List of longest-reigning monarchs

For the current reigning monarchs, see List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign.

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest, ranked by length of reign.

Louis XIV, the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date

Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Roman emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.

Regencies (and Coregencies as a "senior" monarch) are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV is listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs, hence Elizabeth II is listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.

The currently living longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1984. He will be eligible for inclusion if he is still reigning in 2040 and surpasses Conrad I's independent rule of 56 years, 99 days.

No.	Portrait	Name	State	Reign		Duration		Ref.
				From	To	(days)	(years, days)
1		Louis XIV	France Andorra	14 May 1643	1 September 1715	26,407	72 years, 110 days	[1]
2		Elizabeth II	United Kingdom   Canada   Australia   New Zealand [note 1]	6 February 1952	8 September 2022	25,782	70 years, 214 days [note 2]	[2][3][4]
3		Rama IX[note 3]	Thailand	9 June 1946	13 October 2016	25,694	70 years, 126 days	[5]
4		Johann II	Liechtenstein	12 November 1858	11 February 1929	25,658	70 years, 91 days	[6]
5		Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I	Palenque	27 July 615[note 4]	29 August 683	24,870	68 years, 33 days	[7][9]
6		Franz Joseph I	Austrian Empire (1848–1867)   Austria-Hungary (1867–1916)	2 December 1848	21 November 1916	24,825	67 years, 355 days	[10]
7		Chan Imix Kʼawiil	Copán	5 February 628[note 5]	15 June 695	24,602	67 years, 130 days	[13][14]
8		Ferdinand III	Sicily (1759–1816)   Two Sicilies (1816–1825)	6 October 1759	4 January 1825	23,831	65 years, 90 days	[15]
9		Victoria	United Kingdom	20 June 1837	22 January 1901	23,226	63 years, 216 days	[16]
10		James I	Aragon	12 September 1213	27 July 1276	22,964	62 years, 319 days	[17]
11		Emperor Shōwa[note 6]	Japan	25 December 1926	7 January 1989	22,659	62 years, 13 days	[18]
12		Kangxi Emperor[note 7]	Qing (China)	5 February 1661	20 December 1722	22,597	61 years, 318 days	[19]
13		Honoré III	Monaco	29 December 1731	13 January 1793	22,296	61 years, 15 days	[20][21]
14		Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[note 8]	Yaxchilan	20 October 681[note 9]	15 June 742	22,153	60 years, 238 days	[11]
15		Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat	Quiriguá	29 December 724[note 10]	27 July 785	22,125	60 years, 210 days	[22][23]
16		Qianlong Emperor[note 11]	Qing (China)	18 October 1735	9 February 1796[note 12]	22,029	60 years, 114 days	[24]
17		Christian IV	Denmark–Norway	4 April 1588	28 February 1648	21,879	59 years, 330 days	[25]
18		George III	Electorate of Brunswick-Lunenburg (1760–1814)   Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1820)[note 13]   Great Britain (1760–1800)   Ireland (1760–1800)   United Kingdom[note 14] (1801–1820)	25 October 1760	29 January 1820	21,644	59 years, 96 days	[26]
19		Louis XV	France Andorra	1 September 1715	10 May 1774	21,436	58 years, 251 days	[27]
20		Pedro II	Brazil	7 April 1831	15 November 1889	21,407	58 years, 222 days	[28]
21		Al-Mustansir Billah	Fatimid Caliphate	13 June 1036[note 15]	29 December 1094	21,383	58 years, 199 days	[29][30]
22		Nicholas I	Principality of Montenegro (1860–1910)   Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)	13 August 1860	26 November 1918	21,288	58 years, 105 days	[33]
23		Wilhelmina	Netherlands	23 November 1890	4 September 1948	21,104	57 years, 286 days	[34]
24		James VI	Scotland[note 16]	24 July 1567	27 March 1625	21,066	57 years, 246 days	[35]
25		Conrad I	Burgundy	12 July 937[note 17]	19 October 993	20,553	56 years, 99 days	[36]

Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.

 

Sobhuza II, the longest-reigning monarch ever whose reign is verifiable by exact date

