Examine individual changes

'@@ -1,226 +1,127 @@ -{{short description|Programming language to test computer programming language design}} -An '''esoteric programming language''' (sometimes shortened to '''esolang''') is a [[programming language]] designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, as [[software art]], as a hacking interface to another language (particularly [[functional programming]] or [[procedural programming]] languages), or as a joke. The use of ''[[wiktionary:esoteric|esoteric]]'' distinguishes these languages from programming languages that working developers use to write software. Usually, an esolang's creators do not intend the language to be used for mainstream programming, although some esoteric features, such as [[visuospatial]] [[syntax (programming languages)|syntax]],<ref>McLean, A., Griffiths, D., Collins, N., and Wiggins, G. (2010). "Visualisation of Live Code". In ''Electronic Visualisation and the Arts'', London: 2010.</ref> have inspired practical applications in the arts. Such languages are often popular among [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hackers]] and hobbyists. +[[File:Canterbury Mosque 12 June 2006 (adjusted levels).jpg|thumb|right|165px|Al Noor Mosque in 2006.]] +{{crimenav}}{{Islamophobia}}{{Race}} +The '''Christchurch terrorist attacks''' were two [[white nationalism|white nationalist]] [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]] perpetrated at two [[Islam|mosques]], the Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre, in Christchurch, [[New Zealand]], on 15 March 2019. The attacks killed 51 people and seriously injured over 50 others.<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://i.stuff.co.nz/national/111344371/timeline-of-the-christchurch-mosque-shootings Timeline of the Christchurch mosque shootings]|work=Stuff|date=March 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|https://www.ntnews.com.au/news/breaking-news/turk-wounded-in-christchurch-attacks-dies/news-story/7347ba325ebf8a46e248dd94bdd6e60f NZ mosque attack death toll rises to 51|work=NT News|date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-turkey/turk-hurt-in-christchurch-attacks-dies-new-zealand-death-toll-at-51-minister-idUSKCN1S81BL Turk hurt in Christchurch attacks dies, New Zealand death toll at 51: minister|work=Reuters|date=May 2, 2019}}</ref> The suspected perpetrator, self described "Ethno-nationalist, [[Hard green#Ecofascism|Eco-fascist]]" and "[[Remove kebab|Kebab removalist]]" Brenton Harrison Tarrant, a 28-year-old [[Australian]] from Grafton, New South Wales, has been charged with one count of murder, according to a charging sheet from Christchurch District Court.<ref name="charged">{{cite news|title=[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/15/asia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-shooting-suspect-intl/index.html Mass shooting suspect obtained his guns legally, New Zealand prime minister says]|work=CNN|date=March 16, 2019}}</ref> -Usability is rarely a goal for esoteric programming language designers—often it is quite the opposite. Their usual aim is to remove or replace conventional language features while still maintaining a language that is [[Turing-complete]], or even one for which the [[Computability theory (computer science)|computational class]] is unknown. +A 17-minute video was live streamed on [[Facebook]] showing the Al Noor Mosque attack. Just before the attack, an account believed to belong to Tarrant posted a link to an 87-page [[white nationalist]] manifesto on [[Twitter]] and [[8chan]] as well as the aforementioned Facebook.<ref name="charged"/> -==History== -The earliest, and still the canonical example of an esoteric language was [[INTERCAL]],<ref>Matthew Fuller, [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/software-studies Software Studies], MIT Press, 2008</ref> designed in 1972 by [[Don Woods (programmer)|Don Woods]] and James M. Lyon, with the stated intention of being unlike any other programming language the authors were familiar with.<ref name="Raymond1996">{{cite book|author=Eric S. Raymond|title=The New Hacker's Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g80P_4v4QbIC&pg=PA258|year=1996|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-68092-9|page=258}}</ref><ref name="woods-lyon-intercal">{{citation|url=http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/intercal/intercal.txt |last1=Woods |first1=Donald R. |last2=Lyon |first2=James M. |year=1973 |title=The INTERCAL Programming Language Reference Manual |accessdate=2009-04-24 |publisher=Muppetlabs.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gGhTDeaV?url=http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/intercal/intercal.txt |archivedate=2009-04-24 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> It [[parody|parodied]] elements of established programming languages of the day, such as [[Fortran]], [[COBOL]], and [[assembly language]]. +==The Manifesto== +{{see also|The Great Replacement}} +[[File:The Great Replacement cover image.jpg|165px|thumb|left|The attacker's manifesto was titled after an [[alt-right]] and [[Identitarian]] conspiracy theory of the [[The Great Replacement|same name]].]] -For many years INTERCAL was represented only by paper copies of the INTERCAL manual. The language's revival in 1990 as an implementation in C under [[Unix]] stimulated a wave of interest in the intentional design of esoteric computer languages. +Like fellow self-absorbed extremists [[Ted Kaczynski]], [[Anders Behring Breivik]], and Dylann Roof, Brenton Harrison Tarrant tried his hand at a grandiose "manifesto" in which he championed the [[white genocide]] conspiracy theory and its French/European equivalent The Great Replacement. The shooter cited the death of 11-year old Ebba Akerlund by a truck attack in [[Sweden]] and the 2017 presidential elections in [[France]] as well as visit to the country as motivations for committing violence. Amid 87 pages of sarcastic shitposting filled with [[meme|memes]], [[ironic]] posturing, and numerous self-contradicting positions aimed at [[troll|trolling]] the ignorant and amusing his [[8chan]] hate-monger buddies, Tarrant proclaimed that he moved to New Zealand in order to carry out the attack, identified himself as a [[racism|racist]], fawned over his various white nationalist and [[fascist]] heroes including but not limited to [[Oswald Mosley]] of the pro-Nazi [[Oswald Mosley#Walking towards fascism|British Union of Fascists]] (who is quoted once in the manifesto and whom the shooter viewed as the person closest to his own beliefs), the aformentioned [[Norway|Norwegian]] terrorist Anders Behring Breivik (which he viewed as his biggest inspiration and claims to have contacted him and his organization Knights Templar), American Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof, [[Italy|Italian]] neo-Nazi Luca Traini (who shot and injured 6 African migrants), Swedish migrant high school student killer Anton Lundin Pettersson and British Finsbury Park mosque attacker Darren Osbourne. He even went as far as to state that he read Dylann Roof's manifesto ''The Last Rhodesian'' and the writings of others. The shooter also expressed a desire to kill CEOs, drug dealers, various Antifa/Marxists/Communists, NGOs (Non-governmental organizations) and politicians such as Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] of [[Germany]], dictator [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] of [[Turkey]] and Mayor Sadiq Khan of London, England whom he deemed to be "anti-white". The shooter wished to start a Second American Civil War in order to balkanize the [[United States]] along political, cultural and racial lines because he wished to stop any future US/NATO intervention like that in Kosovo during the Yugoslav Wars and to supposedly would ensure the existence of the white race in North America. He said he supported [[Donald Trump]] as "a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose" but not as a policy maker or leader. There are also references to prominent black conservative [[Charlie Kirk#Turning Point USA|Turning Point USA]] member [[Candace Owens]], the [[video games]] ''Fortnite'' and ''Spyro the Dragon'' and the Navy SEAL Copypasta but as largely trolling and urged the creation of memes around him.