Examine individual changes

'{{about|the island of Java|the software platform|Java (software platform)|other uses}} {{Infobox Islands |name = Java |image name = Java Topography.png |image caption = Topography of Java |locator map = JavaLocatie-1-.png |native name = Jawa |native name link = Indonesian language |___location = [[Southeast Asia]] |coordinates = {{coord|7|30|10|S|111|15|47|E|type:isle_region:ID_scale:8100000}} |archipelago = [[Greater Sunda Islands]] |area = {{km2 to mi2|138794|abbr=yes}} |rank = 13th |highest mount = [[Semeru]] |elevation = {{m to ft|3676|abbrv=yes}} |country = [[Indonesia]] |country admin divisions title = Provinces |country admin dikklk;lkvisions = [[Banten]],<br>[[Jakarta|Jakarta&nbsp;Special&nbsp;Capital&nbsp;City&nbsp;District]],<br>[[West Java]],<br>[[Central Java]],<br>[[East Java]],<br>[[Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Special Region]] |country largest city = [[Jakarta]] |country largest city area = 661.52&nbsp;km² |population = 124 million |population as of = 2005 |density = 979 |ethnic groups = [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Tenggerese]], [[Baduy]], [[Osing]], [[Bantenese]], [[Cirebonese]], [[Betawi people|Betawi]], [[Madurese people|Madurese]] }} '''Java''' ({{lang-id|Jawa}}) is an [[island]] of [[Indonesia]] and the site of its [[Capital (political)|capital]] city, [[Jakarta]]. Once the centre of powerful [[Hindu]]-[[Buddhist]] kingdoms, [[The spread of Islam in Indonesia|Islamic sultanates]], and the core of the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]], Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia. Home to a population of 130 million in 2006<ref>[http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/Booklet_indikatorkunci.pdf? Page 6]</ref>, it is the [[List of islands by population|most populous island]] in the world, ahead of [[Honshū]], the main island of [[Japan]]. Java is also one of the most [[Population density|densely populated]] regions on Earth. Formed mostly as the result of volcanic events, Java is the [[List of islands by area|13th largest island]] in the world and the fifth largest island in Indonesia. A chain of volcanic mountains forms an east-west spine along the island. It has three main languages, though Javanese is dominant and is the native language of 60 million people in Indonesia, most of whom live on Java. Most residents are [[Multilingualism|bilingual]], with [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] as their second language. While the majority of Javanese are [[Muslim]], Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs and cultures. ==Etymology== The origins of the name 'Java' are not clear. One possibility is that an early traveller from [[India]] named the island after the [[Foxtail millet|''jáwa-wut'']] plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E. : " The History of Java". Oxford University Press, 1965. Page 2</ref> There are other possible sources: the word ''jaú'' and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3">Raffles, Thomas E. : "The History of Java". Oxford University Press, 1965. Page 3</ref> And, in [[Sanskrit]] ''yava'' means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3"/> Another source states that the "Java" word is derived from a [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] root word, meaning 'home'.<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref> ==Geography== [[Image:Semeru Bromo Temple.JPG|thumb|left|[[Semeru|Mount Semeru]] and [[Mount Bromo]] in [[East Java]]]] Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the west and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north and [[Christmas Island]] to the south. It is the [[List of islands by area|world's 13th largest island]]. Java is almost entirely of [[volcano|volcanic]] origin; it contains no fewer than thirty-eight mountains forming an east-west spine which have at one time or another been active [[volcano]]es. The highest volcano in Java is Mount [[Semeru]] (3,676 m). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is [[Mount Merapi]] (2,968 m). ''See [[Volcanoes of Java]].'' Further mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for [[Paddy field|wet-rice]] cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p15">{{cite book | last =Ricklefs| first =M.C. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (2nd edition)| publisher =MacMillan| year =1991 | ___location =London | pages =15 | url = | doi = | isbn = 0-333-57690-X }}</ref> Java was the first place where [[Indonesian coffee]] was grown, starting in 1699. Today, [[Coffea arabica]] is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations. The area of Java is approximately 139,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="MONK_7">{{cite book |last=Monk, |first=K.A. |coauthors=Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. |title=The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd. |year=1996 |page=7|___location=Hong Kong |isbn=962-593-076-0}}</ref> The island's longest [[river]] is the 600&nbsp;km long [[Solo River, Java|Bengawan Solo River]].<ref>[http://www.jasatirta1.go.id/english/3WorkArea/20BengawanSolo.htm Management of Bengawan Solo River Area] Jasa Tirta I Corporation 2004. Retrieved [[26 July]] [[2006]]</ref> The river rises from its source in central Java at the [[Mount Lawu|Lawu]] volcano, then flows north and eastwards to its mouth in the [[Java Sea]] near the city of [[Surabaya]]. The island is administratively divided into four [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]] ([[Banten]], [[West Java]], [[Central Java]], and [[East Java]]), one special region ([[Yogyakarta]]), and one special capital district ([[Jakarta]]). ==History== The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 16–17</ref> Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the Brantas and Sala rivers could provide long-distance communication, and thus their valleys supported the centres of major kingdoms. A system of roads, permanent bridges and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-seventeenth century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Subsequently, communication between Java's population was difficult.