No.	Portrait	Name	State	Reign		Duration		Ref.
				From	To	(days)	(years, days)
1		Sobhuza II[note 18]	Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968)	10 December 1899	21 August 1982	30,204	82 years, 254 days	[38]
2		Bernhard VII	Lippe (part of Holy Roman Empire)	11 August 1429	2 April 1511	29,819	81 years, 234 days	[39]
3		Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo	Chotanagpur (part of British Raj)	9 July 1869	21 September 1950	29,658	81 years, 74 days	[40]
4		Maeda Tsunanori	Kaga Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	30 April 1645	29 June 1724 [note 19]	28,914	79 years, 60 days	[41]
5		William IV	Henneberg-Schleusingen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	26 May 1480	24 January 1559	28,732	78 years, 243 days	[39]
6		Karansinhji II Vajirajji	Lakhtar State[note 20]	15 June 1846	8 August 1924	28,543	78 years, 54 days	[42]
7		Heinrich XI[note 21]	Reuss-Obergreiz (part of Holy Roman Empire)	17 March 1723	28 June 1800	28,227	77 years, 103 days	[43][44][39]
8		Idrus ibni Muhammad Al-Qadri [ms]	Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957)	31 May 1929	26 December 2005	27,968	76 years, 209 days	[39]
9		Christian Augustus	Palatinate-Sulzbach (part of Holy Roman Empire)	14 August 1632	23 April 1708	27,635	75 years, 243 days	[39]
10		Bishan Chandra Jenamuni [simple]	Rairakhol State[note 20]	13 March 1825	10 June 1900	27,482	75 years, 89 days	[45]
11		Charles I	Eu (part of France)	16 June 1397	25 July 1472	27,433	75 years, 39 days	[46]
12		Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar [simple]	Phaltan State[note 20]	7 December 1841	17 October 1916	27,342	74 years, 315 days	[39]
13		Eugen Erwein the Posthumous	Schönborn-Heusenstamm (part of Holy Roman Empire)	27 January 1727	25 July 1801	27,207	74 years, 179 days	[47]
14		Bhagvatsingh Sahib	Gondal State (part of British Raj)	14 December 1869	10 March 1944	27,114	74 years, 87 days	[39]
15		George William	Schaumburg-Lippe[note 22][note 23]	13 February 1787	21 November 1860	26,944	73 years, 282 days	[39]
16		Afonso I Henriques	County of Portugal (part of Kingdom of León) (1112–1139)   Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1185)	22 May 1112[note 24]	6 December 1185	26,861	73 years, 198 days	[48][49]
17		Charles Frederick	Baden (part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806)	12 May 1738	10 June 1811	26,691	73 years, 29 days	[39]
18		John I	Leuchtenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	23 November 1334	2 December 1407	26,671	73 years, 9 days	[50]
19		John III Louis	Nassau-Saarbrücken (part of Holy Roman Empire)	19 October 1472	4 June 1545	26,526	72 years, 228 days [note 25]	[51]
20		Itō Nagatomo [ja]	Okada Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	17 July 1778	19 July 1850	26,299	72 years, 2 days	[52]
21		Henry Frederick	Hohenlohe-Langenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	29 January 1628	2 June 1699	26,057	71 years, 124 days	[53]
22		Victor-Maurice	Revello and   Senonches (part of Holy Roman Empire)	2 July 1656	4 August 1727	25,964	71 years, 33 days	[54]
23		Jagatjit Singh	Kapurthala State (part of British Raj)	3 September 1877	20 August 1948	25,918	70 years, 352 days [note 26]	[56]
24		Parashuramrao Shrinivas I	Aundh State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	30 August 1777	11 June 1848	25,852	70 years, 286 days	[57]
25		Henryk IX Starszy	Żagań-Głogów (part of Bohemia)	14 March 1397	11 November 1467	25,809	70 years, 242 days	[58]
26		Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt [bg]	Salm-Reifferscheid (part of Holy Roman Empire)	31 October 1559	16 December 1629	25,614	70 years, 46 days	[59]
27		Carl I August	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[note 27]	28 May 1758	14 June 1828	25,584	70 years, 17 days	[60]
28		George I	Anhalt-Dessau (part of Holy Roman Empire)	19 January 1405	21 September 1474	25,447	69 years, 245 days	[61]
29		Alberico I	Massa and Carrara (part of Holy Roman Empire)	15 June 1553	18 January 1623	25,409	69 years, 207 days	[62]
30		Reinhard III	Leiningen-Westerburg-Schaumburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	8 April 1586	14 October 1655	25,391	69 years, 189 days	[63]
31		Sanada Yukimichi	Matsuhiro Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	8 March 1658	15 July 1727	25,330	69 years, 129 days	[64]
32		Heinrich Joseph Johann	Principality of Auersperg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 November 1713	9 February 1783	25,297	69 years, 95 days	[65]
33		Frederick III	Inner Austria (part of Holy Roman Empire)	10 June 1424	19 August 1493	25,272	69 years, 70 days	[66][67]
34		George William	Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (part of Holy Roman Empire)	16 December 1600	25 December 1669	25,211	69 years, 9 days	[68]
