利用者:とんずらする豚/作業室2

安市城包囲戦（en:Battle of Ansi（2022年8月24日、Montenois他）より翻訳）

安市城包囲戦
第1次高句麗・唐戦争（英語版）中
唐の高句麗への侵攻を示す地図
時 645年6月20日-9月18日 場所 安市城（英語版） 結果 高句麗の勝利
衝突した勢力
高句麗 靺鞨	唐
指揮官
安市城にて： 楊万春 駐蹕山にて： 高延寿（捕虜） 高恵真（捕虜）	太宗 李勣 長孫無忌 李道宗（戦傷） 薛仁貴
戦力
安市城にて： ~5000人（守備隊） 駐蹕山にて： ~15万人（増援部隊）	安市城にて：不明 駐蹕山にて: 兵士~3万人
被害者数
戦死2万人+ 降伏36800人[1]	死傷者2000+人

朝鮮側の名称
各種表記
ハングル：	안시성 전투
漢字：	安市城 戰鬪
RR式：	Ansiseong jeontu
MR式：	Anshisŏng chŏnt'u
テンプレートを表示

安市城包囲戦は遼東半島の要塞安市城における高句麗と唐の戦闘であり第1次高句麗・唐戦争（英語版）の最高潮の戦闘であった。対決は645年6月20日から645年9月18日の約3か月間行われた。

当初の戦闘が15万人の高句麗の救援部隊の敗北で終わり唐軍が要塞への包囲攻撃を計画することになった。約2ヶ月で戦闘が終わると、唐軍は城壁を再建した。城壁の一部が崩壊し防衛部隊に乗っ取られた時点で要塞は完成間近であった。高句麗の増援部隊が到着し補給が欠乏すると共に唐軍は敗れざるを得なかった。2万人を超える高句麗兵が戦闘で殺された。

背景

644年、唐の太宗は唐内部の反対に直面しながら高句麗侵攻を決定した。淵蓋蘇文による高句麗の栄留王等高句麗官吏の暗殺が侵攻の正当化に使われた。翌年に向けて部隊や艦船、包囲攻撃用機関を準備し偵察部隊を作りながら侵攻に向けた準備を開始した。645年4月1日、Huaiyuan基地に行進する口実で李勣率いる唐軍は突然高句麗侵攻に転じた^[2]。高句麗の防衛体制を混乱させる為に撫順や蓋州などの城を数か所攻撃した。計画は失敗し、その代わりに李勣は4月15日に瀋陽を包囲する為に唐軍を配備した。瀋陽は4月25日に陥落した。同時に張亮率いる海軍部隊が遼東半島に上陸し5月2日に大連の確保に向かった。その間に太宗は部隊に合流し、襄平と灯塔を相次いで確保した^[3]。

その後唐軍は6月20日に要塞に侵攻しながら約10万人の要塞都市安市城要塞を攻撃することを決定した。朝鮮王朝の文書は、安市城要塞の司令官は楊万春であると言われていると伝えている^[4]。唐の侵攻に対する対応として唐の総司令官淵蓋蘇文は安市城を救いに高延寿（英語版）と高恵真（英語版）と共に約15万人の部隊を送った^[3]。

展開

The battle to rescue Ansi

→詳細は「Battle of Jupilsan」を参照

On 20 July, the two sides descended into battle. The Tang Dynasty sent Li Shiji leading 15,000 infantry and cavalry to fight the Goguryeo army directly. But Tang general Zhangsun Wuji led 11,000 elite cavalry across the canyon from the north of the mountain to hit the rear of Goguryeo forces. In the battle, Taizong personally led 4,000 infantry and cavalry to fight. The Tang army came out victorious in the end, decimating the Goguryeo forces. At least 20,000 Goguryeo soldiers were killed and 36,800 Goguryeo soldiers, including their generals Go Yeonsu and Go Hyezin, surrendered. The Tang army captured 50,000 horses, over 50,000 cattle, and over 10,000 iron armors. After the battle, Tang had succeeded in isolating Ansi fortress from other Goguryeo territory.^[1]

Assault on the Ansi fortress

The Tang first attacked Ansi Fortress with several siege weapons including catapults and battering rams. However Goguryeo repelled the attacks and repaired the ramparts each time. As a result, Taizong was furious and Li Shiji asked permission to massacre all the men and women if the fortress was captured, which was granted. After Anshi people heard this, they defended the fortress more tenaciously, the Tang army's assaults were repelled several times. When the Ansi fortress attack came to a standstill, Tang was in a hurry so the Tang Army attacked the west side of the fortress as many as six or seven times per day.^[5] One night, hundreds of Goguryeo soldiers climbed out of the fortress and attempted to attack the Tang army. When Taizong heard about it, he called up soldiers to make an emergency joint attack which killed dozens of Goguryeo soldiers, and the rest fled back to the fortress.^[6]

