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{{Infobox landform
| water =
| name = Salar de Uyuni
| photo = Salar Uyuni au01.jpg
| photo_caption = Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water
| elevation_m = 3663
| elevation_ref =
| area = {{Convert|10582|km2|ha}}
| depth = {{Convert|130|m|ft}}
| formed_by = Evaporation
| map = Bolivia
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location within Bolivia
| label_position = none
| ___location = [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|08|01.59|S|67|29|20.88|W|scale:30000|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = [[Salt pan (geology)|Salt pan]], [[dry lake]]
| age =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
}}
[[File:Uyuni landsat.JPG|thumb|Salar de Uyuni viewed from space, with Salar de Coipasa in the top left corner.]]
'''Salar de Uyuni''' (or '''Salar de Tunupa''')<ref>{{cite web|title=Salar de Tunupa|url=http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml|website=Iris en Tore op reis|accessdate=2016-02-26|date=29 July 2011}}</ref> is the world's largest [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]], or [[Dry lake|playa]], at over {{convert|10,000|km2|mi2}} in area.<ref name="NASA2019">{{cite web |title=Lithium Harvesting at Salar de Uyuni |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |date=26 April 2019}}</ref> It is in the [[Daniel Campos Province]] in [[Potosí Department|Potosí]] in southwest [[Bolivia]], near the crest of the [[Andes]] at an elevation of 3,656 meters (11,995 ft) above sea level.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite web
|title = Uyuni Salt Flat
|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica
|url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct=
|accessdate = 2007-12-01
}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes. It is covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of [[brine]], which is exceptionally rich in [[lithium]]. It contains 50% to 70% of the world's known lithium reserves according to a 2009 [[Foreign Policy]] article by [[Joshua Keating]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/21/bolivias_lithium_powered_future
|title=Bolivia's Lithium-Powered Future: What the global battery boom means for the future of South America's poorest country.
|first=Joshua
|last=Keating
|publisher=[[Foreign Policy]]
|date=2009-10-21}}</ref> The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the [[altimeter]]s of Earth observation satellites.<ref>{{cite news
|bibcode=2002AGUFMOS52A0193B
|title=GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration
|last=Borsa
|first=A. A
|publisher=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
|year=2002|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=nature2/><ref name=geo/><ref name=refl/><ref name=ieee>{{cite journal
|last=Lamparelli
|first=R. A. C.
|title=Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration
|journal=IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.
|volume=41
|issue=6
|pages=1461–1468
|year=2003
|doi=10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713
|display-authors=1
|last2=Ponzoni
|first2=F.J.
|last3=Zullo
|first3=J.
|last4=Queiroz Pellegrino
|first4=G.
|last5=Arnaud
|first5=Y.|bibcode = 2003ITGRS..41.1461C |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6b6a5037f838a2342d5681b642944fd68c775551
}}</ref> Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, 129 kilometres (80 miles) across.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/ Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror] [[PBS]], 2018-07-25. Quote: "Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is perfectly flat."</ref>
The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]] and is a prime breeding ground for several species of [[flamingo]]s. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical [[Cumulus congestus cloud|cumulus congestus]] and [[cumulonimbus incus]] clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the [[Atacama Desert]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Formation, geology, and climate==
Salar de Uyuni is part of the [[Altiplano]] of Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is surrounded by mountains with no drainage outlets.<ref name=nasa>{{cite web
|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120
|title=Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]
|accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref>
[[File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG|thumb|left|Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise, [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]], southwestern [[Bolivia]], not far from the crest of the [[Andes]].]]
The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, [[Lake Minchin]]. Its age was estimated by [[radiocarbon dating]] shells from outcropping [[sediment]]s and [[Carbonate platform|carbonate reefs]] and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bowman, Isaiah |jstor=201641 |title=Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes|journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society|volume=46|issue=3|pages=161–183 |year=1914|doi=10.2307/201641 }}</ref>) later transformed into [[Lake Tauca|Paleo Lake Tauca]] having a maximal depth of {{convert|140|m|sp=us}}, and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes, [[Lake Poopó|Poopó]] and [[Lago Uru Uru|Uru Uru]], and two major salt deserts, [[Lago Coipasa|Salar de Coipasa]] and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km<sup>2</sup>, which is roughly 100 times the size of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger [[Lake Titicaca]]. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|title=Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano
|first=P. A.