35		Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne	Duchy of Bouillon (part of Holy Roman Empire, later France)	9 August 1652	26 July 1721	25,187	68 years, 351 days	[69]
36		Frederick V	Hesse-Homburg[note 28]	7 February 1751	20 January 1820	25,183	68 years, 347 days	[70]
37		John Louis Volrad	Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	31 March 1721	4 February 1790	25,147	68 years, 310 days	[71]
38		Vikramatji Khimojiraj	Porbandar State[note 20]	20 June 1831	21 April 1900	25,142	68 years, 305 days	[72]
39		Krishnaraja Wodeyar III	Kingdom of Mysore (Princely state of East India Company after 1831; British Raj after 1857)	30 June 1799	27 March 1868	25,107	68 years, 271 days	[73]
40		Johann Friedrich [de]	Castell-Rüdenhausen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	10 January 1681	23 June 1749	25,000	68 years, 164 days	[74]
41		Chintaman Rao I Patwardhan [simple]	Sangli State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	6 February 1783	15 July 1851	24,995	68 years, 159 days	[75]
42		Otto II the One-Eyed	Brunswick-Göttingen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	13 November 1394	6 February 1463	24,922	68 years, 85 days	[76]
43		Sawant Singh	Pratapgarh State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	26 October 1775	5 January 1844	24,907	68 years, 71 days	[77]
44		Christian Karl Reinhard	Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	3 November 1698	17 November 1766	24,850	68 years, 14 days	[78]
45		Raja Ram Singh	Bundi State[note 20]	14 May 1821	28 March 1889	24,790	67 years, 318 days	[79]
46		Malietoa Tanumafili II	Samoa	5 July 1939	11 May 2007	24,782	67 years, 310 days	[80][81]
47		Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji	Vallabhipura State (part of British Raj)	20 August 1875	5 June 1943	24,760	67 years, 289 days	[82]
48		Ernest II	Oettingen-Wallerstein (part of Holy Roman Empire)	14 October 1602	3 March 1670	24,612	67 years, 140 days	[83]
49		Philip I	Lippe-Alverdissen (1613–1640)   Schaumburg-Lippe (1640–1681) (part of Holy Roman Empire)	7 December 1613	10 April 1681	24,596	67 years, 124 days	[84][85]
50		Henry III	Margraviate of Meissen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	18 February 1221	15 February 1288	24,468	66 years, 362 days	[86][87]
51		Eleanor[note 29]	Aquitaine (part of France)	9 April 1137	1 April 1204	24,464	66 years, 358 days	[88]
52		Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah	Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945)	20 December 1879	13 October 1946	24,403	66 years, 297 days	[89]
53		Augustus	Anhalt-Plötzkau (part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 December 1586	22 August 1653	24,366	66 years, 259 days	[90]
54		Amarsinhji Banesinhji[note 30]	Wankaner State (part of British Raj)	12 June 1881	15 February 1948	24,353	66 years, 248 days	[91]
55		Frederick I	Helfenstein-Wiesensteig (part of Holy Roman Empire)	7 April 1372	20 August 1438	24,240	66 years, 135 days	[92]
56		Khengarji III	Cutch (part of British Raj)	19 December 1875	15 January 1942	24,133	66 years, 27 days	[93]
57		Philip I	Brunswick-Grubenhagen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	15 August 1485	4 September 1551	24,125	66 years, 20 days	[94]
58		William IV the Victorious	Brunswick-Lüneburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	14 October 1416	25 July 1482	24,025	65 years, 284 days	[95]
59		Leopold III	Anhalt-Dessau (part of Holy Roman Empire)	16 December 1751	9 August 1817	23,977	65 years, 236 days	[96][97]
60		Charles Theodore	Palatinate-Sulzbach (1733-1742)   County Palatine of the Rhine (1742-1799) (part of Holy Roman Empire)	20 July 1733	16 February 1799	23,952	65 years, 211 days	[98][99]
61		Makino Tadakiyo	Nagaoka Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	5 August 1766	17 August 1831	23,752	65 years, 12 days	[100]
62		Obizzo I d'Este [it; fr]	Este and   Ferrara (part of Holy Roman Empire)	15 December 1128	25 December 1193	23,751	65 years, 10 days	[101]
63		Jean I	Duchy of Brittany (part of France)	21 October 1221	8 October 1286	23,728	64 years, 352 days	[102]
64		Frederick William	Hohenzollern-Hechingen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	24 January 1671	14 November 1735	23,669	64 years, 294 days	[103]
65		Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg [bg; it; cs]	Eggenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	5 February 1649	5 November 1713	23,648	64 years, 273 days	[104]
66		Gangadharrao II Patwardhan [simple]	Miraj Senior (part of British Raj)	6 June 1875	11 December 1939	23,563	64 years, 188 days	[105]
