and like The Joshua Tree, is often cited as one of rock's greatest.[18] It played a crucial part in the band's early 1990s reinvention.

File:Zoo stage.jpg
The Zoo TV stage

The band's Zoo TV Tour, which spanned 1992 and 1993 was a multimedia event, showcasing a bewildering but extravagant array hundreds of video screens, upside-down flying Trabant cars, mock transmission towers, satellite TV links, subliminal text messages, and over-the-top stage characters "The Fly", "Mirror-Ball Man" and "(Mister) MacPhisto". U2 used the show to mock the excesses of rock and roll by appearing to embrace these very excesses. Live prank phone calls to President Bush caused controversy, as did link-ups to war-torn Sarajevo.

Recorded in 1993 during a break in the ZooTV tour, the Zooropa album followed many of the themes from Achtung Baby album and Zoo TV tour. Initially intended as an EP, Zooropa expanded into a full-fledged LP and was released in July of 1993. It was a further greater departure from the style of their earlier recordings, incorporating techno style and other electronic effects. The Zooropa album was, like Achtung Baby before it, popular among people who had never been fans of U2, further expanding the fanbase and increasing the band's ability to remain popular into the 1990s and beyond. Most of the songs were played at least once in the 1993 leg of the tour through Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, with several songs becoming fixtures in the set.

After some time off—and a few side projects (the Batman Forever and Mission: Impossible soundtracks)—the band returned in 1995 with Brian Eno under the moniker "Passengers", and released an experimental album called Original Soundtracks No. 1. The album, including a collaboration with Luciano Pavarotti, "Miss Sarajevo", was largely unnoticed in the industry, and received little attention from the critics and public alike after the band lost the battle with the record company to release it with the U2 name.

Pop and Popmart (1996 – 1999)

With the recording of their 1997 album Pop, U2 were once again experimenting, this time utilizing tape loops, programming and sampling giving much of the album a techno/disco feel. However, the diversity of material on the album is as broad as any other U2 release, with the experimental aspects alongside the more traditional anthemic and ballad. Released in March 1997, the album debuted at #1 in 28 countries, and earned U2 mainly positive reviews. Rolling Stone even went so far as claiming U2 had "defied the odds and made some of the greatest music of their lives." However, American audiences and fans felt that the music industry had exceeded the limits of tolerance in promoting Pop, and the album was seen as something of a disappointment by many die-hard U2 fans. The band later admitted they were hurried into completing the album before the impending tour, and say that a number of tracks on the album were not finished as well as they would have liked. This possibly explains the re-recording and re-mixing of a number of Pop tracks for single releases and U2's second greatest hits album.

With the subsequent Popmart Tour, U2 continued the Zoo TV theme of decadence. The tour commenced in April 1997; the set included a 100-foot tall golden yellow arch, a large 150 foot long video screen, and a 40 foot tall mirrorball lemon. One of the stops was in Sarajevo, where they were the first major group to perform after the war. The Popmart Tour was the second-highest grossing tour of 1997 (behind the Rolling Stones' Bridges to Babylon Tour) with revenues of just under $80 million. However, it cost more than $100 million to produce. Although the extravagance of the tour was visually and technically impressive, in the early stages, Popmart was occasionally marred with less-than-par performances. The problem stemmed from the band booking their tour before the album was finished. Originally set to be released in November 1996, Pop was not in stores until March 1997. As a result, the band had to spend time recording that had originally been allocated for tour rehearsals. Both the Popmart Tour and the Zoo TV Tour were intended to send a sarcastic message to all those accusing U2 of commercialism. The shows were also intended to be shining a mirror back onto the world, taking all the subtle advertising and messages we are exposed to every day and blowing them up. However, many misinterpreted the band's new image and thought they had "lost it."

Following the Popmart Tour, The band played a brief concert in Belfast in May 1998, three days before the public voted in favour of the Northern Ireland Peace Accord. Also that year, U2 performed on an Irish TV fundraiser for victims of the Omagh, Northern Ireland bombing which killed 28 and injured hundreds earlier in the year. In late 1998, U2 released the single "Sweetest Thing" (previously a b-side from a "The Joshua Tree" single), as well as its first compilation, The Best of 1980-1990.