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), p. 15.</ref> By the end of the 16th century, [[The spread of Islam in Indonesia|Islam]], through conversion, had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of the peoples of Java. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by [[Cornelis de Houtman]] was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500-1700|author=Ames, Glenn J.|year=2008|page=99}}</ref> By the early 19th century the Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior.<ref>[http://travel.theage.com.au/Java/CultureHistory Java - Culture & History]. Theage.com.au.</ref> In 1815, there may have been 5 million people in Java.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301673/Java Java (island, Indonesia)]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> In the second half of the eighteenth century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the nineteenth century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as [[casava]] and [[maize]] which could sustain populations that could not afford rice.<ref>Taylor (2003), p. 253.</ref> Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the [[Cultivation System]] to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families' ability to pay tax and buy goods.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 253-254.</ref> The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Japanese occupation]] in the 1940s.<ref name="Taylor 2003, p. 254">Taylor (2003), p. 254.</ref> Ethnological factors are also thought to have contributed to the increase in population. In Java, there was no absolute preference for boy babies which was significant in Java where agricultural depends on the labour of both men and women. Furthermore, the age of first marriage dropped during the nineteenth century thus increasing a women's child bearing years.<ref name="Taylor 2003, p. 254"/> ==Demography== [[Image:Central Jakarta.JPG|thumb|right|Central [[Jakarta]]]] Java is by far the most populous island in Indonesia, with approximately 62% of the country's [[population]],<ref>[http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/page.php?s=1000people Embassy of Indonesia, Ottawa]</ref> and is the most populous island in the world. With 130 million inhabitants at 1026 people per km², it is also one of the most densely-populated parts of the world. If it were a country, it would be the second-most densely-populated country of the world after [[Bangladesh]], if very small city-states are excluded.<ref>{{cite web | last = Calder | first = Joshua | title = Most Populous Islands | publisher = World Island Information | date = [[3 May]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref> Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html CIA factbook]</ref> Since the 1970s the Indonesian government has run [[transmigration program]]s aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results; sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived [[settler]]s. ==Ethnicity and culture== {{seealso|Culture of Indonesia|Music of Java}} Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura Island|Madura]] off the north east coast of Java, and have immigrated to [[East Java]] in large numbers since the 18th century.<ref name=Periplus58>{{cite book | last = Hefner | first = Robert | title = Java | publisher = Periplus Editions | year = 1997 | ___location = Singapore | pages = 58 | isbn = 962-593-244-5}}</ref> The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively.<ref name=Periplus58/> Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the ''[[Javanese beliefs|kejawen]]'' or Javanese heartland, the north coast of the ''pasisir'' region, the [[Sundanese people|Sunda]] lands of West Java, and the eastern salient, also known as [[Banyuwangi|Blambangan]]. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal Java.<ref name=Periplus58/> The ''kejawen'' Javanese culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy are based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<ref name=Periplus58/> The territory from [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]] in the west through to [[Blitar]] in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.<ref name=Periplus58/> In the southwestern part of Central Java, usually named the [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the [[Banyumasan language|Banyumasan]] culture.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} In the central Javanese court cities of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include [[gamelan]] music and [[wayang]] puppet shows. Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<ref>See Wallace Stevens's poem "[[Tea (poem)|Tea]]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</ref> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends. ==Languages== [[Image:Java languages.JPG|thumb|250px|Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white)]] The three major languages spoken on Java are [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] and [[Madurese language|Madurese]]. Other languages spoken include [[Betawi language|Betawi]] (a [[Malay language|Malay]] dialect local to the Jakarta region), [[Osing]] and [[Tenggerese]] (closely related to Javanese), [[Baduy]] (closely related to Sundanese), [[Kangean language|Kangean]]ese (closely related to Madurese), [[Balinese language|Balinese]], and [[Banyumasan language|Banyumasan]]<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Indonesia+(Java+and+Bali) Languages of Java and Bali] – Ethnologue. Other sources may list some of these as dialects rather than languages.</ref> The vast majority of the population also speaks [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], generally as a second language. ==Religion== More than 90 percent of [[Javanese people|Javanese]] are Muslims, on a broad continuum between ''[[abangan]]'' (more nominal or syncretic) and ''[[santri]]'' (more orthodox). Small [[Hindu]] enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large [[Hindu]] population along the eastern coast nearest [[Bali]], especially around the town of [[Banyuwangi]]. There are also [[Christian]] communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the [[Chinese Indonesian]]. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions. (See [[Religion in Indonesia]].) Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief. [[South Asia|Indian]] influences came first with [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]] penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.<ref name="kroef1961">{{cite journal|first=Justus M.|last=van der Kroef|title=New Religious Sects in Java|journal=Far Eastern Survey|volume=30|issue=2|year=1961|pages=18–15|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%28196102%2930%3A2%3C18%3ANRSIJ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P|doi=10.1525/as.1961.30.2.01p1432u}}</ref> One conduit for this were the [[asceticism|ascetic]]s, called ''resi'', who taught mystical practices. A ''resi'' lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, [[Brahmin]] clerics and ''pudjangga'' (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked [[Hinduism|Hindu]] cosmology to their political needs.<ref name="kroef1961"/> [[Islam]], which came after Hinduism, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. The Muslim scholar of the writ (''[[Kyai]]'') became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal [[Clergy|priesthood]], but the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch colonial government]] established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese ''[[pesantren]]'' (Islamic schools), The ''Kyai'' perpetuated the tradition of the ''resi''. Students around him provided his needs, even [[peasant]]s around the school.<ref name="kroef1961"/> Pre-Islamic Javanese traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around ''kyais'', possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic [[Folklore|lore]], [[dogma]] and practice.<ref name="kroef1961"/> The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the [[supernatural]]. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted [[schism (religion)|schism]]. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught [[mysticism]] and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between ''santri'', who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with ''[[abangan]]'', who have mixed pre-Islamic [[animism|animistic]] and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic dogma.<ref name="kroef1961"/> A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in [[Yogyakarta]] reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in [[Central Java]], 22 in [[West Java]] and 6 in [[East Java]].<ref name="kroef1961"/> These include [[Javanese beliefs|Kejawen]], [[Javanese beliefs|Sumarah]], [[Subud]], etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<ref name="Beatty">Beatty, Andrew, ''Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account'', Cambridge University Press 1999, ISBN 0-521-62473-8</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Indonesia}} * [[2005 Java-Bali Blackout]] * [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia|2007 Java earthquake]] * [[May 2006 Java earthquake]] * [[July 2006 Java earthquake]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |___location= New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Cribb |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Historical Atlas of Indonesia |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon Press, University of Hawaii Press|year=2000 |___location= London and Honolulu|pages= |url= |doi= |isbn=0-8248-2111-4}} ==External links== {{commons|Java}} * {{wikitravelpar|Java}} * [http://www.manbos.com/en/vergal.asp?galeria=228 Java pictures] {{Indonesia}} [[Category:Java| ]] [[Category:Islands of Indonesia]] [[af:Java (eiland)]] [[ar:جاوة]] [[bn:জাভা দ্বীপ]] [[zh-min-nan:Java-tó]] [[bs:Java (ostrvo)]] [[bg:Ява]] [[ca:Illa de Java]] [[cs:Jáva]] [[cy:Jawa]] [[da:Java (ø)]] [[de:Java (Insel)]] [[et:Jaava]] [[el:Ιάβα]] [[es:Java (isla)]] [[eo:Javo]] [[eu:Java (uhartea)]] [[fa:جاوه]] [[fr:Java (île)]] [[ga:Iáva]] [[gl:Xava (illa)]] [[ko:자와 섬]] [[hi:जावा द्वीप]] [[hr:Java (otok)]] [[io:Java (insulo)]] [[id:Jawa]] [[is:Java]] [[it:Giava]] [[he:ג'אווה]] [[jv:Jawa]] [[ku:Cava (erdnîgarî)]] [[la:Iava]] [[lt:Java (sala)]] [[hu:Jáva (sziget)]] [[mk:Јава]] [[ms:Jawa]] [[nl:Java (eiland)]] [[ja:ジャワ島]] [[no:Java (øy)]] [[km:កោះជ្វា]] [[pl:Jawa]] [[pt:Java]] [[ru:Ява]] [[scn:Giava]] [[simple:Java]] [[sk:Jáva]] [[sl:Java]] [[sr:Јава]] [[su:Pulo Jawa]] [[fi:Jaava]] [[sv:Java]] [[tl:Java (pulo)]] [[ta:ஜாவா (தீவு)]] [[th:เกาะชวา]] [[tr:Cava Adası]] [[uk:Ява (острів)]] [[vi:Java]] [[wuu:爪哇岛]] [[zh:爪哇岛]]'