67		Marguerite Charlotte	Ligny (part of France)	23 May 1616	16 November 1680	23,553	64 years, 177 days	[106]
68		Marie II	County of Soissons (part of France)	25 October 1482	1 April 1547	23,534	64 years, 158 days	[107]
69		Vishwanath Singh Bahadur	Chhatarpur State (part of British Raj)	4 November 1867	4 April 1932	23,527	64 years, 152 days	[108]
70		Frederick II Magnus	Salm-Neuweiler (part of Holy Roman Empire)	26 October 1608	25 January 1673	23,467	64 years, 91 days	[109]
71		Oda Nobuhisa	Obata Domain (part of Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan)	6 August 1650	17 August 1714	23,386	64 years, 11 days	[110]
72		Ibrahim	Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957)	4 June 1895	8 May 1959	23,348	63 years, 338 days	[111]
73		Sayajirao Gaekwad III	Baroda State (part of British Raj)	27 May 1875	6 February 1939	23,265	63 years, 256 days	[112]
74		Albert Anton	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (part of Holy Roman Empire)	4 November 1646	24 June 1710	23,242	63 years, 232 days	[113]
75		Anthony Günther	Duchy of Oldenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	12 November 1603	19 June 1667	23,230	63 years, 219 days	[114]
76		Frederick Augustus I[note 31]	Saxony[note 32]	17 December 1763	5 May 1827	23,149	63 years, 139 days	[115]
77		Matilda	Tuscany (de jure part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 May 1052	24 July 1115	23,088	63 years, 79 days	[116]
78		Johann Gerhard	Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	30 July 1648	5 October 1711	23,076	63 years, 67 days	[117]
79		Ludwig I	Principality of Anhalt (part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 December 1586	7 January 1650	23,043	63 years, 32 days	[118]
80		Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa	Bahrain[note 33]	1 December 1869	9 December 1932 [note 34]	23,018	63 years, 8 days	[119]
81		Charles III	Upper Lorraine (part of Holy Roman Empire)	12 June 1545	14 May 1608	22,972	62 years, 327 days	[120]
82		Philip II	Isenburg-Birstein (part of Holy Roman Empire)	18 May 1533	5 April 1596	22,968	62 years, 323 days	[121]
83		Johann Friedrich II	Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	17 October 1702	24 August 1765	22,957	62 years, 311 days	[122]
84		Philipp Ernst	Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (part of Holy Roman Empire)	21 February 1697	29 November 1759	22,925	62 years, 281 days	[123]
85		Bernhard II	Saxe-Meiningen[note 35]	24 December 1803	20 September 1866	22,916	62 years, 270 days	[124]
86		Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi	Ras Al Khaimah (part of Trucial States until 1971, sovereign 1971 - 72, United Arab Emirates from 1972)	7 February 1948[note 36]	27 October 2010	22,908	62 years, 262 days	[125]
87		Philip II	Nassau-Weilburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	2 July 1429	19 March 1492	22,906	62 years, 261 days [note 37]	[126]
88		Nicolas Leopold I [de]	Salm-Hoogstraat (part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 June 1707	4 February 1770	22,889	62 years, 243 days	[127]
89		Philip Joseph	Salm-Kyrburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	16 October 1716	7 June 1779	22,879	62 years, 234 days	[128]
90		Christian II	Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 September 1654	26 April 1717	22,877	62 years, 232 days	[129][130]
91		Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur	Tonk State (part of British Raj)	14 November 1867[note 38]	23 June 1930	22,866	62 years, 221 days	[131]
92		Léopold Philippe	Arenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	19 August 1691	4 March 1754	22,842	62 years, 197 days	[132]
93		Rudolf I	Bregenz-Chur-Lower Raetia (part of Holy Roman Empire)	27 October 1097	27 April 1160	22,827	62 years, 183 days	[133]
94		Hosokawa Tsunatoshi [ja]	Kumamoto Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	28 January 1650	11 July 1712	22,809	62 years, 165 days	[134]
95		Nahar Singh	Shahpura State (part of British Raj)	21 April 1870	24 June 1932	22,709	62 years, 64 days	[135]
96		Chandrabhan Singh	Garrauli State (part of British Raj)	19 October 1884	20 November 1946	22,676	62 years, 32 days	[136]
97		Heinrich XXV	Reuss-Gera Younger Line (part of Holy Roman Empire)	13 March 1686	13 March 1748	22,645	62 years, 0 days	[137]
98		Johann Christian I	Eggenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	5 February 1649	14 December 1710	22,591	61 years, 312 days	[138]
99		Christian Louis	Waldeck-Wildungen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	24 February 1645	12 December 1706	22,570	61 years, 291 days	[139]
100		Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah	Kedah Kedah Sultanate (part of British Malaya)	22 September 1881	13 May 1943	22,512	61 years, 233 days	[140]

Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown

These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear alphabetically. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by total length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.

Portrait	Name	Country	Reign		Duration (approx. years)	Ref.
			from	to
	Min Hti[141]	Launggyet Dynasty of Arakan (part of Myanmar)	1279	1374	95 years [note 39]	[141]
	Pepi II Neferkare[note 40]	Egypt (Old Kingdom)	2278 BC	2184 BC (disputed)	94 years (disputed)	[142]
	Taejo[note 41]	Goguryeo (part of Korea)	53	146 (disputed)	93 years (disputed)	[143]
	Tarak Bahadur Shah	Bhirkot (part of Nepal)	1912	6 March 2001	89 years	[144][145]
	Nintoku[note 42]	Japan (Kofun period)	313 (disputed)	399 (disputed)	86 years (disputed)	[146]
	Abd al-Muttalib	Quraysh (Mecca, Saudi Arabia)	497	578	81 years	[147]
	Sawai Basavalinga I Rajendra Udaiyar	Sundem (part of Portuguese India)	1763	1843	80 years	[148]
	Ermanaric[note 43]	Oium (part of Ukraine)	296 (disputed)	376	80 years (disputed)	[149]
	Hanayos	Hariphunchai (part of Thailand)	669[note 44] (disputed)	749		[150]
	Jangsu	Goguryeo (part of Korea)	412	491	79 years	[151]
	Sigismondo III	Este and San Martino in Rio (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1653	28 August 1732		[152]
	An Dương Vương	Âu Lạc (part of Vietnam)	257 BC (disputed)	179 BC (disputed)	78 years (disputed)	[153]
	Zalam Singh	Bidasar (part of Maratha Empire)	1727	1805	78 years	[154]
	Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim	Ziyadid dynasty (part of Yemen)	904	981	77 years	[155]
	Azmat Tallah Khan	Rajouri (part of Mughal Empire)	1683	12 November 1760		[156]
	Mirian III	Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia)	284	361		[157]
	Raisingh Deo	Patna (part of Mughal Empire, later Maratha Empire)	1685	1762		[158]
	Jadunath Singh Mangaraj	Khandpara (part of Mughal Empire)	1599	1675	76 years	[159]
	John Philip I	Stadion (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1666	2 January 1742		[160]
	Mulla Ismail	Dir (part of Mughal Empire)	1676	1752		[161]
	William I the Elder	Sayn-Wittgenstein (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1494	18 April 1570		[162]
	Raja Abhiram Singh	Saraikela (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1743	1818	75 years	[163]
	Sauromaces I	Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia)	234 BC	159 BC		[164]
	Tai Wu	Shang dynasty (part of China)	1486 BC (disputed)	1411 BC (disputed)		[165]
	Vakhtang I Gorgasali	Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia)	447	522		[166]
	Uthiyan Cheralathan	Chera dynasty (part of India)	55	130		[167]
	Johann III	Sponheim-Starkenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1324	30 December 1398	74 years	[168]
	Manik Rae	Sambhar (part of India)	720	794		[169]
	Yo-Tha	Hariphunchai (part of Thailand)	1197	1271		[167]
	Deria Hassan	Isaaq Sultanate (part of British Somaliland from 1884)	1870	1943	73 years	[170]
	Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga Deva	Eastern Ganga (part of India)	1077	1150		[171]
	Sabal Singh	Bedla (part of Mughal Empire)	1608	1681		[172]
	Tezozomoc	Azcapotzalco (part of Mexico)	1353 (disputed)	1426		[173]
	Frederick Charles	Bentheim-Bentheim (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1731	19 February 1803	72 years	[174]
	Grigor II	Syunik (part of Armenia)	1094	1166		[175]
	Raja Sang Tawal (Abdullah)	Kelantan (part of Malaysia)	1267	1339		[176]
	Arwa al-Sulayhi	Sulayhid Sultanate (part of Yemen)	1067	5 May 1138	71 years	[177]
	Heinrich VIII the Noble	Fürstenberg-Wolfach (part of Holy Roman Empire)	Late 1419	30 November 1490		[178]
	Ngawang Tashi Drakpa	Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet (part of China)	1491 1556	1554 1564		[179]
	Huan	State of Qi (part of China)	637 BC	567 BC	70 years	[180]
	John III [de]	Aarberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1427	1497		[181]
	John Ulrich	Stadion (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1530[note 45]	1600		[160]
	Muhtarram Shah Kator I	Chitral (part of Mughal Empire)	1585	1655		[182]
	Niandfo	Oubritenga (part of Nigeria)	1441	1511		[183]
	Pandukabhaya	Kingdom of Anuradhapura (part of Sri Lanka)	437 BC	367 BC		[184]
	Shapur II[note 46]	Sasanian Empire (Iran)	309	379		[185]
	Tshudpud Namgyal	Kingdom of Sikkim[note 47]	1793	1863		[186]
	Gerlach IV	Isenburg-Grenzau (1220-1258) Isenburg-Limburg (1258-1289) (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1220	1289	69 years	[187]
	Henry VI	County of Gorizia (part of Holy Roman Empire)	6 May 1385	1454		[188]
	Jai Chandra Katoch	Lambagraon-Kangra (part of British Raj)	1864	1933		[189]
	Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan	Atraula (part of British Raj)	1865	1934		[190]
	Rao Chandaji	Balunda (part of Mughal Empire)	1573	1642		[191]
	Simon I	County of Lippe (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1275	10 August 1344		[192]
	Alberto Azzo II	Margraviate of Milan and   Este (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1029	20 August 1097	68 years	[193]
	Bernard	Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (part of Holy Roman Empire)	21 October 1382	1450		[194]
	Bhagirathi Birabara Harichandan	Talcher State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1778	1846		[195]
	Himiko	Yamatai (part of Japan)	180	248		[196]
	Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II	Kedah Sultanate (part of Malaysia)	1710	1778		[197]
	Hkun Ti	Mongpawn (part of Myanmar)	1860	1928		[198]
	Louis II	Stadion (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1260	1328		[160]
	Malojirao III	Mudhol State (part of Maratha Empire)	1737	1805		[199]
