Help:IPA/Punjabi

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcut H:IPA-PAH:IPA-PA

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Punjabi

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard Punjabi pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

Consonants IPA Latin Gurmukhi Shahmukhi English Approximation Notes b b ਬ ਭ ب بھ butter In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions d d ਦ ਧ د دھ duck[1] In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions dʒ j ਜ ਝ ج جھ jug In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions ɖ ḍ ਡ ਢ ڈ ڈھ guard[1] (Rhotic dialects) In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions ɡ g ਗ ਘ گ گھ gut In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions ɦ h ਹ ہ ahead j y ਯ ي yuck k k gh ਕ ਘ ک گھ scab In all positions In word-initial positions kʰ kh ਖ کھ cab l l ਲ ل leaf ɭ ḷ ਲ਼ لؕ garlic (Rhotic dialects) Characters specifically for /ɭ/ are of recent origin and non-universal. The sound /ɭ/ may be represented by unmarked ਲ/ل in ungeminated non-initial positions m m ਮ م much n n ਨ, ੰ ن not ɳ ṇ ਣ burn The Perso-Arabic character for this sound, ݨ, is of recent origin and usually not used ɲ ñ ਞ, ੰ canyon ŋ ṅ ਙ, ੰ bang p p p ਪ ਭ پ بھ spot In all positions In word-initial positions pʰ ph ਫ پھ pot ɾ r ਰ ر American atom ɽ ṛ ੜ ڑ garter (Rhotic dialects) s s ਸ س sun t t dh ਤ ਧ ت دھ stub[1] In all positions In word-initial positions tʰ th ਥ ٹھ tub[1] tʃ c jh ਚ ਝ چ جھ catch In all positions In word-initial positions tʃʰ ch ਛ چھ choose ʈ ṭ ḍh ਟ ਢ ٹ ڈھ carts[1] In all positions In word-initial positions ʈʰ ṭh ਠ ٹھ trip[1] ʋ v ਵ و vat Preceding front vowels w w wore Preceding mid and back vowels Marginal consonants f~ɸ f ਫ਼ ف fuss Realized as pʰ in rural/conservative sociolects. Can be an allophone of /pʰ/ ɣ ġ ਗ਼ غ similar to a French r Realized as /g/ in non-elite sociolects q q ਕ਼ ق somewhat like caught Realized as /k/ in virtually all sociolects r[2] rr ੱਰ رّ Trilled R Realized as /ɾ/ in rural/conservative sociolects ʃ ś ਸ਼ ش shoe While mostly nativized, can be realized as /s/ in certain sociolects. Can be an allophone of /tʃʰ/ ʂ ṣ ਸ਼ ش harsh Allophone of /ʃ/ in learned clusters with retroflex plosives x x ਖ਼ خ Scottish Loch Realized as /kʰ/ in non-elite sociolects z z ਜ਼ ز zoo Realized as /dʒ/ in rural/conservative sociolects

Vowels IPA Latin Gurmukhi Shahmukhi English Approximation Notes ə a ਅ, - ـَ about a ā ਆ, ਾ آ, ـا taco Allophone of /aː/ preceding geminated consonants aː father e e ਏ, ੇ ے space Allophone of /eː/ preceding geminated consonants, and of stressed /ɪ/ eː ē say ɛː ai ਐ, ੈ fairy ɪ i ਇ, ਿ ـِ sit i ī ਈ, ੀ ی easter Allophone of /iː/ preceding geminated consonants iː need o o ਓ, ੋ و soap Allophone of /oː/ preceding geminated consonants, and of stressed /ʊ/ oː ō border (Received Pronunciation) go (General American) ɔː au ਔ, ੌ dog (Received Pronunciation) song (General American) ʊ u ਉ, ੁ ـُ book u ū ਊ, ੂ و sudoku Allophone of /uː/ preceding geminated consonants uː moon ◌̃ ̃ ੰ, ਂ ◌٘‎ - Nasalized vowel Suprasegmentals IPA Example Notes ◌̆ [pənˈdʒaːbə̆] Panjābă "Punjab" shortened vowel ˈ◌ syllable stress (placed before stressed syllable) ◌ː [ˈəsːiː] assī "eighty" doubled consonant or long vowel á, é, ... ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ کوڑھا kohṛā 'leper' high, or low-rising tone à, è, ... ਘੋੜਾ گھوڑا ghoṛā 'horse' low, or high-falling tone

Notes

1. Punjabi contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers.
2. /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).

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