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/153346/death-fascist-irony The Death of Fascist Irony] ''New Republic'', March, 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2019/03/15/shitposting-inspirational-terrorism-and-the-christchurch-mosque-massacre/ Shitposting, Inspirational Terrorism, and the Christchurch Mosque Massacre] ''Bellingcat'', March, 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-tried-to-trick-the-world-in-manifesto-video New Zealand Suspect Mixed Death and Disinformation] ''Daily Beast'', March, 2019</ref> Despite however the shooter's denial of being a Nazi or Neo-Nazi (instead referring to himself as "an Ethno-nationalist, Eco-fascist") he uses [[Alt-right_glossary#Gallery_of_symbols_and_flags|the Black Sun]] (aka the Sonnenrad or Schwarze Sonne) very prominently on the manifesto's front and back covers and it is a symbol originating in [[Nazi Germany]] by Heinrich Himmler of the SS during [[World War II]] engraved on Castle Wewelsburg. [[The Fourteen Words]] a prominent neo-Nazi slogan by terrorist David Lane of The Order/Bruder Schweigen is also quoted multiple times with "secure" replaced by "ensure" every time the shooter said it (it also appears on his guns as "14" or "14 Words"). The violent white nationalism and fascism of Brenton Harrison Tarrant expressed in the manifesto deviates in two major ways: Jews and LGBT the former is viewed by him as not the enemy particularly those living in [[Israel]] so long as they weren't out to harm his people (Whites/"Europeans") and the latter he said he didn't care as long as they stayed loyal to their country in stark contrast to most white nationalists who view both groups as inherently dangerous aside from a couple of exceptions. -In 1993, [[Wouter van Oortmerssen]] created FALSE, a small [[stack-oriented programming language]], with syntax designed to make the code inherently obfuscated, confusing, and unreadable. It also has a compiler of only 1024 bytes.<ref name="Wouter">{{cite web | title= Interview with Wouter van Oortmerssen | journal = esoteric.codes | url = http://esoteric.codes/post/122942498363/interview-with-wouter-van-oortmerssen | date = 1 July 2015 | accessdate = 1 December 2015}}</ref> This inspired Urban Müller to create an even smaller language, the now-infamous [[brainfuck]], which consists of only eight recognized characters. Along with Chris Pressey's [[Befunge]] (like FALSE, but with a two-dimensional instruction pointer), brainfuck is now one of the best-supported esoteric programming languages. These are canonical examples of minimal [[Turing tarpit]]s and needlessly obfuscated language features. Brainfuck is related to the [[P′′]] family of [[Turing machine]]s. +Tarrant also said he considered the [[China|People's Republic of China]] to be the nation closest to his political and social views (in spite of being Communist), which as been accused of trying to assimilate ethnic minorities. Indeed, one of the key objectives of President Xi Jinping is the “Sinocization” of religion. China is home to some 56 ethnic groups, including Uyghurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manchus, and Hui (Chinese Muslims), with the Han Chinese making up 91% of the population. The Uyghur Muslim minority in particular has been persecuted by the Chinese government for their culture and identity but it is not clear whether Tarrant knew this.<ref name="LA-China">[https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html ]. The ''Los Angeles Times''. March 16, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019. </ref> -==Esoteric programming terms== -===Turing tarpit=== -{{Main article|Turing tarpit}} +==Scale and legal implications of the shooting== +Prior to the attacks, New Zealand had experienced only one comparable incident in 1990, when 13 people were killed in the small town of {{wpl|Aramoana_massacre|Aromoana}} before the terrorist was shot and killed by [[police]]. For perspective, New Zealand had 35 murders reported '''throughout the entire year of 2017.'''<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/107415102/murder-rate-hits-a-40yearlow-police-say Murder rate hits a 40-year-low, police say|work=Stuff|date=September 17, 2018}}</ref> The country's murder rate was stated to be at an all-time low, making the mosque attacks singular in New Zealand's history of crime. This presented a literally unprecedented legal challenge for New Zealand law, as there is no predecessor against which to compare Tarrant's case. Additionally, the New Zealand justice system establishes convictions of multiple crimes concurrently (rather than consecutively, as is done in the [[United States]]); theoretically, it is legally possible for Tarrant to serve a single life sentence for all 50 murders. Although New Zealand does have anti-terrorist laws, such as the Terrorism Suppression Act of 2002,<ref>{{cite news|title=[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0034/latest/DLM151491.html Terrorism Suppression Act of 2002]|work=New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office}}</ref> they were never tested in New Zealand courts until very recently on May 21, 2019 when Brenton Harrison Tarrant was charged with terrorism under this law.<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111336144/christchurch-shooter-faces-extraordinary-jail-sentence Christchurch shooter faces 'extraordinary' jail sentence]|work=Stuff|date=March 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-4834678|title=Christchurch shootings: Mosque attacker charged with terrorism|work=BBC News|access-date=May 21, 2019|date=May 21, 2019}}</ref> On March 18, Tarrant fired his court-appointed lawyer, Richard Peters, and planned to represent himself in court.<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-zealand-shooting-live-updates/2019/03/17/21bb0634-48ec-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html New Zealand shooting: Prime minister says gun reforms are coming]|work=The Washington Post|date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> On June 13, 2019, Brenton Harrison Tarrant pleaded not guilty to the 51 murder charges and 40 attempted murder charges with his new lawyer Shane Tait and the next trial is set for May 4, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/14/christchurch-massacre-brenton-tarrant-pleads-not-guilty-to-all-charges|title=Christchurch massacre Brenton Tarrant pleads not guilty to all charges|last=Nielsen|first=Daniel|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 14, 2019|date=June 13, 2019}}</ref> -A [[Turing tarpit]] is a [[Turing-complete]] programming language in which any computable function could theoretically be written, but in which it is impractically difficult to do so. Esoteric languages may be described as Turing tarpits, especially when they aim to minimize the number of language features. +To date, the Christchurch mosque attacks at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand are one of the deadliest incidences of [[far-right]] terrorism and the first major mass shooting of 2019 in terms of press coverage/media attention and casualty rate. The attacks are also the most fatal mass shooting against [[Muslims]] in the West, as well as the most severe white nationalist-supremacist/[[neo-Nazi]]/racist attack on a non-white/non-Christian place of worship in a Western country (surpassing the {{wpl|Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting||,}} at the Sikh Temple of Wisconsin, {{wpl|Charleston church shooting||,}} at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, {{wpl|Pittsburgh synagogue shooting}} at the Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation in the United States and the {{wpl|Quebec City mosque shooting}} at the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City in Canada/Quebec).<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/14/christchurch-mosque-shootings-latest-places-worship/3171591002/</ref> Only the 2011 Norway attacks at Regjeringskvartlet (Government Quarter) and Utoya Island in Oslo and Utoya, Norway and the Oklahoma City bombing at the Alfred P. Murray Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States come anywhere near close the death and destruction caused by the Christchurch mosque terrorist attacks at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand. -===Stateful encoding=== -A method of encoding programs, such that each substring of the encoding is an instruction to both: -#Locate the next instruction in a list, and -#Apply it to transform the current program state. +==Aftermath== +The shooting brought much attention to [[8chan]]'s /pol/ board, where Tarrant initially posted his manifesto and informed users of his impending video stream of the Al Noor Mosque attack (before going on to shoot up Linwood Islamic Centre), as well as the "ironic" aspect of meme culture and shitposting fascism and neo-Nazism popularized by alt-right websites such as ''[[The Daily Stormer]]'' and ''[[The Right Stuff]]'', the /pol/ boards of both [[4chan]] and 8chan, and other white-supremacist websites visited by Tarrant. The Christchurch terrorist attacks brought new attention to online radicalization by the far-right on a variety social media platforms ranging from the mainstream ([[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]]) to the more obscure (8chan and [[Gab]]).