	Eberhard II	Arenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1387	1454	67 years	[200]
	Gopal Singha Dev II	Mallabhum State[note 20]	1809	1876		[201]
	Maha Singh	Jhabua State (part of Mughal Empire)	1610	1677		[202][203]
	Mahmud Iskandar Shah	Perak (part of Malaysia)	1653	1720		[204]
	Osman Mahamuud/ Uthman III ibn Mahmud	Majeerteen Sultanate (part of Italian Somaliland from 1889)	1860	30 September 1927		[205]
	Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid	Sultanate of Gowa (part of Dutch East Indies)	1826	30 January 1893		[206]
	Zalim Singh	Bhadri (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1748	1815		[207]
	Bhim Singh	Busi (part of British Raj)	1882	1 January 1948[note 48]	66 years	[208]
	Eberhard I	Katzenelnbogen Junior (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1245	23 August 1311		[209]
	Jing	Song State (part of China)	517	451[note 49]		[210]
	Otto I	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1318	1384		[211]
	Purushottam Dev	Bastar State (part of India)	1468	1534		[212]
	Ramesses II	Egypt (New Kingdom)	31 May 1279 BC [213][214]	Late July or Early August 1213 BC [215]		[215]
	Robert I[note 50]	Duchy of Bar (part of Holy Roman Empire)	December 1344	12 April 1411		[216]
	Togbi Amedor Kpegla I	Anlo Ewe (part of Ghana)	1840	22 January 1906		[217]
	Zhao Tuo[note 51]	Nanyue	203 BC	137 BC		[218]
	Catherine de' Medici	Auvergne (part of France)	1524 [note 52]	5 January 1589	65 years	[219]
	Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur	Pathari State[note 20]	1794	1859		[220]
	Matilda I	Nevers (part of France)	1192	1257		[221]
	Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali	Tarakote Raj[note 20]	1804	21 January 1869		[222]
	Raja Raj Ram Singh I	Sitamau State[note 20]	1802	1867		[223]
	Nandivarman II	Pallava Empire (India)	731	796		[224]
	Pharnavaz I	Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia)	299 BC	234 BC		[225][226]
	Zhao	Song State (part of China)	469 BC[note 53]	404 BC		[227]
	Albert V	Anhalt-Dessau (part of Holy Roman Empire)	19 January 1405	1469	64 years	[61]
	Amoghavarsha	Rashtrakuta Empire (part of India)	814	878		[228]
	Henry VI	Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1292	1356		[229]
	Khuman III	Udaipur State (part of India)	878	942		[230]
	Mian Nigahi Chand	Alelal-Bijapur (part of Maratha Empire)	1732	1796		[231]
	Udai Chand	Beja[note 20]	1841	20 June 1905		[232]
	Zhuang I	State of Qi (part of China)	794 BC	730 BC		[233]
	Andrew I	Vitré (part of France)	1072	1135	63 years
	Bagauda/Yakano	Kingdom of Kano (part of Nigeria)	998/999	1063/1064		[234][235][236]
	Fahrettin Behramşah	Mengüjek (part of Turkey)	1162	1225		[237]
	Ganapati Deva	Kakatiya dynasty (part of India)	1199	1262		[238]
	George Frederick	Kirchberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1686	1749
	Mahendra Singh Bahadur	Bhadawar[note 20]	1839	1902		[169]
	Mahmud III	Mali Empire	1496	1559		[239]
	Pradip Shah	Garhwal Kingdom (part of Maratha Empire)	1709	1772		[240]
	Raja Rampalji Bahadur	Kutlehar State (part of British Raj)	1864	22 November 1927		[241]
	Sripurusha	Western Ganga (part of India)	725	788		[242]
	Vijaya Sena	Sena dynasty (part of India)	1096	1159		[243]
	Zombré	Wogodogo (part of Nigeria)	1681	1744		[244]
	Bhola Bhima II	Gurjaradesa (part of India)	1178	1240	62 years	[245]
	Georg II	Montfort-Pfannberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1482	May 1544		[246]
	Gopal Lal	Kamta-Rajaula State[note 20]	1812	23 October 1874		[247]
	King Oldman	Miskito Nation (part of Nicaragua and Honduras)	1625	1687		[248]
	Prithvi Shah	Garhwal Kingdom (part of Mughal Empire)	1552	1614		[240]
	Tej Chand Rai	Bardhaman Raj (part of Bengal Subah, later British East India Company)	1770	1832		[249]
	Abdul Jalilul Akbar	Brunei	1597	1659	61 years	[250]
	Askia Hanga the Great	Dendi State (part of Niger)	1700	1761		[251]
	Bhavsinhji I Ratanji	Bhavnagar State (part of Mughal Empire)	1703	1764		[252]
	Cleomenes II	Sparta (part of Greece)	370 BC	309 BC		[253]
	Donnchadh MacMurrough Kavanagh	Laighin (part of Ireland)	1417	1478		[254]
	Hyeokgeose Geoseogan	Silla (part of Korea)	57 BC	4		[255]
	Leon II	Abasgia (767–778), Abkhazia (778–828)	767	828		[256]
	Peter II	Urgell (part of Catalonia, Spain)	1347	June 1408		[257]
	Orontes III	Armenia	321 BC	260 BC		[258]
	Otto I	Solms-Braunfels (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1349	1410		[259]
	Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh	Sirohi (part of India)	1250	1311		[260]
	Winnemar	Manderscheid (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1206	1267		[261]
	Æscwine	Kingdom of Essex (part of England)	527	587	60 years	[262]
	Adesida I	Kingdom of Akure (part of Nigeria)	22 June 1897	1957		[263]
	Ali ibn Dawud I	Kilwa Sultanate (part of Tanzania)	1023	1083		[264]
	Avinita	Western Ganga (part of India)	469	529		[265]
	Cleopatra II	Egypt (Ptolemaic)	175 BC	115 BC		[266]
	Kotokuhene Nana Attafua	Akyem Kotoku (part of Ghana)	1867	25 September 1927		[267]
	Padam Singh Bundela	Jigni State (part of Mughal Empire)	1730	1790		[268]
	Friedrich II	County of Castell (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1289	1349		[269]
	Gerhard I the Elder	Schwarzburg–Hallermund (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1266	1326		[270]
	Gopinath Birabara Harichandan	Talcher State (part of India)	1651	1711		[198]
	Gusti Ngurah Agung II	Tabanan (part of Dutch East Indies)	Mid 1843	21 November 1903		[271]
	Heinrich II	Salm-Blankenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1301	1361		[272]
	Hiero II	Syracuse (part of Sicily, Italy)	275 BC	215 BC		[273]
	Henry I	Isenburg-Cleeberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1167	1227		[187]