|last=Baker
|volume=409
|year=2001
|pmid=11217855
|display-authors=1
|last2=Rigsby
|first2=CA
|last3=Seltzer
|first3=GO
|last4=Fritz
|first4=SC
|last5=Lowenstein
|first5=TK
|last6=Bacher
|first6=NP
|last7=Veliz
|first7=C
|issue=6821
|pages=698–701
|doi=10.1038/35055524|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub
}}</ref>
Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of [[sodium chloride]], [[lithium chloride]], and [[magnesium chloride]] in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake Minchin. They include unusual and fragile coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.<ref name=trav1/>
The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at 21 °C in November to January and a low of 13 °C in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between −9 °C and 5 °C. The relative humidity is rather low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at 1 mm to 3 mm per month between April and November, but it may increase up to 80 mm in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.<ref name=ieee/>
{{Wide image|Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Panorama 1 edit.jpg|1100px|[[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi island]] in the center of the Salar.}}
==Economic influence==
The Salar contains a large amount of [[sodium]], [[potassium]], [[lithium]] and [[magnesium]] (all in the chloride forms of [[Sodium chloride|NaCl]], [[Potassium chloride|KCl]], [[Lithium chloride|LiCl]] and [[Magnesium chloride|MgCl<sub>2</sub>]], respectively), as well as [[borax]].<ref name=trav1/> With an estimated 9,000,000 [[tonne|t]], Bolivia holds about 7% of the world's known lithium resources; most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2011-lithi.pdf
|title=Lithium Statistics and Information|publisher=USGS}}</ref>
[[File:Salt production Uyuni.JPG|thumb|Salt production at the Salar.|alt=]]
Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous [[halite]] body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.<ref "name=dailymail>{{cite news
|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1166387/In-search-Lithium-The-battle-3rd-element.html
|title=In search of Lithium: The battle for the 3rd element
|date=5 April 2009
|publisher=Dailymail}}</ref> The brine distribution has been monitored by the [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an American-based international corporation has invested $137 million to developing lithium extraction.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60
|page=60
|title=Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development
|publisher=National Academies
|year=1988
|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs}}</ref> However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bolivia holds key to electric car future|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm|website=BBC News}}</ref>
No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7707847.stm
|title=Bolivia holds key to electric car future
|publisher=BBC
|date=2008-11-09}}</ref><ref name="ACISA">{{cite web |title=Lithium - ACI Systems Alemania GmbH |url=https://www.acisa.de/lithium/ |accessdate=11 January 2020}}</ref>
Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of [[salt]], of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to Colchani's cooperative.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Because of its ___location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]],<ref name=nasa/> except when seasonally covered with water.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Name==
''Salar'' means [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]] in Spanish. ''Uyuni'' originates from the [[Aymara language]] and means a [[pen (enclosure)]]; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus ''Salar de Uyuni'' can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Aymara legend tells that the mountains [[Tunupa]], Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important [[deity]] and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=trav1>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174
|pages=170; 174–176
|title=Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide
|first=David
|last=Atkinson
|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides
|isbn=978-1-84162-165-4
|date=2007-03-01}}</ref>
==Flora and fauna==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg|A part of [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]] inside the Salar, featuring giant [[cactus|cacti]]
File:James Flamingo.jpg|[[James's flamingo]]
File:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]
File:Bolivian vizcacha.jpg|Bolivian [[vizcacha]]
File:Chloephaga melanoptera1.jpg|[[Andean goose]]
File:Andean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) perched.jpg|[[Andean hillstar]]
File:Andean Flamingos Laguna Colorada Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Andean flamingo]]s in the [[Laguna Colorada]], south of the Salar
File:VicunaSalarDeUyuni 20170503.jpg|Vicuñas near the Salar De Uyuni 2017
</gallery>
The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (''[[Echinopsis]] atacamensis pasacana'', ''Echinopsis tarijensis'', etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about 12 m. Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure [[catarrh]], and Thola (''[[Baccharis]] dracunculifolia''), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are [[quinoa]] plants and [[Polylepis rugulosa|queñua]] bushes.<ref name=trav1/>
Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of [[flamingo]]: the [[Chilean flamingo|Chilean]], [[Andean flamingo|Andean]], and rare [[James's flamingo]]s, their color presumably originating from feeding on pink [[algae]]. About 80 other bird species are present, including the [[horned coot]], [[Andean goose]], and [[Andean hillstar]]. The Andean fox, or [[culpeo]], is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]]) host colonies of rabbit-like [[viscacha]]s.<ref name=trav1/>
==Tourism==
===Hotels===
[[File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg|thumb|Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building [[Palacio de Sal|salt hotel]]s.]]
{{see also|Palacio de Sal}}
Salar de Uyuni attracts tourists from around the world. As it is far from the cities, a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named [[Palacio de Sal]], was erected in 1993–1995<ref name=lick2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth|work=hotelchatter.com
|title=Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth
|date=January 27, 2009}}</ref><ref name=lick1>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/
|title = Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel
|work = tripcrazed.com
|date = 19 May 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/
|archive-date = 23 May 2009
|df =
}}</ref> in the middle of the salt flat,<ref name=lick3>{{cite web
|first=Peter
|last=McFarrren
|publisher=The Associated Press
|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html
|title=Salt hotel has a rule: No licking
|date=1999-03-04}}</ref><ref name=book1>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb
|url-access=registration
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378 378]
|title=Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador
|first=Ben
|last=Box
|author2=Kunstaetter, Robert |author3=Kunstaetter, Daisy |author4=Groesbeck, Geoffrey
|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-906098-06-3}}</ref> and soon became a popular tourist destination.<ref name=ng>{{cite web
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html
|title=Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia
|publisher=National Geographic
|date=2007-07-25
|accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> However, its ___location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259
|pages=259
|title=The Rough Guide to South America
|first=Harry
|last=Adès
|publisher=Rough Guides
|year=2004
|isbn=1-85828-907-6}}</ref><ref name=german>{{cite web|language=German|work=hbernreuther.de|url=http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html|title=Palacio del Sal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html|archive-date=2008-12-06|df=}}</ref>
===Train cemetery===
One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is 3 km outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to [[Pacific Ocean]] ports. The rail lines were built by British engineers arriving near the end of the [[19th century]] and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now [[Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia]]. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President [[Aniceto Arce]], who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.<ref name=trav1/>
{{Wide image|Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Cimetière de Trains 1.jpg|1100px|Cemetery of trains near the town of [[Uyuni]].}}
==Satellite calibration==
Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose.<ref name="NASA2019" /> In the low-rain period from April to November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly {{convert|1|mm|disp=or}} per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.<ref>Borsa, A. A., Bills, B. G., & Minster, J. B. (2008). Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B10).</ref>
As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the {{convert|10582|sqkm|sp=us|adj=on}} area of Salar de Uyuni is less than {{convert|1|m|sp=us}} normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity ([[albedo]]) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime.<ref name=refl>{{cite journal
|journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B
|volume = 87
|issue = 1
|year = 2007
|pages = 1–8
|title = Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002
|first = Joachim
|last = Reuder
|url = http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf
|format = free-download pdf
|pmid = 17227712
|display-authors = 1
|last2 = Ghezzi
|first2 = F
|last3 = Palenque
|first3 = E
|last4 = Torrez
|first4 = R
|last5 = Andrade
|first5 = M
|last6 = Zaratti
|first6 = F
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf
|archive-date = 2014-04-14
|df =
}}</ref> The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean.<ref name=nature2>{{Cite news
|title = The salt flat with curious curves
|first = Eric
|last = Hand
|date = 2007-11-30
|publisher = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|url = http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html}}</ref><ref name=geo>{{cite journal
|title = Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|first = H. A.