<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/do-the-christchurch-shootings-expose-the-murderous-nature-of-ironic-online-fascism</ref><ref>https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-tried-to-trick-the-world-in-manifesto-video</ref><ref>https://www.foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/15/how-the-christchurch-shooter-played-the-worlds-media/</ref><ref>https://nationalpost.com/news/world/what-is-8chan-and-why-did-the-new-zealand-shooter-use-it-to-announce-himself-to-the-world</ref><ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/03/05/703912101/new-zealand-mosque-attacks-raise-questions-about-internets-role-in-radicalization</ref> Following the attacks, a YouTube channel operated by a user called "Third Positionist," in reference to the supremacist-blending [[Third Position]] socioeconomic ideology, was terminated by YouTube following reports from staff members of The Huffington Post and ProPublica.<ref name="3P">{{cite news|title=[https://www.propublica.org/article/despite-crackdowns-white-supremacist-and-neo-nazi-videos-take-stubborn-root-on-youtube Despite Crackdowns, White Supremacist and Neo-Nazi Videos Take Stubborn Root on YouTube]|date=March 15, 2019|work=ProPublica}}</ref> The account termination highlights a rise in white nationalist and supremacist media, utilizing YouTube as an avenue of radicalization.<ref name="3P" /> -A single instruction always includes two sequential phases: choosing an operation, and executing it. The list of operations may either be static—as in [http://esolangs.org/wiki/ReMorse reMorse] or [http://esolangs.org/wiki/THRAT THRAT]—or dynamic—as in reMorse4ever. +Facebook would ban white nationalism entirely from its platform one week after the Christchurch mosque attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/facebook-to-ban-white-nationalism-after-mosque-attacks-11676931|title=Facebook to ban white nationalism after mosque attacks|last=Marris|first=Shawn|work=Sky News|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> On the other side of things at [[Gab]], the rather violent anti-Semitic alt-right racist and [[Unite the Right|Charlottesville riots/Unite the Right]] attendee Christopher Cantwell would end up getting banned from the service after he made a post suggesting it was more useful to kill 50 left-wingers in the United States than Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://https://www.newsweek.com/social-media-site-gab-bans-crying-nazi-killing-leftists-1367679|title='Crying Nazi' Christopher Cantwell Reportedly Banned From Gab After Post Advocated Leftists|last=Rabson|first=Moritz-Daniel|work=Newsweek|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=March 19, 2019}}</ref> -Here is an example based on reMorse or THRAT: - Select Next Operation in list - Perform Operation +There were also a number of related arrests such as an Oldham, Manchester, United Kingdom man expressing support for the shooter, a New Zealand employee of a UAE company sharing similar sentiments and the owner of a neo-Nazi company including 6 employees arrested for sharing footage of the Christchurch mosque attacks. One notable example was two white nationalists from Greece, New York, United States named Thomas Alonzo Bolin ("Ragnar Odinson") and Austin Witlowski ("Peter Vincent") arrested for attempting to carry out a copycat attack and for lying to the FBI of not owning a gun which he would admit later.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-man-arrested-oldham-social-media-post-a8826576.html|title=Oldham man arrested for Facebook post 'supporting' New Zealand mosque terrorist attack|last=Drury|first=Cory|work=The Independent (UK)|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=March 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/uae-man-fired-from-job-deported-for-celebrating-new-zealand-attack-in-christchurch-2010302|title=UAE Man Fired From Job, Deported for "Celebrating" New Zealand Attack|work=NDTV/Reuters|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=March 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-shooting-facebook-charges-822280|title=Six Charged With Sharing Footage Mosque Shooting Online|last=Dickson|first=EJ|work=Rolling Stone|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=April 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/white-supremacist-facebook-thomas-bolin_n_5ca63188e4b05acba4de053e?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAE5vAG5IthFt8nfkP7gTRnYIdvaOY7qeakz_YfKXHNhBty8GNCDwLskBx1907LWXtr0_djGafRH_vrzOqfpil6TyXFQKnmuyOPfVNm5ySzxnPFSIiXbpdP_R8ZYPWE-dMKW4FDhirMteVxy-8aMzRowCgoSf-oib1uPS9dnJKqJI|title=Feds Say White Supremacist Cousins Used Facebook To Discuss Attack On Muslims|last=Reilly|first=Ryan J.|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=April 4, 2019}}</ref> -===Language paradigm=== -The [[Programming paradigm|paradigm of a language]] can fall into a number of categories, and these categories are used to get a general understanding of the way that a specific language operates. These include imperative languages such as [[brainfuck]], in which instructions describe how to change data; functional languages such as [[Unlambda programming language|Unlambda]], in which data and code are more or less interchangeable and execution is the repeated application of functions to the results of other functions; and rewriting languages such as [[Thue (programming language)|Thue]], in which transformation functions are applied to an initial state. +The Christchurch mosque attacks also led to 17 countries (New Zealand, Australia, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, [[European Union|the European Commission/European Union]], [[Germany]], [[Ireland]], Sweden, [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], Italy, Norway, [[Spain]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Jordan]] and Senegal) and United States-based tech companies Amazon, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google, Microsoft, Qwant and Dailymotion signing a protocol/compact titled "The Christchurch Call to Action" which establishes new rules to regulate violent extremist content and Facebook now banning them from using their Live feature to broadcast any future shootings/terrorist attacks. The United States though has declined to join "The Christchurch Call to Action" citing free speech concerns although they are generally supportive of this protocol.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12231337|title=Christchurch Call to Action: Govts, technology companies agree to tackle violent online content on social media|last=Cheng|first=Derek|work=New Zealand Herald|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/world-leaders-and-tech-giants-sign-ardern-s-christchurch-call-to-curb-online-extremism|title=World leaders and tech giants sign Ardern's +'Christchurch Call' to curb online extremism|work=SBS News|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=May 16, 2019}}</ref> -=== Funges === -A '''funge''' is an esoteric programming language which models its programs as [[metric space]]s with [[coordinate systems]] (often, but not necessarily, [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]]) and which execute instructions located at points in their program space by moving an instruction pointer (a [[position vector]] which indicates the currently executing instruction) through that space. Different instructions determine the direction in which the instruction pointer moves, and consequently, the sequence of instructions that is executed. +The Christchurch mosque attacks also have led to a movie in the works title ''Hello, Brother'' (named after a quote said by Haji-Daoud Nabi who was killed) by Egyptian filmmaker Moez Masoud and a novel by Tom O'Connor titled ''The Ides of March'' (a reference to the date Julius Caesar was assassinated and the shootings).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/hello-brother-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-film-moez-masoud-acamedia-pictures-1203214368|title='Hello Brother', Based on New Zealand Mosque Shootings, in the works|last=Clarke|first=Stewart|access-date=May 17, 2019|date=May 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/112808414/christchurch-mosque-attacks-book-to-a-cast-a-wide-net|title=Christchurch mosque attacks book to a 'cast a a wide net'|last=Littlewood|first=Matthew|work=The Stuff (New Zealand)|access-date=May 17, 2019|date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> -The current official standard for the behaviour of these programming languages is the Funge-98 specification. This specification is a generalisation of the semantics of the [[Befunge]] programming language, which has a two-[[dimension]]al [[torus|toroidal]] topology. Languages which adhere closely to this standard, such as Unefunge (one-dimensional) and Trefunge (three-dimensional), are sometimes called ''funges'', while more "distant relatives" which differ in significant respects, such as {{Not typo|Wierd}}, are referred to as ''fungeoids''. +===International responses=== +In the wake of the attacks, Western leaders expressed their sorrow and offered their condolences to the people of New Zealand. Meanwhile, various Muslim majority countries, such as Turkey and Pakistan, blamed Islamophobia for the attacks and accused politicians and the media for stoking hatred against Muslims.