	Khingila I	Alchon Huns (part of India)	430	490		[274]
	Kilhan	Dhundhar (part of India)	1216	1276		[275]
	Mayadunne	Kingdom of Sitawaka (part of Sri Lanka)	1521	1581		[276]
	Mölambo	Bubi Kingdom (part of Nigeria)	1700	1760		[277]
	Mutasiva	Anuradhapura Kingdom (part of Sri Lanka)	367 BC	307 BC		[278]
	Pawl	Kingdom of Glywysing (part of Wales)	480	540		[279]
	Phromkuman	Singhanavati (part of Thailand)	1029	1089		[280]
	Pravarsena I the Great	Vakataka (part of India)	275	335		[281]
	Sophie	County of Bar (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1033	1093		[282]
	Sri Pravarasena II	Alchon Huns (part of India)	530	590		[283]
	Vanghoji II Rao	Phaltan State (part of Mughal Empire)	1570	1630		[284]
	Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya	Kodungallur Chera (part of India)	962	1021	59 years	[285]
	Kulashekara Alupendra I	Alupa dynasty	1156	1215		[286]
	Bu Jiang	Xia dynasty (part of China)	1890 BC	1831 BC		[287]
	David I Anhoghin	Tashir-Dzoraget (part of Armenia)	989	1048		[288]
	Kulottunga I	Eastern Chalukyas, then Cholas	1061	1120		[289]
	Harisingh Vidyadhara	Dhenkanal State (part of India)	1531	1590		[290][291]
	Hu	State of Chen (part of China)	1045 BC	986 BC		[292]
	John the Magnificent	Poitou (part of France)	1357	15 June 1416		[293]
	Mohan Singh	Rajgarh (part of Mughal Empire)	1638	1697		[294]
	Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur	Jagir of Maler (1600–1657) Malerkotla (1657–1659) (part of Mughal Empire)	1600	1659		[295]
	Nawab Asad Ali Khan	Basoda State[note 20]	1800 1822[note 54]	1817 1864		[296]
	Konrad I the Scheerer	Tübingen (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1317	1376		[297]
	Sri Tegin Shah	Turk Shahis/Kabul Shahis (part of Afghanistan)	680	739		[298]
	William III	County of Toulouse (part of France)	978	30 September 1037		[299]
	William IV	Jülich (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1219	1278		[300]
	Wu Ding	Shang dynasty (part of China)	1250 BC	1191 BC		[301]
	Bhaitai Dev	Bastar State	1410	1468	58 years	[212]
	Gomani II Phillip[note 55]	Maseko (part of Malawi)	1896	12 May 1954		[302]
	Guled Abdi	Isaaq Sultanate (part of Somaliland)	1750	1808		[303]
	Harald I Fairhair	Norway	872	930		[304]
	Henry II	Baden-Hachberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1231	1289		[305]
	Henry II	Isenburg-Grenzau (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1220	29 September 1278		[187]
	Mwezi IV Gisabo	Kingdom of Burundi[note 56]	1850	1908		[306]
	Nan	Zhou dynasty (part of China)	314 BC	256 BC		[307]
	Nedum Cheralathan	Chera Dynasty (part of India)	130	188		[308][309]
	Jit Sen	Suket (part of Mughal Empire)	1663	1721		[310][311]
	Mulraj II	Jaisalmer State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1762	1820		[312]
	Rajapala	Gurjara-Pratihara (part of India)	960	1018		[313]
	Ramasimhadeva	Karnata (part of India)	1227	1285		[314]
	Rudolph I	Saxe-Wittenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1298	12 March 1356		[315]
	Sayyid Mir Zulfikar Ali Khan	Kamadhia (part of British Raj)	21 August 1863	1921		[316]
	Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan	Tuoba Clan (part of China)	219	277		[317]
	Yusa	Kingdom of Kano (part of Nigeria)	1136	1194		[235][236]
	Bernhard I	Bentheim-Bentheim (part of Holy Roman Empire)	1364	2 November 1421	57 years	[318]
	Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg	Aq Qoyunlu (part of Iran)	1378	1435		[319]
	Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva	Khurda Kingdom (part of Maratha Empire)	1736	1793		[320]
	Deria Sugulle Ainanshe	Habr Yunis Sultanate (part of Somaliland)	1797	1854		[321]
	Jaswant Singh	Nabha (part of British East India Company)	1783	22 May 1840		[322]
	Jing	Qi (part of China)	547 BC	490 BC		[323]
	John II	Auxerre (part of France)	1304	1361		[324]
	Pharasmanes I the Great	Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia)	1	58		[166]
	Prithvi Chand	Baghal State (part of Mughal Empire)	1670	1727		[325]
	Kori	Oyo Empire (part of Nigeria)	1300	1357		[326]
	Mithridates VI	Pontus (part of Turkey)	120 BC	63 BC		[327]
	Nasir al-Din Muhammad	Mihrabanid dynasty	1261	1318		[328]
	Maredudd ap Tewdws	Kingdom of Dyfed (part of Wales)	740	797		[329]
	Ramnarian Singh	Anandpur State (part of British Raj)	1871	1928		[330]
	Sargon	Akkadian Empire (part of Iraq)	2272 BC	2215 BC		[331]
	Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi	Fujairah (part of United Arab Emirates)	1879	31 December 1936		[332]
	Sourigna Vongsa	Lan Xang (Laos)	1637	1694		[333]
	Orontes I	Armenia	401 BC	344 BC		[334]
	Vseslav II Bryachislavich[note 57]	Polotsk (part of Belarus)	1044	1101		[335]
	Zhaoxiang	Qin (part of China)	307 BC	250 BC		[336]
	Bhup Singh	Nalagarh State (part of Maratha Empire)	1705	1761	56 Years	[337]
	Genghis Khan	Khamag Mongol (1171–1206) Mongol Empire (1206–1227)	1171	25 August 1227		[338][339]
	Gruffudd ap Cynan	Gwynedd (part of Wales)	1081	1137		[340]
	Idris bin Abu Bakr Hashim	Dar Qimr [ca] (part of Sudan)	1879	1935		[341]
	Mahtab Singh	Adooka[note 20]	1839	1895		[342]
	Mun	Balhae (part of Korea)	737	793		[343]
	Nripati Beta I Garuda	Kakatiya dynasty (part of India)	995 / 1000	1051 / 1052		[344]
	Prithvisimhji Gajsinhji	Danta State (part of Mughal Empire)	1687	1743		[345]
	Qasim Yaqut Khan	Jafarabad State (part of Mughal Empire)	1677	1733		[346]
	Ratan Sen	Bhadaura (part of India)	1371	1427		[169]
	Sartanji II Vikmatji	Porbandar State (part of British India)	1757	1813		[347]
	Sultan Mustafa	Kota Pinang (part of Dutch Indonesia from 1816)	1815	1871		[348]
	Theodoric III	County of Montbéliard (part of Holy Roman Empire)	17 June 1227	1283 / January 1284		[citation needed]