|last = Fricker
|journal = Geophysical Research Letters
|volume = 32
|page = L21S06
|doi = 10.1029/2005GL023423
|year = 2005
|url = http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/GRL/fricker-2.pdf
|format = free download pdf
|issue = 21
|bibcode = 2005GeoRL..3221S06F
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320144100/http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/GRL/fricker-2.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-20
|df =
}}</ref><ref name=gpsdaily>{{Cite news
|title = The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat
|date = 2007-11-29
|publisher=GPS Daily
|url=http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html}}</ref> Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below {{convert|2|cm|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22
|page=22
|title=Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region
|first=Gunnar
|last=Spreen
|publisher=GRIN Verlag
|year=2008
|isbn=978-3-640-13064-1}}</ref>
By using data from [[Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer|MISR]] to perform passive optical [[bathymetry]] when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of [[ICESat]], it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between 20 and 30 centimetres in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of 5km (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975 [[LandSat]] images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is 1–3km wide and 20 to 50 cm deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments. Just as the ocean surface rises over denser [[seamounts]], the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.<ref name=gpsdaily/><ref>{{cite journal
|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment
|volume=107
|issue=1–2
|year=2007
|pages=240–255
|title=MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|first=Bruce G.
|last=Bills
|doi=10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006
|display-authors=1
|last2=Borsa
|first2=A
|last3=Comstock
|first3=R|bibcode=2007RSEnv.107..240B
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259333
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Gallery==
{{Wide image|Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Centre de Nulle Part.jpg|2000px|Panoramic view of the Salar.}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Salar de Uyuni 2013.jpg|Salar de Uyuni 2013
File:Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006 a.jpg|Piles of salt at the Salar
File:Salar Uyuni au02.jpg|Llamas in the Salar
File:Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni, bolivia.jpg|Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni
File:Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, 2016-02-04, DD 16-18 HDR.JPG|Reflections at sunset
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Ouki]]
* [[Puka Mayu (Potosí)|Puka Mayu]]
* [[Great Salt Lake]]
* [[Rann of Kutch]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Salar de Uyuni}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Salar de Uyuni}}
*[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bolivia/sights/natural-landmarks/salar-de-uyuni Lonely Planet: Salar de Uyuni]
{{Altiplano lakes and paleolakes |state=expanded}}
[[Category:Salt flats of Bolivia|Uyuni]]
[[Category:Landforms of Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Landforms of Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Endorheic lakes of South America]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|salt flat in Bolivia}}
{{Infobox landform
| water =
| name = Salar de Uyuni
| photo = Salar Uyuni au01.jpg歐五二而已讀📚˙
| photo_caption = Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water
| elevation_m = 3663
| elevation_ref =
| area = {{Convert|10582|km2|ha}}
| depth = {{Convert|130|m|ft}}
| formed_by = Evaporation
| map = Bolivia
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location within Bolivia
| label_position = none
| ___location = [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|08|01.59|S|67|29|20.88|W|scale:30000|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = [[Salt pan (geology)|Salt pan]], [[dry lake]]
| age =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
}}
[[File:Uyuni landsat.JPG|thumb|Salar de Uyuni viewed from space, with Salar de Coipasa in the top left corner.]]
'''Salar de Uyuni''' (or '''Salar de Tunupa''')<ref>{{cite web|title=Salar de Tunupa|url=http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml|website=Iris en Tore op reis|accessdate=2016-02-26|date=29 July 2011}}</ref> is the world's largest [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]], or [[Dry lake|playa]], at over {{convert|10,000|km2|mi2}} in area.<ref name="NASA2019">{{cite web |title=Lithium Harvesting at Salar de Uyuni |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |date=26 April 2019}}</ref> It is in the [[Daniel Campos Province]] in [[Potosí Department|Potosí]] in southwest [[Bolivia]], near the crest of the [[Andes]] at an elevation of 3,656 meters (11,995 ft) above sea level.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite web
|title = Uyuni Salt Flat
|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica
|url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct=
|accessdate = 2007-12-01
}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes. It is covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of [[brine]], which is exceptionally rich in [[lithium]]. It contains 50% to 70% of the world's known lithium reserves according to a 2009 [[Foreign Policy]] article by [[Joshua Keating]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/21/bolivias_lithium_powered_future
|title=Bolivia's Lithium-Powered Future: What the global battery boom means for the future of South America's poorest country.
|first=Joshua
|last=Keating
|publisher=[[Foreign Policy]]
|date=2009-10-21}}</ref> The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the [[altimeter]]s of Earth observation satellites.<ref>{{cite news
|bibcode=2002AGUFMOS52A0193B
|title=GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration
|last=Borsa
|first=A. A
|publisher=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
|year=2002|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=nature2/><ref name=geo/><ref name=refl/><ref name=ieee>{{cite journal
|last=Lamparelli
|first=R. A. C.
|title=Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration
|journal=IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.
|volume=41
|issue=6
|pages=1461–1468
|year=2003
|doi=10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713
|display-authors=1
|last2=Ponzoni
|first2=F.J.
|last3=Zullo
|first3=J.
|last4=Queiroz Pellegrino
|first4=G.
|last5=Arnaud
|first5=Y.|bibcode = 2003ITGRS..41.1461C |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6b6a5037f838a2342d5681b642944fd68c775551
}}</ref> Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, 129 kilometres (80 miles) across.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/ Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror] [[PBS]], 2018-07-25. Quote: "Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is perfectly flat."</ref>
The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]] and is a prime breeding ground for several species of [[flamingo]]s. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical [[Cumulus congestus cloud|cumulus congestus]] and [[cumulonimbus incus]] clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the [[Atacama Desert]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Formation, geology, and climate==
Salar de Uyuni is part of the [[Altiplano]] of Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is surrounded by mountains with no drainage outlets.<ref name=nasa>{{cite web
|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120
|title=Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]
|accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref>
[[File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG|thumb|left|Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise, [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]], southwestern [[Bolivia]], not far from the crest of the [[Andes]].]]
