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Perseverative cognition

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Perseverative cognition[1][2] is a collective term in scientific psychology for continuous thinking about negative events[3] in the past or in the future (e.g. worry, rumination and brooding, but also mind wandering about negative topics[4][5]). Perseverative cognition has been shown to have physiological effects, such as increased heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol, in daily life as well as under controlled laboratory conditions.[6][7] Because of these physiological effects, the psychological concept of perseverative cognition helps to explain how psychological stress, such as work stress and marital stress, leads to disease, such as cardiovascular disease (see below: the 'perseverative cognition hypothesis').

Definition

The definition of perseverative cognition is: "the repeated or chronic activation of the cognitive representation of one or more psychological stressors".[2][8] Worry, rumination and all other forms of thought (cognition) involving stressful events, in the past or in the future, fall under the definition of perseverative cognition. 'Just thinking about your problems, without calling it worrying or rumination', is also perseverative cognition, as is mind wandering when it concerns negative topics.[4][5] Importantly, there is a large body of knowledge about the typical constituents of perseverative cognition, such as worry, rumination, repetitive thinking and (negative) mind wandering (reviewed in Watkins, 2008[3]). Perseverative cognition may partly be unconscious.[9][10] Just as people are not aware of the larger part of their thoughts (cognition),[11][12] they may also not be aware of the cognitive representation of stressors.

The 'perseverative cognition hypothesis'[2] holds that stressful events cannot affect people's health, unless they think repetitively or continuously (that is, 'perseverate cognitively') about these stressful events. Stressful events themselves are often too short, as are the physiological responses to them. Therefore the physiological responses during these stressors are unlikely to cause bodily harm. More importantly, many stressful events are merely worried about, or feared in the future, while they often do not happen or do not have the feared consequences. Nevertheless, the body reacts with prolonged physiological responses to continuous thoughts (perseverative cognition) about these stressors. Therefore it is the perseverative cognition, and not the stressors that can eventually lead to disease. In scientific terms, it is said that perseverative cognition is a mediator of the detrimental effects of stress on one's health. Since its publication scientific evidence for this hypothesis has been accumulating.[8][13][14][15]

   It is said that Perseverative cognition is involved with a “stress-disease link".[1] Further, it is the thought about the stress, or rather the obsessing over it, that causes stress and disease to be linked to it. Perseverative cognition also focuses on the effects that worry over things that will occur in the future have on the physical body and mind.[2] This could suggest that obsessive worrying over past events or the future could lead to physical issues.

   There are some physical evidences of the effects of Perseverative cognition, as noted in an analysis article.[7] The article found that cortisol levels, as well as the average heart rates of individuals, were higher when Perseverative Cognitive processes were present.[7] Another article[8] says that “worrying about stressful events increases the total amount of time that stress has a ‘wear and tear’ effect on the human body.” Studies[16] have been done that show links between cognitive perseverance and increased heart rates. The consistent, ruminating thoughts circulating in one’s mind could lead to physical responses.

  It is also discussed in another article[10] that these worries create psychological issues that in turn create physical negative outcomes. It is not, as the article claims, the events themselves that create the physical issues, but rather the consistent worrying about them that causes the issues.

  In another article, it is discussed that perseverative cognition increases heart rate, and also impacts parts of the brain, notably in the prefrontal and amygdala areas.[16] There is a connection between the brain and the heart when it comes to perseverative cognition. When present, it impacts not only mental facilities, but also physical components.[16] One article describes the physical components as a response to the thoughts, “as if the individual were facing an external stressor”.[17] The article also talks about how obsessive thoughts of worry lead to greater depression. Cognitive perseverance leads to multiple issues, ranging from mood to heart rate.

  Cognitive perseverance not only impacts mental and physical processing, but it also has the possibility of impacting sleep, as explored in one article.[18] In this article, the impact of obsessive worrying regarding jobs, therefore creating perseverative cognition, on sleep was explored. They found that there was a correlation between excessive job centered perseverative cognition and a lack of good sleep. Perseverative cognition impacts several parts of life. Another article[19] talks about how poor sleep could happen when one had perseverative cognition. The article uses the term mind wandering to talk about “persistent and repetitive” thoughts[20] and correlates with other mental disorders. Perseverative cognition can affect more than physical components, as stated earlier. The same article[21] also talked about how mental rigidity ties in with perseverative cognition and impacts individuals in multiple ways.

