2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2007th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 7th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 8th year of the 2000s decade.
From left to right, top to bottom:
- Images of 2007 South Asian floods
- Benazir Bhutto, the prime minister of Pakistan was assassinated
- 2007-2008 Kenyan crisis was a violent political, economic, and humanitarian crisis in Kenya.
- Hurricane Noel, a deadly tropical cyclone that carved a path of destruction across the Atlantic Ocean.
- Apple Inc. launched its first iPhone (1st generation).
- Bronze night surrounding the relocation of a Soviet-era war memorial, the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn
- Car of Google Street View, launched that year
- The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting that occurred at Virginia Tech, resulting in 32 fatalities
- TAM Airlines Flight 3054 crashed at Congonhas-São Paulo Airport (CGH) after overrunning the runway, killing almost 200
2007 was designated as the International Heliophysical Year[1] and the International Polar Year.[2]
Population
editThe world population on January 1, 2007, was estimated to be 6.714 billion people and increased to 6.801 billion people by January 1, 2008.[3] An estimated 139.9 million births and 53.4 million deaths took place in 2007.[3] The average global life expectancy was 69.0 years, an increase of 0.4 years from 2006.[3] The estimated number of global refugees increased from 9.9 million to 11.4 million by the end of the year.[4] The largest sources of refugees were Afghanistan with 3.1 million people and Iraq with 2.3 million people.[5]
Conflicts
editThere were 34 conflicts in 2007 that resulted in at least 25 fatalities.[6] Four of these resulted in at least 1,000 fatalities: the Iraqi insurgency, the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan, Eelam War IV in Sri Lanka, and the War in Somalia.[7] This was the first year since 1957 to have fewer than five such conflicts.[8] Conflicts in 2007 trended toward fragmentation as insurgencies, criminal organizations, and terrorist groups engaged with each other.[9]
The Iraqi insurgency against the Multi-National Force – Iraq grew in 2007. Conflict rose between Sunni and Shia populations, and sectarian militias emerged. Despite making up a small portion of the insurgency, al-Qaeda in Iraq became a major perpetrator of mass-casualty attacks. The United States escalated its presence in Iraq with a surge of soldiers and the commencement of Operation Phantom Thunder to combat Al-Qaeda and other Islamist groups.[10]
The Central African Bush War ended when rebels with the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity were granted amnesty, and the First Ivorian Civil War ended with the Ouagadougou Agreement that authorized the merger of the government and the Patriotic Movement of Ivory Coast rebel group. Progress was made in the Juba talks that moved Uganda closer to peace with the Lord's Resistance Army, but a permanent ceasefire was not obtained. Israel and Palestine made progress toward peace during the Annapolis Conference. A peace agreement was reached with the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development rebellion in Chad, but the rebels broke the agreement a month later.[8] The War in Darfur slowed slightly early in the year but then revived with a stronger inclination toward fragmentation and insurgent-style fighting over traditional warfare, including rebel groups that launched attacks out of neighboring Chad.[11]
Several conflicts emerged or resumed in 2007 as rebel groups and insurgencies became active. The ADC rebel group started an insurgency in northern Mali, reviving a 1990s insurgency for Tuareg separatism.[8] Another Tuareg insurgency formed in Niger, the Niger Movement for Justice, but it did not promote the separatist beliefs of the ADC.[12] Rebellion by Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi resumed in Pakistan, escalating after a siege on a mosque in July.[13] Other conflicts that resumed in 2007 included the Cabinda War in Angola and the conflict with the Shining Path in Peru.[13] Bundu dia Kongo, a Kongo separatist movement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, abandoned its mostly-peaceful approach and formally militarized.[12]
Events
editJanuary
edit- January 1
- Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eurozone.[14]
- Adam Air Flight 574, en route to Manado, Indonesia, from Surabaya, Indonesia, crashes into the Makassar Strait; killing all 102 on board.[15]
- January 4 – Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
- January 8 – Russian oil supplies to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine are cut as the Russia–Belarus energy dispute escalates;[16] they are restored three days later.[17]
- January 9 – Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduces the original iPhone at a Macworld keynote in San Francisco, starting the new era of smartphones with this invention.[citation needed]
- January 30 – Windows Vista is released to consumers by Microsoft.[18]
- January 31 – Boston, United States faces a hoax bomb scare, as a result of LED placards of Ignignokt and Err from Aqua Teen Hunger Force being mistaken as an improvised explosive device.[19]
February
edit- February 2 – The IPCC publishes its fourth assessment report, having concluded that global climate change is "very likely" to have a predominantly human cause.[20]
- February 3 – A truck bomb explodes in Baghdad, Iraq, killing at least 135 people and injures 339 others.[21]
- February 13 – North Korea agrees to shut down its nuclear facilities in Yongbyon by April 14 as a first step towards complete denuclearization, receiving in return energy aid equivalent to 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.[22]
- February 19 – Microblogging social network Tumblr is launched to the public.[23]
- February 26 – The International Court of Justice finds Serbia guilty of failing to prevent genocide in the Srebrenica massacre, but clears it of direct responsibility and complicity in the case.[24]
March
edit- March 1 – The fourth International Polar Year, a $1.73 billion research program to study both the North Pole and South Pole, is launched in Paris.[25]
- March 3 – A total lunar eclipse occurs and is visible in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. It is the 52nd lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros series 123 occurring at the moon's descending node. The moon is just 3.2 days before apogee, making it fairly small.