The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, [[Lake Minchin]]. Its age was estimated by [[radiocarbon dating]] shells from outcropping [[sediment]]s and [[Carbonate platform|carbonate reefs]] and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bowman, Isaiah |jstor=201641 |title=Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes|journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society|volume=46|issue=3|pages=161–183 |year=1914|doi=10.2307/201641 }}</ref>) later transformed into [[Lake Tauca|Paleo Lake Tauca]] having a maximal depth of {{convert|140|m|sp=us}}, and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes, [[Lake Poopó|Poopó]] and [[Lago Uru Uru|Uru Uru]], and two major salt deserts, [[Lago Coipasa|Salar de Coipasa]] and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km<sup>2</sup>, which is roughly 100 times the size of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger [[Lake Titicaca]]. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|title=Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano
|first=P. A.
|last=Baker
|volume=409
|year=2001
|pmid=11217855
|display-authors=1
|last2=Rigsby
|first2=CA
|last3=Seltzer
|first3=GO
|last4=Fritz
|first4=SC
|last5=Lowenstein
|first5=TK
|last6=Bacher
|first6=NP
|last7=Veliz
|first7=C
|issue=6821
|pages=698–701
|doi=10.1038/35055524|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub
}}</ref>
Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of [[sodium chloride]], [[lithium chloride]], and [[magnesium chloride]] in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake Minchin. They include unusual and fragile coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.<ref name=trav1/>
The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at 21 °C in November to January and a low of 13 °C in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between −9 °C and 5 °C. The relative humidity is rather low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at 1 mm to 3 mm per month between April and November, but it may increase up to 80 mm in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.<ref name=ieee/>
{{Wide image|Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Panorama 1 edit.jpg|1100px|[[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi island]] in the center of the Salar.}}
==Economic influence==
The Salar contains a large amount of [[sodium]], [[potassium]], [[lithium]] and [[magnesium]] (all in the chloride forms of [[Sodium chloride|NaCl]], [[Potassium chloride|KCl]], [[Lithium chloride|LiCl]] and [[Magnesium chloride|MgCl<sub>2</sub>]], respectively), as well as [[borax]].<ref name=trav1/> With an estimated 9,000,000 [[tonne|t]], Bolivia holds about 7% of the world's known lithium resources; most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2011-lithi.pdf
|title=Lithium Statistics and Information|publisher=USGS}}</ref>
[[File:Salt production Uyuni.JPG|thumb|Salt production at the Salar.|alt=]]
Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous [[halite]] body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.<ref "name=dailymail>{{cite news
|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1166387/In-search-Lithium-The-battle-3rd-element.html
|title=In search of Lithium: The battle for the 3rd element
|date=5 April 2009
|publisher=Dailymail}}</ref> The brine distribution has been monitored by the [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an American-based international corporation has invested $137 million to developing lithium extraction.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60
|page=60
|title=Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development
|publisher=National Academies
|year=1988
|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs}}</ref> However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bolivia holds key to electric car future|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm|website=BBC News}}</ref>
No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7707847.stm
|title=Bolivia holds key to electric car future
|publisher=BBC
|date=2008-11-09}}</ref><ref name="ACISA">{{cite web |title=Lithium - ACI Systems Alemania GmbH |url=https://www.acisa.de/lithium/ |accessdate=11 January 2020}}</ref>
Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of [[salt]], of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to Colchani's cooperative.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Because of its ___location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]],<ref name=nasa/> except when seasonally covered with water.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Name==
''Salar'' means [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]] in Spanish. ''Uyuni'' originates from the [[Aymara language]] and means a [[pen (enclosure)]]; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus ''Salar de Uyuni'' can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Aymara legend tells that the mountains [[Tunupa]], Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important [[deity]] and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=trav1>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174
|pages=170; 174–176
|title=Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide
|first=David
|last=Atkinson
|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides
|isbn=978-1-84162-165-4
|date=2007-03-01}}</ref>
==Flora and fauna==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg|A part of [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]] inside the Salar, featuring giant [[cactus|cacti]]
File:James Flamingo.jpg|[[James's flamingo]]
File:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]
File:Bolivian vizcacha.jpg|Bolivian [[vizcacha]]
File:Chloephaga melanoptera1.jpg|[[Andean goose]]
File:Andean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) perched.jpg|[[Andean hillstar]]
File:Andean Flamingos Laguna Colorada Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Andean flamingo]]s in the [[Laguna Colorada]], south of the Salar
File:VicunaSalarDeUyuni 20170503.jpg|Vicuñas near the Salar De Uyuni 2017
</gallery>
The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (''[[Echinopsis]] atacamensis pasacana'', ''Echinopsis tarijensis'', etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about 12 m. Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure [[catarrh]], and Thola (''[[Baccharis]] dracunculifolia''), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are [[quinoa]] plants and [[Polylepis rugulosa|queñua]] bushes.<ref name=trav1/>
Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of [[flamingo]]: the [[Chilean flamingo|Chilean]], [[Andean flamingo|Andean]], and rare [[James's flamingo]]s, their color presumably originating from feeding on pink [[algae]]. About 80 other bird species are present, including the [[horned coot]], [[Andean goose]], and [[Andean hillstar]]. The Andean fox, or [[culpeo]], is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]]) host colonies of rabbit-like [[viscacha]]s.<ref name=trav1/>
==Tourism==
===Hotels===
[[File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg|thumb|Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building [[Palacio de Sal|salt hotel]]s.]]