See also

• List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)
• List of oldest living state leaders
• List of shortest-reigning monarchs
• Lists of state leaders
• Lists of state leaders by age
• Records of heads of state

Notes

1. Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
   •   Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
   •   South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
   •   Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)

   The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:

   •   Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
   •   Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
   •   Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
   •   Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
   •   Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
   •   Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
   •   The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
   •   Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
   •   Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
   •   Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
   •   Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)

   The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:

   •   Jamaica (sovereign 6 August 1962; 60 years, 33 days)
   •   Bahamas (sovereign 10 July 1973; 49 years, 60 days)
   •   Grenada (sovereign 7 February 1974; 48 years, 213 days)
   •   Papua New Guinea (sovereign 16 September 1975; 46 years, 357 days)
   •   Solomon Islands (sovereign 7 July 1978; 44 years, 63 days)
   •   Tuvalu (sovereign 1 October 1978; 43 years, 342 days)
   •   Saint Lucia (sovereign 22 February 1979; 43 years, 198 days)
   •   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (sovereign 27 October 1979; 42 years, 316 days)
   •   Belize (sovereign 21 September 1981; 40 years, 352 days)
   •   Antigua and Barbuda (sovereign 1 November 1981; 40 years, 311 days)
   •   Saint Kitts and Nevis (sovereign 19 September 1983; 38 years, 354 days)
2. Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
3. Real name Bhumibol Adulyadej
4. In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar.^[7][8]
5. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.^[11][12]
6. Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
7. Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
8. Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II",^[11] or "Shield Jaguar".^[12]
9. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.^[11]
10. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.^[11]
11. Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
12. Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Emperor Emeritus until 7 February 1799.
13. The Electorate of Hanover (formally known as the "Electorate of Brunswick-Lunenburg") was reformed as the rump Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, which was not recognized by George III's government, before being reestablished as the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.
14. Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
15. In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.^[29] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,^[29] but most sources give 29 December 1094.^[30][31][32]
16. James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
17. The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July.^[36][37]
18. He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
19. Formally "abdicated" on 6 May 1723 but officially continued to rule until his death on 29 June 1724 after which point his son Maeda Yoshinori assumed full power.
20. Part of British East India Company until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
21. Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
22. Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
23. Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
24. In co-reign with his mother, Theresa, until 1128
25. Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
26. Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.^[55] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
27. Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
28. Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
29. Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
30. Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
31. Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
32. Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
33. Part of British protectorate from 1880
34. Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
35. Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
36. Reigned in dispute with Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi until 17 July 1948.
37. Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
38. Succeeded on 14 November 1867, but was officially enthroned on 20 December 1867
39. Possibly reigned about 1295–1370.
40. Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
41. A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. The Book of the Later Han cites 121 as his death date. The traditionally believed one is 146 since the Samguk Sagi claims that he abdicated in that year.
42. While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
43. Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
44. Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
45. His start date is also sometimes given as 1537
46. Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
47. Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
48. Abdicated on 15 August 1947, with effects from 1 January 1948 following the dissolution of the British Raj but lived until 1963.
49. Alternatively his death date is put as 469. Might have co-reigned with his son until 451
50. Robert I was in co-rule with his brother Edward II until 1352
51. Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế)
52. Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for 16 June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
53. An alternate start date is put as being 451. Could have possibly co-ruled with his father since 469.
54. Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
55. Regent until 1921.
56. Part of German East Africa from 1890.
57. He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.

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