   In addition, perseverative cognition has potential to make other mental illnesses worse. In another article, its effect on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.[20] They found that with severe PTSD and the perseverative cognition, it correlated with less recovery regarding cardiovascular disease.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Brosschot, J.F.; Pieper, S.; Thayer, J.F. (2005). "Expanding Stress Theory: Prolonged Activation And Perseverative Cognition". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30 (10): 1043–9. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.008. PMID 15939546.
  2. ^ a b c d Brosschot, J.F; Gerin, W.; Thayer, J.F. (2006). "Worry and health: the perseverative cognition hypothesis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 60 (2): 113–12. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074. PMID 16439263.
  3. ^ a b Watkins, E. R. (2008). "Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought". Psychological Bulletin. 134 (2): 163–206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163. PMC 2672052.
  4. ^ a b Ottaviani, C.; Shapiro, D.; Couyoumdjian, A. (2013). "Flexibility as the key for somatic health: From mind wandering to perseverative cognition". Biological Psychology. 94 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.003.
  5. ^ a b Ottaviani, C; Couyoumdjian, A (2013). "Pros and cons of a wandering mind: a prospective study". Frontiers in Psychology. 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00524. PMC 3743222.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Zoccola, P.M.; Dickerson, S.D.; Yim, I. S. (2011). "Trait and state perseverative cognition and the cortisol awakening response". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 (4): 592–595. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.004. PMID 21050668.
  7. ^ a b c Ottaviani, C.; Lonigro, A.; Medea, B.; Couyoumdjian, A.; Thayer, J.F.; Verkuil, B.; Brosschot, J.F. (2015). "Physiological Concomitants of Perseverative Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 142 (3): 231–259. doi:10.1037/bul0000036. PMID 26689087.
  8. ^ a b c Verkuil, B.; Brosschot, J.F.; Gebhardt, W.A.; Thayer, J.F. (2010). "When worries make you sick: A review of perseverative cognition, the default stress response and somatic health". Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. 1: 87–118. doi:10.5127/jep.009110.
  9. ^ Brosschot, J.F. (2010). "Markers of chronic stress: Prolonged physiological activation and (un)conscious perseverative cognition". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (1): 46–50. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.004.
  10. ^ a b Brosschot, J.F.; Verkuil, B.; Thayer, J.F. (2010). "Conscious and unconscious perseverative cognition: Is a large part of prolonged physiological activity due to unconscious stress?". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 69 (4): 407–16. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.002.
  11. ^ Bargh, J.A.; Morsella, E. (2008). "The unconscious mind". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (1): 73–9. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00064.x. PMC 2440575. PMID 18584056.
  12. ^ Dijksterhuis, A.; Nordgren, L.F. (2006). "A theory of unconscious thought". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 1 (2): 95–109. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.513.2448. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.x. PMID 26151465.
  13. ^ Geurts, S.A.; Sonnentag, S. (2006). "Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment". Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environtal Health. 32 (6): 482–92. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1053.
  14. ^ Larsen, B.A; Christenfeld, N.J.S. (2009). "Cardiovascular Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidity: The Potential Role of Perseverative Cognition". Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology. 2009: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2009/791017. PMC 2790803. PMID 20029626.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Flaxman, P. E.; Ménard, J.; Bond, F. W.; Kinman, G. (2012). "Academics' experiences of a respite from work: Effects of self-critical perfectionism and perseverative cognition on postrespite well-being". Journal of Applied Psychology. 97 (4): 854–865. doi:10.1037/a0028055. PMID 22545621.
  16. ^ a b c Kocsel, Natália; Köteles, Ferenc; Szemenyei, Eszter; Szabó, Edina; Galambos, Attila; Kökönyei, Gyöngyi (July 2019). "The association between perseverative cognition and resting heart rate variability: A focus on state ruminative thoughts". Biological Psychology. 145: 124–133. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.004. ISSN 0301-0511.
  17. ^ Van Laethem, Michelle; Beckers, Debby G. J.; Geurts, Sabine A. E.; Garefelt, Johanna; Magnusson Hanson, Linda L.; Leineweber, Constanze (2017-09-12). "Perseverative Cognition as an Explanatory Mechanism in the Relation Between Job Demands and Sleep Quality". International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 25 (2): 231–242. doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9683-y. ISSN 1070-5503.
  18. ^ Makovac, Elena; Fagioli, Sabrina; Rae, Charlotte L.; Critchley, Hugo D.; Ottaviani, Cristina (January 2020). "Can't get it off my brain: Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on perseverative cognition". Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 295: 111020. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111020. ISSN 0925-4927.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  19. ^ Ottaviani, Cristina; Medea, Barbara; Lonigro, Antonia; Tarvainen, Mika; Couyoumdjian, Alessandro (April 2015). "Cognitive rigidity is mirrored by autonomic inflexibility in daily life perseverative cognition". Biological Psychology. 107: 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.02.011. ISSN 0301-0511.
  20. ^ a b Kibler, Jeffrey L. (February 2018). "An Extension of the Perseverative Cognition Hypothesis to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology: Cardiovascular Recovery in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Severity and Cognitive Appraisals of Stress". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 31 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1002/jts.22252. ISSN 0894-9867.
  21. ^ Ottaviani, Cristina (2018-04-01). "Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition". Psychophysiology. 55 (7): e13082. doi:10.1111/psyp.13082. ISSN 0048-5772.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

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