{{see also|Palacio de Sal}}
Salar de Uyuni attracts tourists from around the world. As it is far from the cities, a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named [[Palacio de Sal]], was erected in 1993–1995<ref name=lick2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth|work=hotelchatter.com
|title=Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth
|date=January 27, 2009}}</ref><ref name=lick1>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/
|title = Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel
|work = tripcrazed.com
|date = 19 May 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/
|archive-date = 23 May 2009
|df =
}}</ref> in the middle of the salt flat,<ref name=lick3>{{cite web
|first=Peter
|last=McFarrren
|publisher=The Associated Press
|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html
|title=Salt hotel has a rule: No licking
|date=1999-03-04}}</ref><ref name=book1>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb
|url-access=registration
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378 378]
|title=Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador
|first=Ben
|last=Box
|author2=Kunstaetter, Robert |author3=Kunstaetter, Daisy |author4=Groesbeck, Geoffrey
|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-906098-06-3}}</ref> and soon became a popular tourist destination.<ref name=ng>{{cite web
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html
|title=Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia
|publisher=National Geographic
|date=2007-07-25
|accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> However, its ___location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259
|pages=259
|title=The Rough Guide to South America
|first=Harry
|last=Adès
|publisher=Rough Guides
|year=2004
|isbn=1-85828-907-6}}</ref><ref name=german>{{cite web|language=German|work=hbernreuther.de|url=http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html|title=Palacio del Sal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html|archive-date=2008-12-06|df=}}</ref>
===Train cemetery===
One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is 3 km outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to [[Pacific Ocean]] ports. The rail lines were built by British engineers arriving near the end of the [[19th century]] and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now [[Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia]]. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President [[Aniceto Arce]], who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.<ref name=trav1/>
{{Wide image|Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Cimetière de Trains 1.jpg|1100px|Cemetery of trains near the town of [[Uyuni]].}}
==Satellite calibration==
Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose.<ref name="NASA2019" /> In the low-rain period from April to November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly {{convert|1|mm|disp=or}} per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.<ref>Borsa, A. A., Bills, B. G., & Minster, J. B. (2008). Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B10).</ref>
As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the {{convert|10582|sqkm|sp=us|adj=on}} area of Salar de Uyuni is less than {{convert|1|m|sp=us}} normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity ([[albedo]]) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime.<ref name=refl>{{cite journal
|journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B
|volume = 87
|issue = 1
|year = 2007
|pages = 1–8
|title = Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002
|first = Joachim
|last = Reuder
|url = http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf
|format = free-download pdf
|pmid = 17227712
|display-authors = 1
|last2 = Ghezzi
|first2 = F
|last3 = Palenque
|first3 = E
|last4 = Torrez
|first4 = R
|last5 = Andrade
|first5 = M
|last6 = Zaratti
|first6 = F
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf
|archive-date = 2014-04-14
|df =
}}</ref> The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean.<ref name=nature2>{{Cite news
|title = The salt flat with curious curves
|first = Eric
|last = Hand
|date = 2007-11-30
|publisher = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|url = http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html}}</ref><ref name=geo>{{cite journal
|title = Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|first = H. A.
|last = Fricker
|journal = Geophysical Research Letters
|volume = 32
|page = L21S06
|doi = 10.1029/2005GL023423
|year = 2005
|url = http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/GRL/fricker-2.pdf
|format = free download pdf
|issue = 21
|bibcode = 2005GeoRL..3221S06F
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320144100/http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/GRL/fricker-2.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-20
|df =
}}</ref><ref name=gpsdaily>{{Cite news
|title = The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat
|date = 2007-11-29
|publisher=GPS Daily
|url=http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html}}</ref> Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below {{convert|2|cm|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22
|page=22
|title=Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region
|first=Gunnar
|last=Spreen
|publisher=GRIN Verlag
|year=2008
|isbn=978-3-640-13064-1}}</ref>
By using data from [[Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer|MISR]] to perform passive optical [[bathymetry]] when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of [[ICESat]], it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between 20 and 30 centimetres in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of 5km (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975 [[LandSat]] images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is 1–3km wide and 20 to 50 cm deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments. Just as the ocean surface rises over denser [[seamounts]], the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.<ref name=gpsdaily/><ref>{{cite journal
|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment
|volume=107
|issue=1–2
|year=2007
|pages=240–255
|title=MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
|first=Bruce G.
|last=Bills
|doi=10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006
|display-authors=1
|last2=Borsa
|first2=A
|last3=Comstock
|first3=R|bibcode=2007RSEnv.107..240B
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259333
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Gallery==
{{Wide image|Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Centre de Nulle Part.jpg|2000px|Panoramic view of the Salar.}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Salar de Uyuni 2013.jpg|Salar de Uyuni 2013
File:Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006 a.jpg|Piles of salt at the Salar
File:Salar Uyuni au02.jpg|Llamas in the Salar
File:Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni, bolivia.jpg|Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni
File:Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, 2016-02-04, DD 16-18 HDR.JPG|Reflections at sunset
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Ouki]]
* [[Puka Mayu (Potosí)|Puka Mayu]]
* [[Great Salt Lake]]
* [[Rann of Kutch]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Salar de Uyuni}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Salar de Uyuni}}
*[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bolivia/sights/natural-landmarks/salar-de-uyuni Lonely Planet: Salar de Uyuni]
{{Altiplano lakes and paleolakes |state=expanded}}
[[Category:Salt flats of Bolivia|Uyuni]]
[[Category:Landforms of Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Landforms of Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Endorheic lakes of South America]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department]]' |
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| name = Salar de Uyuni
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+| photo = Salar Uyuni au01.jpg歐五二而已讀📚˙
| photo_caption = Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water
| elevation_m = 3663
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">salt flat in Bolivia</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#e7dcc3;">Salar de Uyuni</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%94%E4%BA%8C%E8%80%8C%E5%B7%B2%E8%AE%80%F0%9F%93%9A%CB%99" class="new" title="File:Salar Uyuni au01.jpg歐五二而已讀📚˙">256px</a><div>Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"><div style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia_physical_map.svg" class="image" title="Map showing the ___location of Salar de Uyuni"><img alt="Map showing the ___location of Salar de Uyuni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/220px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/330px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/440px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="901" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:74.225%;left:24.724%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><img alt="Map showing the ___location of Salar de Uyuni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Salar de Uyuni" width="8" height="8" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Bolivia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Location</th><td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Campos_Province" title="Daniel Campos Province">Daniel Campos Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni&params=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this ___location"><span class="latitude">20°08′01.59″S</span> <span class="longitude">67°29′20.88″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this ___location">20.1337750°S 67.4891333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20.1337750; -67.4891333</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni&params=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this ___location"><span class="latitude">20°08′01.59″S</span> <span class="longitude">67°29′20.88″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this ___location">20.1337750°S 67.4891333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20.1337750; -67.4891333</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Elevation</th><td>3,663 metres (12,018 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Area</th><td>10,582 square kilometres (1,058,200 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Depth</th><td>130 metres (430 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Formed by</th><td>Evaporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Geology</th><td><a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">Salt pan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry lake</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_landsat.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uyuni_landsat.JPG/220px-Uyuni_landsat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="526" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_landsat.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Salar de Uyuni viewed from space, with Salar de Coipasa in the top left corner.</div></div></div>