- March 4 – The First Ivorian Civil War ends with a peace agreement.
- March 11 – Georgia accuses three Russian helicopters of firing on the Kodori Gorge, then the only part of the break-away autonomous republic of Abkhazia still under Georgian control.[26]
- March 13–April 28 – The 2007 Cricket World Cup is held in the West Indies with Australia defeating Sri Lanka in the final.[27]
- March 19 – The first solar eclipse of the year 2007 is a partial solar eclipse occurring just 0.7 days before perigee, making it very large. The Moon covers 87.558% of the Sun. In this partial solar eclipse, the best visibility occurs at 61º02'55" N, 55º28'04" E. It is the 20th solar eclipse of Solar Saros series 149, at ascending node. The Sun is its zenith just 83 km south of the Equator, so the Northern Hemisphere was in winter and the Southern Hemisphere was in summer on March 19, 2007.
- March 23 – Naval forces of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps arrest Royal Navy personnel in disputed Iran-Iraq waters;[28] they were released on April 4.[29]
- March 27 – Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvītis and Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov sign a border treaty between Latvia and Russia, officially demarcating the border between the two.[30]
April
edit- April 16 – Virginia tech massacre: 23-year-old Seung-Hui Cho fatally shoots 32 people and injured 17 others, before committing suicide as police arrive on the scene.
- April 18 – 18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings: A series of attacks take place across Baghdad, Iraq, killing nearly 200 people.[31]
- April 24 – Gliese 581c, a potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet habitable for life, is discovered in the constellation Libra.[32]
- April 26–27 – "Bronze Night": Ethnic Russian riot in Tallinn and other cities in Estonia against the moving of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, a Soviet World War II memorial statue.[33] 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia begin.
May
edit- May 3 – British three-year-old Madeleine McCann disappears in Praia da Luz, Lagos, Portugal, described by The Daily Telegraph as "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history".[34]
- May 4 – The 2007 Greensburg tornado moves through Kiowa County, Kansas, United States, striking the town of Greensburg and killing eleven residents. 95% of the town was destroyed, and the tornado was the first to be rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.[35][36]
- May 5 – Kenya Airways Flight 507, on a scheduled passenger flight from Doula, Cameroon, to Nairobi, Kenya, crashes after takeoff, killing all 114 crew and passengers on board.[37][38]
- May 6 – 2007 French presidential election: Nicolas Sarkozy is elected President of France in the second round.[39]
- May 10 – As a result of factors including the Blair–Brown deal and falling approval ratings as a result of the Iraq War, British Prime Minister Tony Blair announces his intention to resign as Leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister, triggering the 2007 Labour Party leadership election, in which Chancellor Gordon Brown ran unopposed. Brown would officially replace Blair as Prime Minister on 27 June.[40][41]
- May 10–12 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 takes place in Helsinki, Finland, and is won by Serbian entrant Marija Šerifović with the song "Molitva".
- May 11 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, the head of state of Samoa since its independence, dies in office at the age of 94. His death triggers the first election for the office of Samoan head of state.[42]
- May 17 – The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate re-unite after 80 years of schism.[43]
- May 20 – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai makes the largest single charitable donation in modern history, committing €7.41 billion to an educational foundation in the Middle East.[44]
June
edit- June 5 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its second fly-by of Venus on route to Mercury.
- June 10–15: Fatah-Hamas conflict: The Battle of Gaza is fought between Fatah and Hamas, and ends with Hamas gaining control of the Gaza Strip.
- June 15 – Bob Barker hosts his final episode of The Price Is Right after 35 years of hosting.
- June 22 – The 2007 Ellie tornado becomes the only F5 tornado recorded under the use of the Fujita scale in Canada, reaching windspeeds up to 320 mph (510 km/h).
- June 27 – Gordon Brown succeeds Tony Blair and becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after a leadership election.
- June 28 – 2007 European heat wave: in the aftermath of Greece's worst heat wave in a century, at least 11 people are reported dead from heatstroke, approximately 200 wildfires break out nationwide, and the country's electricity grid nearly collapses due to record breaking demand.
- June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It was going to be later be released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.
July
edit- July 4 – The International Olympic Committee awards Sochi the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics.
- July 7 – Live Earth Concerts are held in nine major cities around the world to raise environmental awareness.[45]
- July 17
- TAM Airlines Flight 3054 an Airbus A320-233 overruns the runway of São Paulo–Congonhas Airport runway 35L, flies over Avenida Washington Luís and crashes into TAM Express building and a Shell filling station adjacent to the TAM Express building. All 187 passengers and crew are killed instantly. 12 people inside the TAM Express and the Shell filling station are also killed.[46]
- The dwarf planet Gonggong is discovered by astronomers Megan Schwamb, Michael Brown, and David Rabinowitz from the Palomar Observatory.[47]
- July 24 – Five Bulgarian nurses are released from Libyan prison after eight and a half years spent behind bars in Benghazi and Tripoli, marking the end of the so-called "HIV trial in Libya".[48]
- July 31 – Operation Banner comes to an end, thus ending the longest continuous deployment in British military history.