<ref name="SCMP-reactions">[https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3001965/world-reacts-horrific-new-zealand-mosque-massacre-sorrow World reacts to ‘horrific’ New Zealand mosque massacre by Brenton Tarrant with sorrow, solidarity and fury]. ''South China Morning Post''. March 16, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019. </ref> -=== One instruction set computer === -A [[one instruction set computer]] is a machine which supports only one operation. +Facebook said it removed some one and a half million videos of the Christchurch massacres on its platform within twenty four hours of the attacks.<ref name="AuBC-China">[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-19/why-did-it-take-48-hours-for-china-to-remove-nz-shooting-video/10911612 Is Chinese media using the New Zealand mosque shooting as a political opportunity?]. ABC (Australia). March 18, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019. </ref> -===Nondeterministic language=== -For a deterministic language, if one is given the current state of a program, the next state can always be predicted. This is not true for a [[Nondeterministic programming|nondeterministic language]]. Most languages are deterministic, but some languages, such as Befunge, supply a built-in randomization instruction. Moreover, languages such as [http://p-nand-q.com/programming/languages/java2k/ Java2k] have only randomized instructions. Thus, getting even trivial programs to have a reliable output is often a monumental, if not outright impossible, task. +==== New Zealand ==== +{{cquote|What has happened in Christchurch is an extraordinary act of unprecedented violence. It has no place in New Zealand. Many of those affected will be members of our migrant communities – New Zealand is their home – they are us.|||NZ Prime Minister {{wpl|Jacinda Ardern}}<ref>https://twitter.com/jacindaardern/status/1106397870628847617</ref>}} +[[File:NZ_PM_Jacinda_Ardern_-_Kirk_HargreavesCCC.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Prime Minister Adern mourns with the Muslim community in the aftermath of the attack, March 16, 2019.]] +New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern pledged to tighten gun laws, in reference to the methods Tarrant used to obtain and modify his weapons.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/15/one-day-more-people-were-murdered-new-zealand-than-are-usually-killed-an-entire-year/?utm_term=.7d59e72d2714</ref> In particular, the sales of "military-style" semi-automatic rifles and accessories that could make a gun semi-automatic, such as "bump stocks," would be banned, as would their possession. Those who currently own such weapons can hand them over during a grace period while officials develop a formal buyback plan which could cost up to NZ$200 million (US$140 million). Currently, there are approximately one and a half million guns in New Zealand, a country of about five million people. Only six percent of weapons are registered. A semi-automatic firearm is one that is able to reload itself after firing. Under New Zealand's law, a military-style semi-automatic weapon has a magazine of seven rounds, or with pistol grips, folding or telescopic butts, bayonet attachments or flash suppressors at the end of the barrel. Police officers, military service members, and professional pest controllers would be exempt. Such a ban is widely supported in New Zealand, where firearm ownership is a privilege rather than a right, as is the case in the United States.<ref>[https://www.apnews.com/38e0f6118d0644d1b65baed622670f8a A closer look at New Zealand's new weapons ban]. Associated Press. March 21, 2019. Accessed March 26, 2019. </ref><ref group="note">Even so, [https://www.apnews.com/99e6a9b480a947eab6da194697b8a303 according to AP-NORC polls conducted before and after these shootings, about two-thirds of Americans support stricter gun laws]. The shootings had no significant impact on American public opinion regarding gun laws. </ref> -Nondeterministic languages can be used to explore large search spaces, such as grammars, where exhaustive search is impractical. Random text generators such as [http://dev.null.org/dadaengine/ the Dada Engine] and [http://sourceforge.net/projects/rmutt/ rmutt] are examples of this kind of nondeterminstic language. +Prime Minister Ardern also vowed to never mention the shooter by name<ref name="AP-free-speech"/> and believes it is unacceptable that the shooter was able to live-stream his act of terrorism via Facebook. She said she wanted assurance from social media companies that something similar would never happen again. She announced a Royal Commission of Inquiry, New Zealand's highest form of investigation, reserved for matters of utmost public importance, into what could and should have been done to prevent the Christchurch shootings. Domestic and foreign intelligence agencies, the police, and customs and immigration will be looked at.<ref>[https://www.apnews.com/0a239060ae3a415592814519e2e3d1fb New Zealand to probe role of spies, guns in mosque attacks]. Associated Press. March 25, 2019. Accessed March 26, 2019. </ref> -More esoterically, nondeterministic algorithms have been employed in the theoretical investigation of [[hypercomputation]]. +Chief New Zealand [[Censorship|Censor]] David Shanks has classified the full 17-minute video of the shootings as objectionable, which means that it is illegal for anyone in New Zealand to view, possess or distribute the video in any form, including via social media platforms.<ref name="index">{{cite news|title=[https://www.classificationoffice.govt.nz/news/latest-news/christchurch-shooting-video-officially-objectionable/ Christchurch shooting video officially objectionable]|work=Office of Film & Literature Classification}}</ref> The attacker manifesto has been made illegal in New Zealand too, specifically anyone found to possess the manifesto could face up to 10 years in [[prison]], and those caught distributing it could face up to 14 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.businessinsider.my/new-zealand-bans-christchurch-shooter-manifesto-livestream-2019-3/ New Zealand made it illegal for anyone to download or share the Christchurch shooter’s manifesto]|date=March 25, 2019|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Prior to the banning, Shanks and his staff considered the possibility of [[Streisand effect|raising interest]] in the Manifesto, but concluded it was justified because the Manifesto encourages acts of cruelty and terrorism. Shanks said journalists and researchers could apply for exemptions from both bans. A number of free-speech advocates, such as Stephen Franks, a constitutional lawyer and spokesman for the Free Speech Coalition, do not object censoring the video, but they do not support restricting access to the Manifesto, arguing that it could spark conspiracy theories and that people should be able allowed to form their own conclusions and "see evil or madness for what it is." At present, New Zealanders are still free to read ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' by [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref group="note">And the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]].</ref><ref name="AP-free-speech">[https://www.apnews.com/162e85e9418240d3ae3650c8f59caf56 Banning of manifesto raises free speech debate in N. Zealand]. Associated Press. March 24, 2019. Accessed March 26, 2019. </ref> An eighteen-year-old New Zealander has been arrested for sharing the live-stream and faces a heavy jail sentence if convicted.<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.9news.com.au/2019/03/18/14/49/christchurch-shooting-teen-shared-video-denied-bail Teenager accused of sharing video of Christchurch terror attack denied bail]|date=March 18, 2019|work=9News}}</ref> -== Examples == -Below are some characteristic examples of esoteric programming languages: +The ''New Zealand Herald'' released a list commemorating the 50 victims, with remembrances from friends and surviving family members accompanying photos of the deceased.