<p><b>Salar de Uyuni</b> (or <b>Salar de Tunupa</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">playa</a>, at over 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) in area.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2019-2">[2]</a></sup> It is in the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Campos_Province" title="Daniel Campos Province">Daniel Campos Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a> in southwest <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, near the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> at an elevation of 3,656 meters (11,995 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes. It is covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, which is exceptionally rich in <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>. It contains 50% to 70% of the world's known lithium reserves according to a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> article by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Keating" title="Joshua Keating">Joshua Keating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeters</a> of Earth observation satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-refl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refl-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-9">[9]</a></sup> Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, 129 kilometres (80 miles) across.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> and is a prime breeding ground for several species of <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus_cloud" title="Cumulus congestus cloud">cumulus congestus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus" title="Cumulonimbus incus">cumulonimbus incus</a> clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Formation,_geology,_and_climate"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Formation, geology, and climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Economic_influence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hotels"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hotels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Train_cemetery"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Train cemetery</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Satellite_calibration"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Satellite calibration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span id="Formation.2C_geology.2C_and_climate"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Formation,_geology,_and_climate">Formation, geology, and climate</span></h2>
<p>Salar de Uyuni is part of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> of Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is surrounded by mountains with no drainage outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG/220px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="8654" data-file-height="4868" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Campos_Province" title="Daniel Campos Province">Daniel Campos Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, not far from the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a>. Its age was estimated by <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> shells from outcropping <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">carbonate reefs</a> and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>) later transformed into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Paleo Lake Tauca</a> having a maximal depth of 140 meters (460 ft), and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poop%C3%B3" title="Lake Poopó">Poopó</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lago_Uru_Uru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Uru Uru">Uru Uru</a>, and two major salt deserts, <a href="/wiki/Lago_Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Coipasa">Salar de Coipasa</a> and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km<sup>2</sup>, which is roughly 100 times the size of the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats" title="Bonneville Salt Flats">Bonneville Salt Flats</a> in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a> in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake Minchin. They include unusual and fragile coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at 21 °C in November to January and a low of 13 °C in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between −9 °C and 5 °C. The relative humidity is rather low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at 1 mm to 3 mm per month between April and November, but it may increase up to 80 mm in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Panorama_1_edit.jpg" class="image" title="Incahuasi island in the center of the Salar."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Panorama_1_edit.jpg/1100px-Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Panorama_1_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="154" data-file-width="8827" data-file-height="1235" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Panorama_1_edit.jpg" title="File:Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Panorama 1 edit.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Isla_Incahuasi" title="Isla Incahuasi">Incahuasi island</a> in the center of the Salar.</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_influence">Economic influence</span></h2>
<p>The Salar contains a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (all in the chloride forms of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">KCl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">LiCl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">MgCl<sub>2</sub></a>, respectively), as well as <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-14">[14]</a></sup> With an estimated 9,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>, Bolivia holds about 7% of the world's known lithium resources; most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG/220px-Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="1555" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Salt production at the Salar.</div></div></div>
<p>Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The brine distribution has been monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat</a> satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an American-based international corporation has invested $137 million to developing lithium extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACISA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACISA-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to Colchani's cooperative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Because of its ___location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-11">[11]</a></sup> except when seasonally covered with water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span></h2>
<p><i>Salar</i> means <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flat</a> in Spanish. <i>Uyuni</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara language</a> and means a <a href="/wiki/Pen_(enclosure)" title="Pen (enclosure)">pen (enclosure)</a>; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus <i>Salar de Uyuni</i> can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Aymara legend tells that the mountains <a href="/wiki/Tunupa" title="Tunupa">Tunupa</a>, Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span></h2>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"><div style="width: 180px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg/267px-FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1180" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>A part of <a href="/wiki/Isla_Incahuasi" title="Isla Incahuasi">Incahuasi Island</a> inside the Salar, featuring giant <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Flamingo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/James_Flamingo.jpg/240px-James_Flamingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/James%27s_flamingo" title="James's flamingo">James's flamingo</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Culpeo_MC.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Culpeo_MC.jpg/270px-Culpeo_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"><div style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg/271px-Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="1736" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Vizcacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizcacha">vizcacha</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"><div style="width: 103.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg/152px-Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="887" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Andean_goose" title="Andean goose">Andean goose</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"><div style="width: 188px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_Hillstar_(Oreotrochilus_estella)_perched.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg/279px-Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="662" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Andean_hillstar" title="Andean hillstar">Andean hillstar</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/270px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Andean_flamingo" title="Andean flamingo">Andean flamingos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>, south of the Salar
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg/270px-VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Vicuñas near the Salar De Uyuni 2017
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<p>The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (<i><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis" title="Echinopsis">Echinopsis</a> atacamensis pasacana</i>, <i>Echinopsis tarijensis</i>, etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about 12 m. Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure <a href="/wiki/Catarrh" title="Catarrh">catarrh</a>, and Thola (<i><a href="/wiki/Baccharis" title="Baccharis">Baccharis</a> dracunculifolia</i>), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> plants and <a href="/wiki/Polylepis_rugulosa" title="Polylepis rugulosa">queñua</a> bushes.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingo</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_flamingo" title="Chilean flamingo">Chilean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_flamingo" title="Andean flamingo">Andean</a>, and rare <a href="/wiki/James%27s_flamingo" title="James's flamingo">James's flamingos</a>, their color presumably originating from feeding on pink <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. About 80 other bird species are present, including the <a href="/wiki/Horned_coot" title="Horned coot">horned coot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_goose" title="Andean goose">Andean goose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andean_hillstar" title="Andean hillstar">Andean hillstar</a>. The Andean fox, or <a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">culpeo</a>, is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular <a href="/wiki/Isla_Incahuasi" title="Isla Incahuasi">Incahuasi Island</a>) host colonies of rabbit-like <a href="/wiki/Viscacha" title="Viscacha">viscachas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hotels">Hotels</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg/220px-SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal" title="Palacio de Sal">salt hotels</a>.</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal" title="Palacio de Sal">Palacio de Sal</a></div>