August
edit- August 4 – The Phoenix spacecraft is launched toward Mars to study its north pole.[49]
- August 9 – The French global bank BNP Paribas in the United Kingdom blocks withdrawals from three hedge funds heavily committed in subprime lendings, signaling the 2008 financial crisis.[50]
- August 14 – Multiple suicide bombings kill 572 people in Qahtaniya, northern Iraq.[51]
- August 15 – An 8.0 earthquake strikes Peru, killing at least 519 people, injuring more than 1,300, and causing tsunami warnings in the Pacific Ocean.[52]
September
edit- September 6 – Israeli Air Force airplanes attack a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria in an airstrike.[53]
- September 7 – October 20 – The 2007 Rugby World Cup takes place in France. South Africa beat defending champions England in the final.
- September 11 – Ethiopia celebrates the third millennium in Ethiopian calendar.[54]
- September 13 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
- September 14 – The SELENE spacecraft launches, with its objective being to study the Moon.[55]
- September 20 – The Universal Forum of Cultures opens in Monterrey, Mexico.
- September 25 – Mount Ruapehu in Tongariro National Park in New Zealand, erupts.
October
edit- October 10 – Valve Software releases The Orange Box on Windows and Xbox 360.[56][57]
- October 21 – Finnish racing driver Kimi Räikkönen won his first Formula One World Championship, driving for Scuderia Ferrari at the Brazilian Grand Prix.[58]
- October 22 – Montenegro adopts a new constitution, which among other things changes the country's official name from "Republic of Montenegro" to "Montenegro".[59]
- October 28 – 2007 Argentine general election: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first directly elected female President of Argentina.[60]
- Sports TV Uganda Limited is incorporated in Uganda.[61]
November
edit- November 7 – Whistleblower website WikiLeaks leaks the standard US army protocol at Guantanamo Bay.[62]
- November 7 – The Jokela school shooting happened in Finland.
- November 16 – Up to 15,000 people are believed to have been killed after Cyclone Sidr hits Bangladesh.[63]
- November 24 – 2007 Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd defeats the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Howard. Rudd would be sworn in on December 3.[64]
- November 29 – The Armed Forces of the Philippines lay siege to the Peninsula Manila after soldiers led by Senator Antonio Trillanes stage a mutiny.[65]
December
edit- December 1 – At the age of 81 years, 244 days, Queen Elizabeth II becomes the oldest ever reigning British monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria who was aged 81 years, 243 days upon her death on January 22, 1901.
- December 13 – The Treaty of Lisbon is signed by members states of European Union.
- December 20 – The Pablo Picasso painting Portrait of Suzanne Bloch, together with Candido Portinari's O Lavrador de Café, is stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art.[66]
- December 21 – The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the Schengen border-free zone.[67]
- December 27
- Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated, along with 20 other people, at an election rally in Rawalpindi.[68]
- Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the general election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis that killed over 1,000 people.[69]
Unknown date
edit- Mauritania is the last country to criminalise slavery (officially "abolished" in 1981), making the practice illegal everywhere in the world.[70]
Births and deaths
editNobel Prizes
edit
- Chemistry – Gerhard Ertl
- Economics – Leonid Hurwicz, Eric Maskin, and Roger Myerson
- Literature – Doris Lessing
- Peace – Al Gore and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Physics – Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
- Physiology or Medicine – Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies, and Sir Martin Evans
New English words and terms
editReferences
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- ^ "International Polar Year 2007-2008". IPY. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- ^ a b c UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2024.
- ^ UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2007, p. 2.
- ^ UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2007, p. 8.
- ^ Harbom, Melander & Wallensteen 2008, p. 697.
- ^ Harbom, Melander & Wallensteen 2008, pp. 706–709.
- ^ a b c Harbom, Melander & Wallensteen 2008, p. 698.
- ^ Stepanova 2008, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Stepanova 2008, pp. 46–49.
- ^ Stepanova 2008, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b Harbom, Melander & Wallensteen 2008, p. 700.
- ^ a b Harbom, Melander & Wallensteen 2008, p. 699.
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- ^ Hess, Pamela; Riechmann, Deb (April 24, 2008). "White House says Syria 'must come clean' about nuclear work". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
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- ^ "Japan launches first lunar probe". BBC News. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
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Bibliography
edit- Harbom, Lotta; Melander, Erik; Wallensteen, Peter (2008). "Dyadic Dimensions of Armed Conflict, 1946-2007". Journal of Peace Research. 45 (5): 697–710. ISSN 0022-3433.
- Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). "Major armed conflicts". SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. pp. 43–71. ISBN 978-0-19-954895-8.
- World Population Prospects 2024 (Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2024.
- 2007 Global Trends (Report). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2008.
External links
edit- 2007 Calendar at Internet Accuracy Project.