<ref name="faces">{{cite news|title=[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213778 Christchurch mosque shootings: Faces of the fallen]|date=March 18,2019|work=New Zealand Herald}}</ref> -=== Arnoldc === -Arnoldc is an esoteric programming language based on one-liners of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. Following is the "Hello, World!" programmed in arnoldc:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> -IT'S SHOWTIME -TALK TO THE HAND "Hello, World!" -YOU HAVE BEEN TERMINATED -</syntaxhighlight> +==== Australia ==== +The Prime Minister of Australia [[Scott Morrison]] issued a statement in which he expressed sympathy, saying "we are family" with New Zealand and "condemn absolutely the attack that occurred today by an extremist, right-wing, violent terrorist that has taken the lives, stolen the lives, in a vicious, murderous attack, that has claimed so many New Zealanders", of course given that the perpetrator Brenton Harrison Tarrant came from Australia it heavily effected the citizens of the country to see one of their own commit violent terrorist attacks.<ref>[https://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2019/03/15/prime-ministers-statement-shooting-incident-christchurch-new-zealand Prime Minister's statement on the shooting incident in Christchurch, New Zealand] ''Australian Liberal Party''</ref> +A written statement from Australian far-right, anti-immigration and anti-Muslim Queensland Senator Fraser Anning of Pauline Hanson's One Nation caused intense backlash from social media and politicians, after Anning implied the Muslim victims of the shooting [[blaming the victim|shared some responsibility for the violence]] due to immigrating to New Zealand. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/australian-senator-fraser-anning-criticised-blaming-new-zealand-attack-on-muslim-immigration</ref> A day later, during a meeting of the newly formed Conservative National Party in Melbourne, Victoria, Senator Anning was attacked from behind by a young man while responding to questions from journalists and was struck on the head with a raw egg.<ref name="egg">https://www.npr.org/2019/03/16/704122018/australian-lawmaker-is-egged-after-comments-blaming-new-zealand-attack-on-immigr</ref> Anning immediately turned and struck the teenager twice, after which the teen was tackled to the ground by Anning's goons.<ref name="egg" /> -=== AsciiDots === -AsciiDots is an esoteric programming language based on ascii art. In this language, ''dots'', represented by periods (<code>.</code>), travel down ascii art paths and undergo operations. Here is an example of a [[code golf]] counter:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> -/#$<. -*-[+] -\#1/ -</syntaxhighlight> +Later it would be revealed that Brenton Harrison Tarrant interacted with the far-right [[United Patriots Front]] (UPF) led by [[Blair Cottrell]] and True Blue Crew (TBC) led by Kane Miller on their now defunct Facebook pages where he praised the former affectionately calling him "Emperor Blair Cottrell" as well as donating to the UPF and threatening a Melbourne man over criticism of the organization, he was also offered to join the also Blair Cottrell-led Lads Society (a whites-only "fight club") but declined. Cottrell immediately distanced himself from Tarrant for his violent terrorist actions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-23/christchurch-shooting-accused-praised-blair-cottrell/10930632|title=Christchurch shooting accused Brenton Tarrant supports Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell|last1=Mann|first1=Alex|last2=Nguyen|first=Kevin|last3=Gregory|first3=Katherine|work=ABC News (Australia)|access-date=June 13, 2019|date=March 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-10/brenton-tarrant-alleged-christchurch-sent-death-threat/10952876|title=Christchurch shooter Brenton Tarrant sent death threat two years before attack|last=Nguyen|first=Kevin|work=ABC News (Australia)|access-date=June 13, 2019|date=April 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/threats-from-a-white-extremist-that-tried-to-recruit-tarrant-20190501-p51j5w.html|title=Threats from white extremist group that 'tried to recruit Tarrant'|last=Begley|first=Patrick|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=June 13, 2019|date=May 2, 2019}}</ref> -=== Befunge === -[[Befunge]] allows the instruction pointer to roam in multiple dimensions through the code. For example, the following program displays "Hello World" by pushing the characters in reverse order onto the stack, then printing the characters in a loop which circulates clockwise through the instructions <code>></code>, <code>:</code>, <code>v</code>, <code>_</code>, <code>,</code>, and <code>^</code>. -<syntaxhighlight lang="befunge"> - "dlroW olleH">:v - ^,_@ -</syntaxhighlight> +==== Austria ==== +Chancellor of [[Austria]] Sebastian Kurz called for a "ruthless" investigation after it became known that Identitare Bewegung Osterreichs (IBO), the Austrian branch of the Identitarian movement/Generation Identity in Europe, had received a donation from Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Christchurch shooter. Moreover, this donation was higher than what the movement normally receives. Martin Sellner, leader of the Austrian Identitarians, had his apartment in Graz, Austria, searched by police and had his electronic devices seized. He would later go on record to condemn the attacks and stating the group had nothing to do with him. Although it initially reported that there was no ties between Tarrant and Austrian Identitarians.<ref>[https://www.apnews.com/79846b17c5d34397aa9ad2c70ff49f89 "Austrian far-right activist probed over ties to NZ suspect"]. Associated Press. March 26, 2019. Accessed March 26, 2019. </ref><ref>[https://www.apnews.com/b425b219b879478a6cebc9743713 "Austria considers dissolving far-right group amid NZ probe"]. Associated Press. March 27, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-zealand-shooting-confirms-financial-link-between-christchurch-gunman-and-far-right-identitarian-group "New Zealand shooting: Austria Confirms Financial Link Between Christchurch Gunman and Far-Right Group"]. The Daily Beast. March 27, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019. </ref> However, it was later revealed by various Austrian and German media outlets such as ORF (Osterreichscher Rundfunk) that Sellner exchanged emails with Tarrant like one asking if they could meet for coffee or beer in Vienna and another which the former sent a link to his YouTube channel to the latter something confirmed by him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://https://www.thedailybeast.com/far-right-leader-martin-sellner-emailed-with-new-zealand-mosque-shooter-brenton-tarrant-months-before-massacre|title=Far-Right Leader Martin Sellner Emailed With New Zealand Mosque Shooter Months Before Massacre|last=Weill|first=Kelly|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=May 16, 2019|date=May 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/16/christchurch-shooters-links-to-austrian-far-right-more-extensive-than-thought Christchurch shooter's links to Austrian far right 'more extensive than thought'. Emails show Brenton Tarrant was invited to meet Identitarian leader Martin Sellner, according to reports in Europe] by Jason Wilson (15 May 2019 22.15 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref> -=== Binary lambda calculus === -[[Binary lambda calculus]] is designed from an [[algorithmic information theory]] perspective to allow for the densest possible code with the most minimal means, featuring a 29 byte self interpreter, a 21 byte prime number sieve, and a 112 byte Brainfuck interpreter. +==== Canada ==== +Prime Minister of [[Canada]] Justin Trudeau condemned the attack in an official statement, recalling the 2017 Quebec City mosque shooting by Alexander Bissonnette as an example in which Muslim community members suffered "unimaginable loss and pain in the places where they should feel safest,"<ref name="trudeau">{{cite news|title=[https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2019/03/15/statement-prime-minister-terrorist-attack-two-mosques-new-zealand Statement by the Prime Minister on terrorist attack on two mosques in New Zealand]}}</ref> and pledged to work with New Zealand on taking action against violent extremism.<ref name="trudeau"/> Alexandre Bissonnette was also one of the numerous figures (historical or far-right) etched onto one of the guns used by Brenton Harrison Tarrant to carry out the massacre/terrorist attacks at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand. In response to the attacks, police increased security at mosques in Montreal, Gatineau, Ottawa, Edmonton, Toronto, Saskatoon and Quebec City,<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-threat-level-1.5057778 Canadian police bolster presence in wake of New Zealand mosque attacks]|date=March 15, 2019|work=CBC}}</ref> though Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale stated that Canada's national threat level would remain unchanged at "medium."