<p>Salar de Uyuni attracts tourists from around the world. As it is far from the cities, a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal" title="Palacio de Sal">Palacio de Sal</a>, was erected in 1993–1995<sup id="cite_ref-lick2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick2-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lick1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick1-23">[23]</a></sup> in the middle of the salt flat,<sup id="cite_ref-lick3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick3-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-25">[25]</a></sup> and soon became a popular tourist destination.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-26">[26]</a></sup> However, its ___location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-german_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Train_cemetery">Train cemetery</span></h3>
<p>One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is 3 km outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> ports. The rail lines were built by British engineers arriving near the end of the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril_de_Antofagasta_a_Bolivia" title="Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia">Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia</a>. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President <a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Arce" title="Aniceto Arce">Aniceto Arce</a>, who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg" class="image" title="Cemetery of trains near the town of Uyuni."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg/1100px-Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="128" data-file-width="6337" data-file-height="740" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg" title="File:Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Cimetière de Trains 1.jpg"> </a></div>Cemetery of trains near the town of <a href="/wiki/Uyuni" title="Uyuni">Uyuni</a>.</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Satellite_calibration">Satellite calibration</span></h2>
<p>Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2019-2">[2]</a></sup> In the low-rain period from April to November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly 1 millimetre or 0.039 inches per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the 10,582-square-kilometer (4,086 sq mi) area of Salar de Uyuni is less than 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity (<a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-refl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refl-8">[8]</a></sup> The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gpsdaily_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsdaily-30">[30]</a></sup> Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below 2 centimeters (0.79 in).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>By using data from <a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">MISR</a> to perform passive optical <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of <a href="/wiki/ICESat" title="ICESat">ICESat</a>, it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between 20 and 30 centimetres in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of 5km (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975 <a href="/wiki/LandSat" class="mw-redirect" title="LandSat">LandSat</a> images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is 1–3km wide and 20 to 50 cm deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments. Just as the ocean surface rises over denser <a href="/wiki/Seamounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamounts">seamounts</a>, the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.<sup id="cite_ref-gpsdaily_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsdaily-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg" class="image" title="Panoramic view of the Salar."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg/2000px-Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="170" data-file-width="8190" data-file-height="695" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg" title="File:Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Centre de Nulle Part.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Salar.</div></div></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg/270px-Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Salar de Uyuni 2013
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"><div style="width: 184px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/273px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Piles of salt at the Salar
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg/240px-Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="642" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Llamas in the Salar
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni,_bolivia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg/270px-Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"><div style="width: 184.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_16-18_HDR.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_16-18_HDR.JPG/274px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_16-18_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" data-file-width="8253" data-file-height="5428" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Reflections at sunset
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouki" title="Ouki">Ouki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puka_Mayu_(Potos%C3%AD)" title="Puka Mayu (Potosí)">Puka Mayu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
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<li id="cite_note-geo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFricker2005" class="citation journal">Fricker, H. A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320144100/http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/GRL/fricker-2.pdf">"Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>32</b> (21): L21S06. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3221S06F">2005GeoRL..3221S06F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023423">10.1029/2005GL023423</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/GRL/fricker-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(free download pdf)</span> on 2009-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+ICESat+performance+at+the+salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=L21S06&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL023423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRL..3221S06F&rft.aulast=Fricker&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficesat.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fpublications%2FGRL%2Ffricker-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-refl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refl_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refl_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReuderGhezziPalenqueTorrez2007" class="citation journal">Reuder, Joachim; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf">"Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jphotobiol.2006.12.002">10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17227712">17227712</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(free-download pdf)</span> on 2014-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Photochemistry+and+Photobiology+B&rft.atitle=Investigations+on+the+effect+of+high+surface+albedo+on+erythemally+effective+UV+irradiance%3A+Results+of+a+campaign+at+the+Salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jphotobiol.2006.12.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17227712&rft.aulast=Reuder&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Ghezzi%2C+F&rft.au=Palenque%2C+E&rft.au=Torrez%2C+R&rft.au=Andrade%2C+M&rft.au=Zaratti%2C+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfabolivia.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F12%2Ffinal-uyuni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ieee-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLamparelliPonzoniZulloQueiroz_Pellegrino2003" class="citation journal">Lamparelli, R. A. C.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6b6a5037f838a2342d5681b642944fd68c775551">"Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration"</a>. <i>IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens</i>. <b>41</b> (6): 1461–1468. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITGRS..41.1461C">2003ITGRS..41.1461C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTGRS.2003.810713">10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Trans.+Geosci.+Remote+Sens.&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+Salar+de+Uyuni+for+in-orbit+satellite+calibration&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1461-1468&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTGRS.2003.810713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ITGRS..41.1461C&rft.aulast=Lamparelli&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+C.&rft.au=Ponzoni%2C+F.J.&rft.au=Zullo%2C+J.&rft.au=Queiroz+Pellegrino%2C+G.&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F6b6a5037f838a2342d5681b642944fd68c775551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/">Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror</a> <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, 2018-07-25. Quote: "Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is perfectly flat."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nasa-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120">"Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2FNewImages%2Fimages.php3%3Fimg_id%3D17120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBowman,_Isaiah1914" class="citation journal">Bowman, Isaiah (1914). "Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes". <i>Bulletin of the American Geographical Society</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 161–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F201641">10.2307/201641</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/201641">201641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Results+of+an+Expedition+to+the+Central+Andes&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-183&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F201641&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F201641&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Isaiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nature-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBakerRigsbySeltzerFritz2001" class="citation journal">Baker, P. A.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub">"Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6821): 698–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35055524">10.1038/35055524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11217855">11217855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Tropical+climate+changes+at+millennial+and+orbital+timescales+on+the+Bolivian+Altiplano&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6821&rft.pages=698-701&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35055524&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11217855&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.au=Rigsby%2C+CA&rft.au=Seltzer%2C+GO&rft.au=Fritz%2C+SC&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+TK&rft.au=Bacher%2C+NP&rft.au=Veliz%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1046%26context%3Dgeosciencefacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-trav1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2007" class="citation book">Atkinson, David (2007-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174"><i>Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 170, 174–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-165-4"><bdi>978-1-84162-165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=170%2C+174-176&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-165-4&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDBYHYwdhuAC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2011-lithi.pdf">"Lithium Statistics and Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USGS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium+Statistics+and+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Flithium%2Fmcs-2011-lithi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1166387/In-search-Lithium-The-battle-3rd-element.html">"In search of Lithium: The battle for the 3rd element"</a>. Dailymail. 