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Koorete (also Amaarro, Amarro, Badittu, Koore, Koyra, Kwera, Nuna) is the language spoken by the Koore people of southern Ethiopia.
| Koorete | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Ethiopia |
| Region | East of Lake Chamo |
Native speakers | 160,000 (2007 census)[1] |
| Ethiopic, Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kqy |
| Glottolog | koor1239 |
Language definition
editKoorete is an omotic language of the Afro-Asiatic linguistics. The omotic language family consists of around 25 to 30 languages or dialects, it is mostly divided into Eastern omotic and western omotic.
The Koorete belongs to the western omotic languages.
The western Omotic languages are divided into two branches, the Kafa-Gimojan languages and Maji languages.[2]
The people of Koorete language
editKoore is the name of the people who are the native speakers of the Koorete Language. A member of the ethnic group is koore and by adding the suffix -te to the ethnic name we get the language name Koorete.
The Koorete Speakers are also known as Koyra,Badittu,Amarro and Nuna.
Most of the Koore people reside in the Amaaro mountains east of Lake Abbaya,Ethiopia. Koorete is also spoken on Gidicho Island in Lake Abbaya.
Most of the Koorete people are Christianity followers although there are some groups of traditional animist religion followers, they are in danger of extinction due to the spread of Christianity.[1][3]
Koorete Language Alphabet
editSource:[4]
| Alphabet Used | IPA (international Phonetic Alphabet) |
| p | p |
| t | t |
| s | s |
| sh | ʃ |
| k | k |
| h | h |
| b | b |
| d | d |
| z | z |
| zh | ʒ |
| g | g |
| bh | ɓ |
| dh | ɗ |
| s’ | sʼ |
| sh’ | ʃʼ |
| k’ | kʼ |
| ‘ | ʔ |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| r | r |
| I | I |
| w | w |
| y | j |
Sentence structure
editKoorete is an SOV language meaning it is a subject object verb language, but also using OSV (object subject verb) order does not lead to an ungrammatical structure.
Example: garma-i doro muu-d-o
Lion sheep eat
The lion ate a sheep
Noun pluralization
editThe plural marker in the koorete language is -ita and because it starts with a vowel, all the nouns whether they end with a vowel or a consonant. The nouns will drop their final vowel and add the suffix -ita.
| Singular | Plural |
| Ade = man | Ad-ita = men |
| Zawa = house | Zaw-ita = houses |
Pluralization of animate nouns
editThere is another plural morpheme that is used for animate nouns which is -atse
Examples
edit| Singular | Plural |
| Kana = dog | Kan-atse = dogs |
| Garma = lion | Garm-atse= lions |
| Müse = cow | Müse-atse = cows |
The use of the plural suffix -atse is highly not acceptable with non-animate nouns.
Abstract nouns
editIn koorete language abstract nouns are created by adding the suffixes -unte or -ete
Examples
edit| Noun | Abstract Noun |
| Kaate=king | Kaat-unte/ete=kingdom |
| Atse=person | Ats-unte/ete=humanity |
| Lagge=friend | Lagg-unte/ete=friendship |
Agentive noun
editA word or a noun that is derived from the verb that performs the action of the verb.it is formed by using the suffix -atse to verbs.
Example
edit| verb | Derived noun |
| Wodh = kill | Wodh-atse = killer |
| Diz = write | Diz-atse = writer |
Personal Pronouns in Koorete
| Nominative | Absolutive | possessive | dative | instrumental | |
| 1st sg | tan-i | Taa(tamba) | ta | Taa-sa | Taa-na |
| 2nd sg | nen-i | Niya(nemba) | Ne | Nee-se | Nee-na |
| 3rd male singular | es-i | es-a | E | Es-use | Es-una |
| 3rd female singular | is-i | is-o | I | Is-use | Is-una |
| 1st plural(excl) | nun-i | Nuu(numba) | Nu | Nuu-se | Nuu-na |
| 1st plural (inclusive) | nin-i | Nii(nimba) | Ni | Nii-se | Nii-na |
| 2nd plural | hinun-i | Hinu(mba) | Hi | Hinu-se | Hinu-na |
| 3rd plural | us-i | Us-o | u | ‘us-use | Us-una |
Examples
edit1) Tan-i garma good-d-o
I chased a lion
2) Garma-I taa(tamba) good-d-o
A lion chased me
Interrogative pronouns
edit1)oon-I = who
2)oon-a = who
3)oone-se = to whom/whose
4)aba = what
5)am = what
6)aya = where
7)aya-pa = from where
8)aide = when
9)waidi = how
10)waara = how (in greetings)
11)aasawa = which
12)abasuw = why
13)aba bisha = what type
14)aba genno=how much
15)aba allo = how many
Examples
edit1)Oon-I maatse ush-sh-a
who milk drink
who drank milk?
2)waidi-(wa) I han-g-e
How 3rd fs go
How does she go?
Demonstrative Pronoun
editIn the Koorete Language we have demonstrative pronoun. The usage of them is determined by the ___location and the closeness of the referred item or thing also respecting the speaker or hearer and its visibility in the sentence structure.
· Wo = above a speaker
· Yede = below a speaker
· Ha = nearer to the speaker
· Se = far from the speaker and can be pointed at
· Ye = far from the speaker and cannot be pointed at, nearer to the listener.
Third-person personal pronouns are attached with the above mentioned demonstrative so that it can form a demonstrative pronoun.
Example
editHa‘ es-i = this (Masculine)
Ha‘ is-i= this (feminine)
Ha‘ us-i= these
Reflexive Pronouns
editThe Koorete language has a separate reflexive pronoun which is only in the third person, it is Biya or Bemba. The forms can be used alternatively. The pronouns have no difference between masculine/feminine and singular/plural forms.