<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://globalnews.ca/video/5060515/new-zealand-shooting-canada-condemns-act-of-terrorism-in-christchurch New Zealand shooting: Canada condemns ‘act of terrorism’ in Christchurch]|date=March 15, 2019|work=Global News}}</ref> A vigil was held in Halifax for victims of the attacks,<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/vigil-halifax-christchurch-mosque-shootings-new-zealand-1.5059484 Halifax hosts vigil to mourn victims of Christchurch mosque attacks]|date=March 16, 2019|work=CBC}}</ref> while more than 500 people came together in solidarity at Celebration Square in Mississauga,<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/mississauga-square-vigil-christchurch-mosque-shootings-1.5059579 More than 500 in Mississauga pray for victims of Christchurch mosque shootings]|date=March 16, 2019|work=CBC}}</ref> and an estimated several hundred people mourned the victims at a vigil in Toronto's Nathan Philips Square.<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/hundreds-gather-at-city-hall-vigil-for-victims-of-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-1.5057982 Hundreds mourn Christchurch mass shooting victims at Toronto city hall vigil]|date=March 16, 2019|work=CBC}}</ref> -=== Brainfuck === -[[Brainfuck]] is designed for extreme minimalism and leads to obfuscated code, with programs containing only eight distinct characters. The following program outputs "Hello World!": -<syntaxhighlight lang="bf"> -++++++++++[>+++++++>++++++++++>+++<<<-]>++.>+.+++++++ - ..+++.>++.<<+++++++++++++++.>.+++.------.--------.>+. -</syntaxhighlight> +====China==== +{{cquote|Immigrants, especially Muslims, cannot integrate into Western society.|||The ''Global Times''<ref name="AuBC-China"/>}} +Chinese President Xi Jinping officially denounced the attacks and offered his condolences.<ref name="LA-China"/> -=== Chef === -Chef by [[David Morgan-Mar]] is a [[stack-oriented programming language]] designed to make programs look like cooking recipes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cozens|first=Simon|title=Advanced Perl programming|year=2005|publisher=O'Reilly Media|isbn=978-0-596-00456-9|page=269|quote=A final Acme curiosity, and one of my favourites, is Acme: :Chef, an implementation of David Morgan-Mar's Chef programming language. In Chef, programs are expressed in the form of recipes: ...}}</ref> Programs consist of a title, a list of variables and their data values and a list of stack manipulation instructions.<ref name="chef">{{cite web|url=http://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/chef.html|title=Chef|work=DM's Esoteric Programming Languages|first=David|last=Morgan-Mar|publisher=Self-published|date=2011-03-24|accessdate=2014-06-28}}</ref> A joking design principle states that "program recipes should not only generate valid output, but be easy to prepare and delicious", and Morgan-Mar notes that an example [[Hello world program|Hello World program]] with "101 eggs" and "111 cups oil" would produce "a lot of food for one person."<ref name="chef"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/chef_hello.html|title=Chef Sample Program: Hello World Souffle|work=DM's Esoteric Programming Languages|first=David|last=Morgan-Mar|publisher=Self-published|date=2014-06-28|accessdate=2014-06-28}}</ref> +China (which was mentioned by name in the manifesto) had mixed reactions. While the state censorship apparatus is extremely effective at removing online materials deemed undesirable by the Communist Party, it was surprisingly slow in eliminating videos of the Christchurch shootings from Chinese social media networks, such as Baidu Tieba, one of the largest of them all, and other websites. Chinese internet users were still posting and watching the videos almost 48 hours after the shootings took place; some even compared it to a violent video game. Although these were later censored, they were removed later than in Western countries.<ref name="AuBC-China"/> -=== FALSE === -FALSE is a [[stack-based language]] with single-character commands and variables.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://strlen.com/false/ |title=The FALSE Programming Language |last1=van Oortmerssen |first1=Wouter |publisher=Self-published |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> For example, 3 + 1 can be calculated by evaluating (λ x → x + 1)(3): - 3[1+]! +State-controlled media exaggerated the severity of the terrorist attacks and seized this opportunity to point to flaws in how Western liberal democracies manage their societies.<ref name="AuBC-China"/> (See quote above.) In an editorial, state-owned tabloid the ''Global Times'' argued that white supremacy is part of "Western values."<ref name="LA-China"/> -=== FiM++ === -FiM++ is an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented programming language]] based on the [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic|My Little Pony]] television show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equestriadaily.com/2012/10/editorial-fim-pony-programming-language.html|title=Editorial: FiM++, A Pony Programming Language|last=Sethisto|website=www.equestriadaily.com|access-date=2018-01-07}}</ref> FiM++ programs read like plain English, in the style of the show's 'friendship reports'. The following program prints "Hello World!"<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> FiM++ supports many modern language features, such as interfaces, inheritance, and importing files. Uniquely, variable names can contain spaces in FiM++. -Dear Princess Celestia: Hello World! +Some observers pointed out that the Chinese government has a habit of not wanting to "wash their dirty linen in public." In other words, they tend to avoid discussing China's national problems, yet they often focus on negative developments abroad in order to encourage appreciation for how the Communist Party is running the country, offering peace and prosperity instead of violence and chaos.<ref name="AuBC-China"/> Furthermore, China, as experts warned, used the Christchurch mosque shootings to justify its policies towards Muslims in the Xinjiang region in northwest China, namely, sending ethnic minorities to detention camps, conducting mass surveillance, and razing ethnic neighborhoods. China also stressed the economic development of this region and accused critics of "slanderous fabrication."<ref name="AuBC-China"/><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-stresses-investment-invokes-new-zealand-massacre-in-defending-treatment-of-muslims-11554890402 China Stresses Investment, Invokes New Zealand Massacre in Defending Treatment of Muslims]. The ''Wall Street Journal''. April 10, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019. Although the written article may not be visible to all readers in its entirety, one may still watch the video report. </ref> -Today I learned how to say Hello World! -I said "Hello World!". -That's all about how to say Hello World. +====France==== +France, the country home to Renaud Camus' The Great Replacement conspiracy theory that the shooter visited, also saw him donate to Generation Identitaire, the French branch of the larger Identitarian movement/Generation Identity (GI) in Europe, along with its Austrian counterpart Identitare Bewegung Osterreichs (IBO).<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12219616 "Christchurch mosque shootings: Accused gunman donated $3650 to far-right French group Generation Identity"] "The New Zealand Herald" April 5, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019.</ref> Shortly afterwards, Camus had condemned the attack.<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-inspiration-for-terrorism-in-new-zealand-came-from-france-christchurch-brenton-tarrant-renaud-camus-jean-raspail-identitarians-white-nationalism "The Inspiration for Terrorism in New Zealand Came From France"] "Foreign Policy" March 16, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019.</ref> -Your faithful student, Twilight Sparkle. -</syntaxhighlight> +====ISIS==== +On March 18, 2019, after nearly six months of silence, the spokesman of [[ISIS]] Abu Hassan al-Muhajir, emerged to call for retaliation over the mosque attacks in New Zealand: "The scenes of the massacres in the two mosques should wake up those who were fooled, and should incite the supporters of the caliphate to avenge their religion."