5 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+search+of+Lithium%3A+The+battle+for+the+3rd+element&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fhome%2Fmoslive%2Farticle-1166387%2FIn-search-Lithium-The-battle-3rd-element.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Board_on_Science_and_Technology_for_International_Development,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Office_of_International_Affairs1988" class="citation book">National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development</i></a>. National Academies. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+technology+for+development%3A+prospects+entering+the+twenty-first+century+%3A+a+symposium+in+commemoration+of+the+twenty-fifth+anniversary+of+the+U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1988&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Board+on+Science+and+Technology+for+International+Development%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Office+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0QrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm">"Bolivia holds key to electric car future"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bolivia+holds+key+to+electric+car+future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7707847.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream">"Bloomberg - Are you a robot?"</a>. <i>www.bloomberg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+-+Are+you+a+robot%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2018-12-03%2Fbolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7707847.stm">"Bolivia holds key to electric car future"</a>. BBC. 2008-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolivia+holds+key+to+electric+car+future&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7707847.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ACISA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACISA_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acisa.de/lithium/">"Lithium - ACI Systems Alemania GmbH"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium+-+ACI+Systems+Alemania+GmbH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acisa.de%2Flithium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lick2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lick2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth">"Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth"</a>. <i>hotelchatter.com</i>. January 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hotelchatter.com&rft.atitle=Bolivian+Hotel+Truly+Is+the+Salt+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hotelchatter.com%2Fstory%2F2009%2F1%2F26%2F231522%2F848%2Fhotels%2FBolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lick1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lick1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/">"Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel"</a>. <i>tripcrazed.com</i>. 19 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/">the original</a> on 23 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tripcrazed.com&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Lick+the+Walls+of+the+Salt+Hotel&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripcrazed.com%2F702316570%2Fdont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lick3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lick3_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarrren1999" class="citation web">McFarrren, Peter (1999-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html">"Salt hotel has a rule: No licking"</a>. The Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salt+hotel+has+a+rule%3A+No+licking&rft.pub=The+Associated+Press&rft.date=1999-03-04&rft.aulast=McFarrren&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fgetaways%2F030499%2Fsalt04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-book1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoxKunstaetter,_RobertKunstaetter,_DaisyGroesbeck,_Geoffrey2007" class="citation book">Box, Ben; Kunstaetter, Robert; Kunstaetter, Daisy; Groesbeck, Geoffrey (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb"><i>Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador</i></a></span>. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378">378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-06-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-06-3"><bdi>978-1-906098-06-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru%2C+Bolivia+%26+Ecuador&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-906098-06-3&rft.aulast=Box&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Kunstaetter%2C+Robert&rft.au=Kunstaetter%2C+Daisy&rft.au=Groesbeck%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperuboliviaecuad00benb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ng-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ng_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html">"Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia"</a>. National Geographic. 2007-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+in+the+News%3A+New+Salt+Hotel+Built+in+Bolivia&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F07%2F070725-salt-hotel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdès2004" class="citation book">Adès, Harry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259"><i>The Rough Guide to South America</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-907-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-907-6"><bdi>1-85828-907-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+South+America&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85828-907-6&rft.aulast=Ad%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeBeMlMgcD4C%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-german-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-german_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html">"Palacio del Sal"</a>. <i>hbernreuther.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hbernreuther.de&rft.atitle=Palacio+del+Sal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbernreuther.de%2FBrasilien_Bolivien%2FPalacio_del_Sal%2Fpalacio_del_sal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borsa, A. A., Bills, B. G., & Minster, J. B. (2008). Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B10).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gpsdaily-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gpsdaily_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gpsdaily_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html">"The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat"</a>. GPS Daily. 2007-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Hills+And+Valleys+Of+Earth%27s+Largest+Salt+Flat&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsdaily.com%2Freports%2FThe_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpreen2008" class="citation book">Spreen, Gunnar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22"><i>Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-13064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-13064-1"><bdi>978-3-640-13064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite-based+Estimates+of+Sea+Ice+Volume+Flux%3A+Applications+to+the+Fram+Strait+Region&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-640-13064-1&rft.aulast=Spreen&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeLCxydgA8UC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBillsBorsaComstock2007" class="citation journal">Bills, Bruce G.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259333">"MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a>. <i>Remote Sensing of Environment</i>. <b>107</b> (1–2): 240–255. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007RSEnv.107..240B">2007RSEnv.107..240B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2006.11.006">10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Remote+Sensing+of+Environment&rft.atitle=MISR-based+passive+optical+bathymetry+from+orbit+with+few-cm+level+of+accuracy+on+the+Salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=240-255&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rse.2006.11.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007RSEnv.107..240B&rft.aulast=Bills&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.au=Borsa%2C+A&rft.au=Comstock%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salar_de_Uyuni" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salar de Uyuni"><span style="">Salar de Uyuni</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni#Q76122" class="extiw" title="voy:Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bolivia/sights/natural-landmarks/salar-de-uyuni">Lonely Planet: Salar de Uyuni</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lakes_on_the_Altiplano" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Template:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Template talk:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lakes_on_the_Altiplano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lakes on the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present-day lakes and <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poop%C3%B3" title="Lake Poopó">Lake Poopó</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salar de Uyuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salar de Coipasa">Salar de Coipasa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lake expansions of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Lake Ballivián">Lake Ballivián</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabana_(ancient_lake)" title="Cabana (ancient lake)">Cabana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mataro_(ancient_lake)" title="Mataro (ancient lake)">Mataro</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient lakes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Lake Tauca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sajsi" title="Sajsi">Sajsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_(ancient_lake)" title="Salinas (ancient lake)">Salinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Huasi_(ancient_lake)" title="Inca Huasi (ancient lake)">Inca Huasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ouki" title="Ouki">Ouki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Escara" title="Lake Escara">Lake Escara</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other paleolakes and lake expansions in the region</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancosa_paleolake" title="Cancosa paleolake">Cancosa paleolake</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1589920436 |
