Examine individual changes

''''End-user computing''' ('''EUC''') refers to systems in which non-programmers can create working [[Application software|application]]s.<ref name="EUC">{{cite conference | url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1120304 | title=End-user computing | publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] | access-date=30 December 2015 | author=Goodall, Howie | book-title=CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems | date = March 1997 | conference=ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference | ___location=Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, United States of America | pages=132 | isbn=0-89791-926-2}}</ref> EUC is a group of approaches to computing that aim to better integrate [[user (computing)|end users]] into the computing environment. These approaches attempt to realize the potential for high-end computing to perform problem-solving in a trustworthy manner.<ref>McBride, Neil, "[https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/handle/2086/213 Towards User-Oriented control of End-User Computing in Large Organizations]"</ref><ref>Mahmood, Adam, [http://www.idea-group.com/bookseries/details.asp?id=3 Advances in End User Computing Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129022235/http://www.idea-group.com/bookseries/details.asp?id=3 |date=2007-01-29 }} University of Texas, USA, {{ISSN|1537-9310}}</ref> End-user computing can range in complexity from users simply clicking a series of buttons, to [https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/citizen-developer citizen developers] writing scripts in a controlled [[scripting language]], to being able to modify and execute code directly. Examples of end-user computing are systems built using [[fourth-generation programming language]]s, such as [[MAPPER]] or [[SQL]], or one of the [[fifth-generation programming language]]s, such as [[ICAD (software)|ICAD]]. ==Factors== Factors contributing to the need for further EUC research include [[knowledge]] processing, [[pervasive computing]], issues of [[Upper ontology (computer science)|ontology]], [[interactive visualization]], and the like. Some of the issues related to end-user computing concern [[software architecture]] ([[Graphical user interface|iconic]] versus language interfaces, open versus closed,{{clarify|date=July 2013}} and others). Other issues relate to [[intellectual property]], configuration and maintenance. End-user computing allows more user-input into system affairs that can range from [[personalization]] to full-fledged ownership of a system. ==EUC strategy== EUC applications should not be evolved by accident, but there should be a defined EUC strategy.{{cn|date=May 2016}} Any [[Application Architecture]] Strategy / IT Strategy should consider the white spaces in automation (enterprise functionality not automated by [[Enterprise resource planning | ERP]] / [[Enterprise Grade Applications]]). These are the potential areas where EUC can play a major role.{{cn|date=May 2016}} Then ASSIMPLER parameters{{which?|date=May 2016}} should be applied{{by whom?|date=May 2016}} to these white spaces to develop the EUC strategy. (ASSIMPLER stands for availability, scalability, security, interoperability, maintainability, performance, low [[cost of ownership]], extendibility and reliability.<ref> Compare: {{cite web |last1= Vanarse|first1= Mandar|title= Business Value Assurance during the transformation journey. |url= http://www.wipro.com/documents/business-value-assurance-during-the-transformation-journey.pdf |website= Wipro|publisher= Wipro Limited|access-date= 26 July 2015 | quote = How should the business services be designed in terms of availability, security, scalability, interoperability, maintenance, performance, lower cost, extendibility and reliability (ASSIMPLER) from end consumer perspective? }} </ref>) In businesses, an end-user concept gives workers more flexibility, as well as more opportunities for better productivity and creativity. However, EUC will work only when leveraged correctly. That’s why it requires a full-fledged strategy. Any strategy should include all the tools users might need to carry out their tasks and work more productively. '''Types of EUC''' End-user computing covers a broad range of user-facing resources, including: * desktop and notebook computers; * desktop operating systems and applications; * scripting languages such as robotic desktop automation or RDA; * smartphones and wearables; * mobile, web and cloud applications; * virtual desktops and applications<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/end-user-computing-platform-EUC-platform|title=What is end-user computing (EUC)? - Definition from WhatIs.com|website=SearchMobileComputing|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> ==EUC risk drivers== Business owners should understand that every user-controlled app should be monitored and supervised. Otherwise, they risk facing a lot of problems and losses if end-users don’t follow company policy or leave their job. When applied in finance, accounting or regulated activities, end-user computer poses operating and business risks driven by: * lack of rigorous testing; * lack of version & change control; * lack of documentation and reliance on end-user who developed it; * lack of maintenance processes; * lack of security; * lack of audit trail, ==See also== * [[Decentralized computing]] * [[Defensive computing]] * [[End-user development]] * ''[[Journal of Organizational and End User Computing]]'' * [[Knowledge-based engineering]] * [[Situational application]] * [[Software engineering]] * [[Usability]] * [[Usability engineering]] * [[User interface]] * [[User-centered design]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://eusesconsortium.org/ EUSES Consortium, a collaboration that researches end-user computing.] * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308778531_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_LEADERSHIP_AND_MORTGAGE_BANKING_END-USER_COMPUTING_EFFICIENCY] Relationship Between Leadership and EUC Efficiency [[Category:Human–computer interaction]]'