The Tang forces grew weary and considered the idea of bypassing Ansi fortress to attack other parts of Goguryeo, which was rejected due to threat Ansi posed to the advancing Tang forces.^[1] Under the leadership of Tang's prince Li Daozong, Tang forces attempted to build a rampart in the southeastern corner of the fortress, gradually approaching the wall. Meanwhile, the external wall was constantly raised by the garrison. Li Daozong was injured in the battle. The Tang used soldiers and unknown number of laborers (possibly war captives) to build the rampart and the top of the rampart was only a few feet away from the fortress.^[6] It overlooked the city. Fu Fuai, one officer of the Tang Army, stationed his troops on the top of the rampart. However, Fu Fuai left the camp privately and the rampart suddenly fell, and the Goguryeo army occupied it. Taizong was very angry and put Fu Fuai to death. After that, Tang tried to regain the rampart for 3 days but failed. On the 3rd day, the Goguryeo army reinforcements arrived and Taizong had still not captured the Ansi Fortress. In addition, the weather was getting colder and food ran out, so the Tang unavoidably ordered retreat.^[7] Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.^[8] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of his Turkic generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.^[9]

Aftermath

The Tang Dynasty estimated that about 2,000 Tang soldiers were killed during the 3 month long siege period and the Tang Army lost an estimated 8,000 war horses.^[6] In 645, Emperor Taizong founded the Minzhong Temple, the oldest temple in Beijing, to commemorate his soldiers who died in Goguryeo.^{[10][11][12][13]} Emperor Taizong prepared another invasion in 648, but died, possibly due to an illness he contracted during his Goguryeo campaigns.^[14]

The Goguryeo forces lost over 20,000 people, with over 36,800 troops being taken prisoner during the early stage of combat. The casualties of the Goruryeo troops during the siege itself are unknown.^[4][2]

Tensions between Goguryeo and Tang continued, until Goguryeo was finally defeated by a joint Silla-Tang force in the year 668.^[1]

In popular culture

The 2018 South Korean film The Great Battle is based on this siege.^[15]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Graff, David (2 September 2003) (英語). Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 9781134553532. https://books.google.com/books?id=gpmBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 2018年10月28日閲覧。 
2. ^ ^{a b} “민족문화대백과사전- 안시성전투” (Korean). encykorea. 2016年11月11日閲覧。
3. ^ ^{a b} “안시성싸움[安市城─ - 두피디아]” (Korean). doopedia.co.kr. 2016年11月11日閲覧。
4. ^ ^{a b} “안시성 싸움” (朝鮮語). terms.naver.com. 2020年2月6日閲覧。
5. ^ “민족문화대백과사전- 안시성전투” (Korean). encykorea. 2016年11月11日閲覧。
6. ^ ^{a b c} “资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪十四_古诗文网”. m.gushiwen.org. 2018年8月23日閲覧。
7. ^ “안시성싸움” (Korean). terms.naver.com. 2016年11月11日閲覧。
8. ^ Graff, David (2 September 2003) (英語). Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781134553532. https://books.google.com/books?id=gpmBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 2016年11月3日閲覧。 
9. ^ Skaff 2012, p. 95.
10. ^ “Record of Restoring the Buddha Relic at Minzhong Temple”. Museum of the Institute of History and Philology. Academia Sinica. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。 “The Minzhong Temple is known today as the Fayuan Temple in Beijing. The temple was built by Emperor Li Shimin to mourn and salvage the lost souls in his failed attempt to conquer Goguryeo.”
11. ^ Haw, Stephen G. (22 November 2006) (英語). Beijing – A Concise History. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 9781134150335. https://books.google.com/books?id=J8J8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 2016年11月2日閲覧。 
12. ^ Perkins, Dorothy (19 November 2013) (英語). Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 9781135935696. https://books.google.com/books?id=tsIeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 2016年11月2日閲覧。 
13. ^ Jaivin, Linda (15 May 2014) (英語). Beijing. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781780233000. https://books.google.com/books?id=SJAOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 2016年11月2日閲覧。 
14. ^ Chen, Jack Wei (2010) (英語). The Poetics of Sovereignty: On Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. Harvard University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780674056084. https://books.google.com/books?id=5wlDivOQGakC&pg=PA43 2016年8月4日閲覧。 
15. ^ “Yonhap News Agency” (英語). Yonhap News Agency. 2020年2月6日閲覧。 Template:Fcn