All That You Can't Leave Behind and Elevation Tour (2000 – 2002)

All That You Can't Leave Behind, was released in October 2000, and was considered by many of those not won over by the band's 1990s experimentation, as a return to grace. The album featured the band reverting to its traditional sound of the 1980s. Regarded by many, including Rolling Stone magazine, as U2's "third masterpiece" alongside The Joshua Tree and Achtung Baby, it was once again produced by Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. It debuted at #1 in 22 countries and spawned a world-wide hit single, "Beautiful Day," which also earned three of a total of six Grammy Awards associated with the album. "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" and "Elevation" were also successful singles. The album also would win the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 2002 and was responsible for two Record of the Year awards in consecutive years.

File:U2 Super Bowl.jpg
U2 performs at Super Bowl XXXVI Halftime Show, 3 February 2002

The Elevation Tour saw the band performing in a scaled-down setting, returning to arenas after nearly a decade of stadium productions, with a heart-shaped stage and ramp permitting greater proximity to the audience. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 nearly led U2 to cancel the last third of the tour but they decided to continue nonetheless; the new album's "Walk On" and "New York" gained added resonance. The tour ended up as the top concert draw in North America in 2001. Following such a favourably-received album, and a hugely successful tour, many fans felt that U2 had been successful in "re-applying for the job of the biggest band in the world," an application Bono had made a year earlier.

Following the Elevation Tour, the band performed a three-song set during the halftime of Super Bowl XXXVI. The set opened with "Beautiful Day," with Bono entering through the crowd. Next was "MLK". The highlight was a performance of "Where the Streets Have No Name" in which the names of the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks were projected onto a pair of backdrops, scrolling up towards the sky. At the end of the song the backdrops were released, descending to the ground in a gentle revisiting of the Twin Towers' fall. Bono then opened his jacket, which he had worn throughout the Elevation Tour, to reveal the American flag printed as the lining, an image that was widely reproduced in the media.

Bono continued his campaigns for debt and HIV/AIDS relief throughout the summer of 2002. In late 2002, U2 released part two of its greatest hits collection, The Best of 1990-2000.

How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and Vertigo Tour (2004 – 2006)

A rough-cut of the band's follow-up album, How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, was stolen in Nice, France, in July 2004.[19] In response, Bono stated that should the album appear on peer-to-peer networks, it would be released immediately via iTunes and be in stores within a month, although no such pre-release transpired.

The first single from the album, titled "Vertigo", was released for airplay on September 24, 2004. The song received extensive airplay in the first week after its release and became an international hit. The album was released on November 22 worldwide and November 23 in the United States. The album debuted at #1 in 32 countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the band's native Ireland. It sold 840,000 units in the United States in its first week. This was a personal record for the band, nearly doubling the first-week sales of All That You Can't Leave Behind in the US.

Using a similar setup and stage design as the previous tour, the band began the first leg of the Vertigo Tour in the United States in March 2005, followed by a European leg starting in June, before returning to North America between September and December. February and March 2006 saw the band play shows in Latin America. The tour has featured a much more varied set list than any U2 tour since the 1980s, with a greater diversity of songs played each night. There have also been a number of very early U2 songs featured that had not been played since the early 1980s, including "The Electric Co." and "An Cat Dubh/Into the Heart". Sold out shows for March 2006 in New Zealand, Australia, Japan and Hawaii were postponed due to a severe illness of an immediate family member of the band. The dates have now been rescheduled for November and December 2006. Much like the Elevation Tour, the Vertigo Tour has also been a large commercial success.

On February 8, 2006, U2 won Grammy Awards in all five categories they were nominated in: Album of the Year for How To Dismantle An Atomic Bomb, Song of the Year for "Sometimes You Can't Make It On Your Own," Best Rock Album for Atomic Bomb, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Sometimes..." and Best Rock Song for "City of Blinding Lights". "If you think this is going to go to our head, it's too late," said Bono as he accepted the award for "Song of the Year".[20]

Next album recordings (2006 – 2007)

Template:Future album In April 2005, reports emerged that U2 have plans for a new album.[21] According to Bono there are 24 songs that came out of the last album sessions, of which the band took 11 for their subsequent record. In the January 2006 edition of Q magazine, Bono said that the band was in fact working on a new album for 2006.[22] An early July email to members of U2.com's paid fan club broke the news that the band was back in the studio, although it is unknown at what point in the process the sessions are.[23]

Recordings from sessions in Èze, France, known as "beach clips", have led to new speculation concerning the band's next album. It has been reported that famed producer Rick Rubin is currently in the South of France with U2, working on new material for their next album. This is the first collaboration between the band and Rubin. On September 12, it was reported on the official U2 website that the band was working on a new album in the famed Abbey Road studios.