<ref>{{cite news|title=[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/world/middleeast/isis-spokesman-speech.html ISIS Spokesman Ends Silence by Calling for Retaliation Over New Zealand Massacres]|date=March 18, 2019|work=New York Times}}</ref> New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern received a tweet saying "Revenge is coming" and showing a picture of rifle with white Arabic text and an ISIS flag.<ref>http://archive.is/jPthe#selection-3928.0-3928.2</ref> -=== FRACTRAN === -A [[FRACTRAN]] program is an ordered list of positive fractions together with an initial positive integer input <math>n</math>. The program is run by multiplying the integer <math>n</math> by the first fraction <math>f</math> in the list for which <math>nf</math> is an integer. The integer <math>n</math> is then replaced by <math>nf</math> and the rule is repeated. If no fraction in the list produces an integer when multiplied by <math>n</math> then the program halts. FRACTRAN was invented by mathematician [[John Horton Conway|John Conway]]. +==== United Kingdom ==== +[[Queen Elizabeth II]] and Prince Philip of the [[United Kingdom]] expressed their condolences for the Christchurch community, while Prime Minister Theresa May condemned the attacks and stated the UK "stood shoulder to shoulder" with New Zealand.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47583215</ref> -=== .Gertrude === -.Gertrude<ref>https://esolangs.org/wiki/.Gertrude</ref> is named after [[Gertrude Stein]], and was designed (by [[Gerson Kurz]]) to enable programs to vaguely resemble her poetry. +====United States ==== +{{cquote|I informed the Prime Minister that we stand in solidarity with New Zealand – and that any assistance the USA. can give, we stand by ready to help. We love you New Zealand!|||U.S. President Donald Trump in a tweet<ref name="SCMP-reactions"/>}} +President Donald Trump of the United States said he spoke with New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern on the telephone about the "horrific" massacre and offered assistance should New Zealand needs any.<ref name="SCMP-reactions"/> -=== GolfScript === -Programs in [[GolfScript]] consist of lists of items, each of which is pushed onto the [[Stack (abstract data type)|stack]] as it is encountered with the exception of variables which have code blocks as their value, in which case the code is executed. +In a rare move, Trump tweeted and later deleted a post in which he linked to the [[Breitbart]] homepage, which at the time was featuring an interview in which he urged his supporters to play tough and talked about his executive order on free speech on college campuses. Trump only deletes his tweets in cases of spelling or grammatical errors. This interview was conducted before the Christchurch shootings. Breitbart, formerly run by former Trump chief strategist [[Steve Bannon]], is known for being anti-Muslim and for providing a platform for white nationalism.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-deletes-tweet-linking-to-breitbart-following-new-zealand-terror-attack/ ]. CBS News. March 15, 2019. Accessed April 13, 2019. </ref> -=== Grass === -Grass is a functional programming language that only uses the characters <code>W</code>, <code>w</code>, and <code>v</code>. Thus, programs in Grass are said to look like [[ASCII art]] of grass. Grass has the formal specification which is based on [[untyped lambda calculus]] and the [[SECD machine]].<ref>http://www.blue.sky.or.jp/grass/</ref> Grass should not be confused with [[GRASS_(programming_language)|GRASS]], a different programming language. +==Conspiracy theories== +Conspiracy theories emerged since the ''day of the attacks''. -=== INTERCAL === -[[INTERCAL]], short for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym", was created in 1972 as a parody to satirize aspects of the various programming languages at the time.<ref name="woods-lyon-intercal"/> +===An armed guy stopped the shooter?=== +Pro-gun advocates claimed that Abdul Aziz, who scared away Tarrant, had a gun. In fact, he had... an eftpos machine. [[Sarcasm|Which is totally the same thing]].<ref>https://i.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111418598/christchurch-terror-attack-mistruths-and-conspiracy-theories</ref> -=== JSFuck === -[[JSFuck]] is an esoteric programming style of JavaScript, where code is written using only six characters: <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, <code>(</code>, <code>)</code>, <code>!</code>, and <code>+</code>. -Unlike Brainfuck, which requires its own compiler or interpreter, JSFuck is valid JavaScript code, meaning JSFuck programs can be run in any web browser or engine that interprets JavaScript.<ref>[[JSFuck]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=December 2017}} +===False flag=== +Some wingnuts claimed that the attack was a [[false flag]] in order to attack right-wing activists.<ref>https://gab.com/search/False%20flag%20Christchurch</ref><ref>https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/20-03-2019/the-christchurch-terrorism-conspiracy-theories-are-not-just-false-theyre-dangerous/</ref> Quite ironically, the shooter himself denied that it was a false flag<ref>https://www.conspiracywatch.info/racisme-anti-musulman-et-grand-remplacement-reflexions-sur-christchurch.html</ref> all the while promoting "false flag" conspiracy theories about any future shooting. -=== LOLCODE === -[[LOLCODE]] is designed to resemble the speech of [[lolcat]]s. The following is the "hello World" example: -<pre> -HAI -CAN HAS STDIO? -VISIBLE "HAI WORLD!" -KTHXBYE -</pre> +===Jewsdidit/Mossad conspiracy=== +Unfortunately one Muslim leader, {{wpl|Ahmed Bhamji}} made some pretty ... ugly... remarks after the shooting, [[anti-Semitism|blaming the Jews]]: -LOLCODE is frequently criticized for not being very esoteric, but rather being an ordinary procedural language with an unusual vocabulary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esolangs.org/wiki/LOLCODE#Criticism|title=LOLCODE#Criticism|website=Esolangs.org|accessdate=30 November 2015|quote=LOLCODE is often criticized for not being Esoteric enough. By design, LOLCODE is actually a normal procedural language behind its lulzy syntax. This is a stark contrast from "True" Esolangs like Befunge, which features a two-dimensional, almost game board-like syntax. For this reason, LOLCODE is technically categorized as a Weirdlang.}}</ref> +<blockquote>I really want to say one thing today. Do you think this guy was alone... I want to ask you - where did he get the funding from? I stand here and I say I have a very very strong suspicion that there is some group behind him [Tarrant] and I am not afraid to say I feel [[Mossad]] is behind this. +</blockquote> -=== Malbolge === -[[Malbolge]] (the 8th circle of Hell) was designed to be the most difficult and esoteric programming language. Among other features, code is self-modifying by design and the effect of an instruction depends on its address in memory. +[[Irony meter|Irony meters]] maxed out, as this was at an anti-racism event.<ref>https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/jews-outraged-after-mosque-leader-blames-mossad-for-christchurch-attack.html</ref> -=== ModiScript === -[https://github.com/VPanjeta/ModiScript/ ModiScript]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/VPanjeta/ModiScript|title=VPanjeta/ModiScript|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref> is an esoteric programming language that entirely consists of quotes from Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s speeches. The language follows many of his ideologies such as the "No import rule', in which importation of code is not allowed, consistent with his "[[Make in India]]" campaign. -The following code prints "Mandir Wahin Banayenge": -<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> -mitrooon -UP "BJP governed state hai" -SP "opposition me hai" -agar ye sach hai - bhaiyo aur behno "Mandir wahin banayenge" -nahi toh - bhaiyo aur behno "Abhi decision nahi liya gaya hai" -achhe din aa gaye -</syntaxhighlight> +==See also== +* [[White genocide]], a conspiracy theory the perpetrator subscribes to +* [[White nationalism]] +* [[8chan]], the website where the shooting was announced +* [[Alt-right]] +* [[Kiwi Farms]], the website that has the shooter's manifesto and livestream of the shooting +* [[Islamophobia]] +* [[Racism]] +* [[PewDiePie#Deadly violence and related miscellanea|The Poway synagogue shooting]], an incident in Poway, California at a Jewish synagogue called the Chabad of Poway killing 1 woman and injuring 3 others. The shooter John T. Earnest was inspired by the Christchurch terrorist attacks. -=== Piet === -[[Image:Piet Program.gif|thumb|Piet program that prints 'Piet']] -[[Image:Piet Program Hello World(1).gif|thumb|A "Hello World" program in Piet]] -'''Piet''' is a language designed by [[David Morgan-Mar]], whose programs are [[bitmap]]s that look like [[abstract art]].