The voiced labial–velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is a [ɡ] and [b] pronounced simultaneously and is considered a double articulation.[1] To make this sound, one can say go but with the lips closed as if one were saying Bo; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after the g of go is pronounced. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ͡b⟩. Its voiceless counterpart is voiceless labial–velar plosive, [k͡p].
| Voiced labial–velar plosive | |
|---|---|
| ɡ͡b | |
| IPA number | 110 (102) |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ɡ͡b |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0261 U+0361 U+0062 |
The voiced labial–velar plosive is commonly found in Niger-Congo languages, e.g. in Igbo (Volta-Congo) in the name [iɡ͡boː] itself; or in Bété (Atlantic-Congo), e.g. in the surname of Laurent Gbagbo [ɡ͡baɡ͡bo], former president of Ivory Coast.
Features
editFeatures of the voiced labial–velar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is labial–velar, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is exclusively allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyula | gba | [ɡ͡bɑ] | 'bench' | |
| Ega[2] | [ɡ͡bá] | 'finish' | ||
| Ewe | Èʋegbe | [èβeɡ͡be] | 'Ewe language' | |
| Igbo | Igbo | [iɡ͡boː] | 'Igbo' | |
| Kalabari[3] | ágbá | [áɡ͡bá] | 'paint' | |
| Kissi | gbɛŋgbo | [ɡ͡bɛŋɡ͡bɔ] | 'stool' | |
| Mono (Ubangian)[4] | gba | [ɡ͡ba] | 'moisten' | |
| Mundang[5] | gbajole / ࢥَجٝلٜ | [ɡ͡baɟole] | 'to help' | |
| Nigerian Pidgin[6] | gbedu | [ɡ͡bɛdu] | 'beats' (of music) | Phonemic. Found in substrate words and later loanwords from native Nigerian languages. See Languages of Nigeria. |
| Tarok[7] | igban | [iɡ͡ban] | 'traditional wooden tool' | |
| Temne[8] | kʌgbara | [kʌɡ͡bara] | 'coconut' | |
| Tyap | a̠mgba̠m | [əmɡ͡bəm] | 'all' | |
| Volow[9] | nleq̄evēn | [n.lɛᵑᵐɡ͡bʷɛβɪn] | 'woman' | with labiovelar release |
| Yoruba | gbogbo | [ɡ͡boɡ͡bo] | 'all' | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Catford & Esling 2006, p. 438:
… the commonest double articulations consist of the simultaneous articulation of stops at two locations, most frequently labial-velar [kp] [gb], written [k͡p] [ɡ͡b] when the coarticulation has to be made explicit in transcription. This particular type of double articulation is often called ‘labiovelar,’ a term which must be avoided in a strictly systematic phonetic taxonomy in which the first half of such a compound term refers to the lower articulator.
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
- ^ Harry (2003:113)
- ^ Olson (2004:233); association with Niger-Congo uncertain.
- ^ Priest, Lorna A.; Hosken, Martin (12 August 2010). Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2023.
- ^ Faraclas (1996), pp. 248–249.
- ^ Onah, Patrick El-Kanemi; Israel, T. Gamypal (Dec 2022). "A Phonological Description of Tarok" (PDF). Journal of English and Communication in Africa. 5 (3&4): 1–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
- ^ Ladefoged (1964)
- ^ François (2005:445)
References
edit- Catford, J.C.; Esling, John (2006). "Articulatory phonetics". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (2 ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 425–442. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00002-X.
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Faraclas, Nicholas (1996), "Nigerian Pidgin" (PDF), New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02291-6
- François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages", Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.4359, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754
- Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
- Kropp Dakubu, M. E. (1987), The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan
- Ladefoged, Peter (1964), A phonetic study of West African languages, Cambridge University Press
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744