It was announced in early September 2006 that Green Day would join U2 in the studio to record a cover version of the song "The Saints are Coming" by The Skids to benefit Music Rising, a charity founded (with support from The Edge) to help in the purchasing of new instruments for the musicians of New Orleans affected by Hurricane Katrina. To coincide with the recording, both bands performed a live version of the song during the NFL Monday Night Football Pregame show of the New Orleans Saints/Atlanta Falcons game on September 25, 2006. "The Saints are Coming" will be digitally released on October 31st and the single on November 6th, 2006

U2's website announced that a new "Best Of" album is in production, it will be called U218. It will contain 16 of the band's most well-known songs and two new recordings including "The Saints are Coming" - the collaboration with Green Day. A bonus edition of the album will include a live DVD featuring 10 tracks from the Veritgo Tour in Milan as well as a DVD collection of video clips from U218[24] U218 is due for release on November 20 2006.[25]

Other projects

U2 have worked with other collaborators; the individual members have also worked in smaller groups together and with outsiders. Bono recorded the song "In a Lifetime" with the Irish band Clannad, with a video co-directed by The Edge. Together with Edge, Bono wrote the song "GoldenEye" for the James Bond movie of the same name, which was performed by Tina Turner. The pair also wrote the song "She's A Mystery To Me" for Roy Orbison, which was released on his album Mystery Girl, while Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen Jr. did a rework of the title track of the movie Mission: Impossible in 1996.

U2 also worked together with non-music artists, including the U.S. author William S. Burroughs, who had a guest appearance in their video of "Last Night on Earth" shortly before he died. His poem "A Thanksgiving Prayer" was used as video footage during the band's Zoo TV Tour. Other collaborators included William Gibson and Allen Ginsberg.

Many musicians have been influenced by the work of U2. There are several cover versions of U2 songs by bands such as Pet Shop Boys, Pearl Jam and The Chimes, and musicians such as Cassandra Wilson, Joe Cocker, Billy Corgan and Johnny Cash. U2 have enjoyed reciprocal influential relationships with artists including R.E.M., Bruce Springsteen and Anton Corbijn, as well as exerting influences on others.

Discography

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Multi-listen start Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen end Template:Sample box end

Main article: U2 discography

Campaigning

U2 is almost as well known for its humanitarian work as it is for its music. Bono is one if the best-known advocates for the fight against pooverty and AIDS in Africa. Some charity organisations supported by U2 include:

The Edge also supports Music Rising, an organisation set up to help replace musical instruments of New Orleans musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina.

U2, more specifically Bono, have teamed up with Yahoo! to promote the ONE Campaign, which Yahoo! has helped to re-develop. In doing so, Bono has also joined in the "Ask the Planet" campaign of Yahoo! Answers, in which various celebrities pose questions to the other users.

See also

Notes & references

  1. ^ http://www.riaa.com/gp/bestsellers/topartists.asp
  2. ^ http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article364606.ece
  3. ^ http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=u2&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1
  4. ^ Chatterton, Mark. U2 The Complete Encyclopedia (2001). pg. 130. Firefly Publishing
  5. ^ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/01/lklw.00.html
  6. ^ Reynolds, Simon. Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984. Penguin, 2005. p. 368
  7. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1072&news_type=review
  8. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1073&news_type=review
  9. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1074&news_type=review
  10. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1075&news_type=review
  11. ^ http://www.boston.com/ae/music/packages/U2Fleetcenter/concert_review_march_1981/
  12. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1085&news_type=review (full Jan 31, 1983 article can be seen at http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/210489/review/6067451/war)
  13. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1091&news_type=review
  14. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1093&news_type=review
  15. ^ http://www.u2.com/music/index.php?mode=full&news_id=1092&news_type=review
  16. ^ http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/
  17. ^ Parra, Pimm Jal de la U2 Live: A Concert Documentary, 1994, Omnibus Press, 176 pages, ISBN0-7119-3666-8
  18. ^ http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/
  19. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3897987.stm
  20. ^ http://cbs4boston.com/grammys/local_story_040062525.html
  21. ^ Anti-Music
  22. ^ http://www.atu2.com/newalbum/
  23. ^ [1]
  24. ^ http://www.u2.com/news/?news_id=2004&PHPSESSID=83d496837a0a93062be560d5f44a2e67
  25. ^ http://www.u2.com/highlights/?hid=300
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U2.
  • U2.com - Official site
  • @U2 - A comprehensive unofficial U2 site
  • Interference.com - U2 news, articles, and home of the largest online U2 fan community

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U2&oldid=81170505"