<ref> -{{cite web -| title = Piet programming language -| url = http://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/piet.html -| last = Morgan-Mar -| first = David -| date = 25 January 2008 -| accessdate = 18 May 2013}} -</ref> The compilation is guided by a "pointer" that moves around the image, from one continuous coloured region to the next. Procedures are carried through when the pointer exits a region. +==External link(s)== +* [https://katana17.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/the-great-replacement-by-brenton-tarrant.pdf The Great Replacement - Towards A New Society], Brenton Tarrant's manifesto. (Banned in New Zealand.) -There are 20 colours for which behaviour is specified: 18 "colourful" colours, which are ordered by a 6-step hue cycle and a 3-step brightness cycle; and black and white which are not ordered. When exiting a "colourful" colour and entering another one, the performed procedure is determined by the number of steps of change in hue and brightness. Black cannot be entered; when the pointer tries to enter a black region, the rules of choosing the next block are changed instead. If all possible rules are tried, the program terminates. Regions outside the borders of the image are also treated as black. White does not perform operations, but allows the pointer to "pass through". The behaviour of colours other than the 20 specified is left to the compiler or interpreter. - -Variables are stored in memory as signed integers in a single [[Stack (abstract data type)|stack]]. Most specified procedures deal with operations on that stack, others with input/output and with the rules by which the compilation pointer moves. - -Piet was named after the Dutch painter [[Piet Mondrian]].<ref name="Cox2013">{{harvnb|Cox|2013|p=6}}</ref> The originally intended name, ''Mondrian'', was already taken. - -=== Pikachu === -Pikachu is an esoteric programming language developed by Nilabhro Datta, whose programs look like the dialect of [[Pikachu]]. Its stated purpose is to be easily usable by Pikachu. Programs written in the language should be readable and writable by any Pikachu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trove42.com/introducing-pikachu-programming-language/|title=Introducing The Pikachu Programming Language – A Programming Language Made For Pikachus|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> To this end, Pikachu makes use of only 3 valid syntax elements; <code>pi</code>, <code>pika</code> and <code>pikachu</code>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://trove42.com/pikachu-syntax-rules/|title=Pikachu Programming Language - Syntax Rules|date=2017-08-21|work=Trove 42|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> - -=== Rockstar === -[https://github.com/dylanbeattie/rockstar Rockstar] is designed for creating computer programs that are also song lyrics, and is heavily influenced by the lyrical conventions of 1980s hard rock and power ballads. It is dynamically typed and Turing-Complete. - -In the following example the line of code multiplies the value of <code>your heart</code> by <code>the whole</code> and stores it in <code>my hands</code> . - -* <code>your heart</code>, <code>the whole</code> and <code>my hands</code> are variables. -* <code>of</code> is used for multiplication and is an alias of ''times'' -* <code>Put</Code>/<code>into</code> combination is used for assignment - - Put the whole of your heart into my hands - -=== Shakespeare === -[[Shakespeare (programming language)|Shakespeare]] is designed to make programs look like Shakespearean plays. For example, the following statement declares a point in the program which can be reached via a GOTO-type statement: - - Act I: Hamlet's insults and flattery. - -=== Train === -[[Train (programming language)|Train]] is a completely visual programming language that looks like a wooden train set. Engines are threads, train cars are memory, and cargo on the cars are variables. Train contains multiple data types including blocks, numbers, colors, and dinosaurs. Stations operate on cargo to e.g. increment, decrement, add, subtract, or catapult and can be type specific. Wyes direct the flow of trains and include greater than, less than, prompt, and random. Magic tunnels allow for the creation of functions. Unlike other programming languages, there is no distinction between code, memory, and output in Train; a program and its state are just defined by the arrangement of Train pieces. - -=== Unlambda === -[[Unlambda]] is a minimalist functional programming language based on [[SKI calculus]], but combined with first-class [[continuation]]s and imperative I/O (with input usually requiring the use of continuations). - -=== Whitespace === -[[Whitespace (programming language)|Whitespace]] uses only whitespace characters (space, tab, and return), ignoring all other characters. This is the reverse of many traditional languages, which do not distinguish between different whitespace characters, treating tab and space the same. It also allows Whitespace programs to be hidden in the source code of programs in languages like C. - -== Fictional examples == - -=== ~ath === -~ath is an esoteric programming language used by the humans and trolls in the webcomic ''[[Homestuck]]''. The name when spoken is "[[tilde]] ath", a pun on "til death." It is known to be insufferable to work with, despite its relative simplistic syntax. The language can only compile when using infinite loops. In the context of the story, it has the capability to import and change objects from a wide library, such as the author and the universe itself. This wide range, combined with the inability to interact with anything that has a short lifespan, leads to files being tied to long-term events, such as the deaths of characters and universes. ~ath is also sensitive to the color that the text is written in, and accepts unusual characters. One ~ath program shown in the story uses a command called bifurcate to split the program into red text and blue text. Another ~ath program contains a character that appears as an animated flickering [[billiard ball]]. - - ~ATH(THIS) { - - // ADDITIONAL GRAVES... - - } EXECUTE(NULL); - - THIS.DIE(); -The ~ath code above is the simplest in the language, and any code deviating from the pattern does not compile. - -== Cultural context of esolangs == -The cultural context of esolangs has been studied by people like Geoff Cox, who writes that esolangs "shift attention from command and control toward cultural expression and refusal",<ref>{{harvnb|Cox|2013|page=5}}</ref> seeing esolangs as similar to code art and code poetry, such as [[Mez Breeze]]'s [[mezangelle]]. Daniel Temkin describes brainfuck as "refusing to ease the boundary between human expression and assembly code and thereby taking us on a ludicrous journey of logic,"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Temkin|first=Daniel|title=Glitch && Human/Computer Interaction|journal=NOOART: The Journal of Objectless Art|date=15 January 2014|issue=1|url=http://nooart.org/post/73353953758/temkin-glitchhumancomputerinteraction}}</ref> exposing the inherent conflict between human thinking and computer logic. He connects programming within an esolang to performing an event score such as those of the [[Fluxus]] movement, where playing out the rules of the logic in code makes the point of view of the language clear.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Temkin|first=Daniel|title=brainfuck|url=http://median.s151960.gridserver.com/?page_id=947|journal=Media-N Journal|issue=Spring 2013|accessdate=2014-05-06}}</ref> +==Notes== +{{reflist|group=note}} ==References== -{{Reflist}} - -== Further reading == -* Camille Paloque-Bergès (2009). "Langages ésotériques". ''Poétique des codes sur le réseau informatique''. Archives contemporaines. {{ISBN|978-2-914610-70-4}}. -* {{cite book|author=Geoff Cox|title=Speaking Code: Coding as Aesthetic and Political Expression|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgnSUL0zh5gC&pg=PA6|year=2013|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-01836-4}} - -==External links== -{{Commons category|Esoteric programming languages}} -* {{dmoz|Computers/Programming/Languages/Obfuscated/|Obfuscated Programming Languages}} -* [[esolang:Main Page|Esolang]] &mdash; a wiki devoted to esoteric programming languages -{{Programming language}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} +{{reflist|2|80%}} -{{DEFAULTSORT:Esoteric Programming Language}} -[[Category:Programming language classification]] +[[Category:Alt-right]] +[[Category:Authoritarian wingnuttery]] +[[Category:Censorship]] +[[Category:Civilian gun massacres]] +[[Category:Islamophobia]] +[[Category:Neo-Nazism]] +[[Category:Terrorism]] '