Examples
editIs-I biya/bemba os’-s’-o
She Ref.pronoun hit
She hit herself
Vocative Pronouns
editKoorete language has a second person pronoun that is used when calling someone.
Do=you(Masculine)
Duwa-ite=you(Masculine plural)
Busshe=you (feminine)
Bunaish’ e=you (feminine plural)
Clauses
The koorete language has three clauses
-Relative Clause -Conditional Clause -Complement Clause
Relative Clause
It is the clause that modifies a noun and give us information about the person or thing mentioned.
Examples
editAbeto-I woon-d-a doro-i malla-ko
Abeto buy sheep big
The sheep that Abeto bought is big.
Usually, the position of the relative clause in a noun sentence is to proceed the head element also switching the order will not lead to grammatical mistakes.
Doro-I abeto-I woon-d-o malla-ko
Sheep Abeto buy big
The sheep that Abeto bought is big.
In this sentence the relative clause comes after the head noun and the structure is grammatically correct.
Conditional Clause
editThe conditional clause in the koorete language is the suffix
-ete
Example
editAde-I bora woom-ete maatse in-g-u-wa
If the man buys bread, give him milk.
The suffix -ete is attached to the verb stem.
Complement Clause
editA complement clause in the koorete language is -nike and it is shown as a suffix to the verb after the aspect and tense markers.
Example
editDoro u woon-d-o-nike er-a-ko ta er-e
Sheep 3pl buy know 1sg know
I know that they bought a sheep
Koorete cases
edit1-Nominative case 2-Absolutive case 3-Genitive Case
4-Dative case 5-Allative case 6-Ablative case
7-Locative case 8-Comitative case 9-Instrumental case
Nominative case
It is shown in the form of Suffix -i. it is added to the end of the noun.
Example
editKana-i yoo-d-o
Dog come
A dog came
Absolutive case
editThe Absolutive case in the koorete language is usually unmarked. It can be shown as -o suffix
Example
editgarma-i adurr-I’-o bee-d-o
Lion cat see
A lion saw the small cat
Genitive case
editIt is shown as -i suffix and it appears only with nouns ending with consonant so it does not appear a lot since most of the nouns in koorete ends with vowel.
Example
editExample: bush-i zawa
Girl-gen house
Girl’s house
Genitive can be used to describe possession, as for nouns ending with vowel the suffix -I cannot be used and to show the genitive case, it is shown by the word order possessor followed by possessed.
Example: indo zawa
Woman house
Woman’s house
The genitive case usage in Koorete language is not only to show possession but also to show other kinds of genitive relations like source,purpose,___location,etc.
Example:
Tan-I amaro kam’o zal-dh-o
I Amaaro coffee sell
I sold coffee from Amaaro town.
Dative Case
editIt is used to show an indirect object in a sentence in the koorete language. It is shown by the morpheme -se.
Example:
Tan-i ade-se waatse in-d-o
I man water give
I gave water to a man
When adding the -se suffix to noun with consonant ending the suffix or morpheme will be -use.
Example:
Is-i ats-use katsa in-d-o
She person food give
She gave food to a person.
Allative Case
editIt is the case used to emphasize movement to or towards some ___location. The allative case is shown in the morpheme/suffix -me.
Example:
Is-i abeto-me soro in-d-o
She Abeto knife give
She passed the knife to Abeto.
As for the nouns that end with consonants the Allative suffix will be -ume.
Example: es-ume in-g-u-wa
Him give
Pass it to him
Ablative Case
editIt is shown in the form of -pa suffix. It give the meaning of “from”.
Example: koorusso-pa e yoo-d-o
Koorusso 3rd-mas-sing come
He came from Koorusso
In the nouns ending with consonants the suffix will be -apa.
Example:
is-i og-apa yoo-d-I gat-t-o ba-nni-ko
she road come be tired not exist
having come from a trip, she is not tired.
Instrumental case
editIt is shown in the suffix -na and it gives the meaning of “with”.
Example: is-i soro-na atsho burss-o
She knife meat cut
She cuts meat with a knife.
As for the nouns ending with consonants, the suffix will be -ina.
Example: ade-i shutsh-ina kana ish’-sh’-o
Man stone dog hit
A man hit a dog with a stone.
Locative case
It gives the meaning of ‘in’. There are two locative suffixes: -aka used for non-liquid and -a used for liquid.
Example: is-i zaw-aka utt-o
She house sit
She sat in a house
Ade-I be ma’o shoori-y-a sho-t-o
Man reflexive cloth river wash
A man washed his cloth in a river.
Comitative case
editIt is shown in the suffix -ara and gives the meaning of ‘with’.
Example: is-i doru-w-ara zawa yoo-d-o
She sheep house come
She came home with sheep.
Notes
edit- ^ Ethiopia 2007 Census Archived November 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mendisu, Binyam Sisay (2010). Aspects of Koorete Verb Morphology. KÖLN: RÜDIGER KÖPPE VERLAG.KÖLN. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-3-89645-486-7.
- ^ Theil, Rolf. "Koorete Tonology". Koorete Tonology: 1.
- ^ Mendisu, Binyam Sisay (2010). Aspects of Koorete verb Morphology. Germany: Rüdiger köppe verlag. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-89645-486-7.
Bibliography
edit- Hayward, Richard. 1982. Notes on the Koyra Language. Afrika und Übersee 65: pp. 211–268.
- Mendisu, Binyam Sisay. 2010. Aspects of Koorete Verb Morphology. Köppe: Cologne.
- Theil, Rolf. 2011. Koorete segmental phonology. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 32: pp. 275–306.
- Theil. Rolf. 2013. Koorete tonology. Pp. 167–174 in: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Paris, 16–18 April 2008. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.