Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Short description|Salt flat in Bolivia}}
{{Infobox landform
| water =
| name = Salar de Uyuni
| photo = Salar Uyuni au01.jpg
| photo_caption = Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water
| elevation_m = 3663
| elevation_ref =
| area = {{Convert|10582|km2|ha}}
| depth = {{Convert|130|m|ft}}
| formed_by = Evaporation
| map = Bolivia
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location within Bolivia
| label_position = none
| ___location = [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|08|01.59|S|67|29|20.88|W|scale:30000|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = [[Salt pan (geology)|Salt pan]], [[dry lake]]
| age =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
}}
'''Salar de Uyuni''' (or "Salar de Tunupa")<ref>{{cite web|title=Salar de Tunupa|url=http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml|website=Iris en Tore op reis|access-date=26 February 2016|date=29 July 2011|archive-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054358/http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the world's largest [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]], or [[Dry lake|playa]], at {{convert|10,582|km2|mi2}} in area.<ref name="NASA2019">{{cite web |title=Lithium Harvesting at Salar de Uyuni |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni |website=Earth Observatory | publisher=[[NASA]] |language=en |date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=Andrea |title=Strange but True |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-3-8310-3074-3 |edition=1st |___location=London |publication-date=2015 |pages=8–9}}</ref> It is in the [[Daniel Campos Province]] in [[Potosí Department|Potosí]] in southwest [[Bolivia]], near the crest of the [[Andes]] at an elevation of {{convert|3,656|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Uyuni Salt Flat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct= |access-date=1 December 2007}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes that existed around forty thousand years ago but had all evaporated over time.{{r|NASA2019}} It is now covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of [[brine]], which is exceptionally rich in [[lithium]]. The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the [[altimeter]]s of Earth observation satellites.<ref name=nature2/><ref name=geo/><ref name=refl/><ref>{{cite news |bibcode=2002AGUFMOS52A0193B |title=GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration |last=Borsa |first=A. A |publisher=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting |year=2002 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=ieee>{{cite journal
|last1=Lamparelli |first1=R. A. C. |title=Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration |journal=[[IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society|IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.]] |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1461–1468 |year=2003 |doi=10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713 |display-authors=1 |last2=Ponzoni |first2=F. J. |last3=Zullo |first3=J. |last4=Queiroz Pellegrino |first4=G. |last5=Arnaud |first5=Y. |bibcode = 2003ITGRS..41.1461C |s2cid=18716304 }}</ref> Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, {{convert|129|km|mile|abbr=on}} across.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/ |title=Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror |newspaper=[[PBS]] |date=25 July 2018 |quote=Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is perfectly flat.}}</ref>
The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]] and is a prime breeding ground for several species of [[flamingo]]s. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical [[Cumulus congestus cloud|cumulus congestus]] and [[cumulonimbus incus]] clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the [[Atacama Desert]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
The Salar has been used as a filming ___location for movies such as ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' (2017; as planet Crait),<ref>{{cite web |title=Crait: The Salar de Uyuni Star Wars Planet |url=https://www.salardeuyuni.com/salar-de-uyuni-star-wars/ |website=salardeuyuni |date=24 August 2018 |publisher=salardeuyuni.com |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Alex |title=Star Wars: The Last Jedi filming locations around the world |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/star-wars-the-last-jedi-filming-locations |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'' (2006), ''[[Salt and Fire]]'' (2016), ''The Unseen'' (2017), and several others.
==Formation, geology, and climate==
[[File:Uyuni landsat.JPG|thumb|''Salar de Uyuni'' as viewed from space, with [[Coipasa Lake|''Salar de Coipasa'']] in the top left corner]]
Salar de Uyuni is part of the [[Altiplano]] of Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is [[endorheic]].<ref name=nasa>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054555/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2006 |title=Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=1 December 2007}}</ref>
===History===
[[File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG|thumb|left|Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise, [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]], southwestern [[Bolivia]], not far from the crest of the [[Andes]]]]
The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, [[Lake Tauca|Lake Minchin]]. Its age was estimated by [[radiocarbon dating]] shells from outcropping [[sediment]]s and [[Carbonate platform|carbonate reefs]] and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bowman, Isaiah |jstor=201641 |title=Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes |journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=161–183 |year=1914 |doi=10.2307/201641}}</ref> later transformed into [[Lake Tauca|Paleo Lake Tauca]] having a maximal depth of {{convert|140|m|sp=us}}, and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes, [[Lake Poopó|Poopó]] and [[Lago Uru Uru|Uru Uru]], and two major salt deserts, [[Lago Coipasa|Salar de Coipasa]] and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km<sup>2</sup>, which is roughly 100 times the size of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger [[Lake Titicaca]]. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |title=Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano |first1=P. A. |last1=Baker |volume=409 |year=2001 |pmid=11217855 |display-authors=1 |last2=Rigsby |first2=C. A. |last3=Seltzer |first3=G. O. |last4=Fritz |first4=S. C. |last5=Lowenstein |first5=T. K. |last6=Bacher |first6=N. P. |last7=Veliz |first7=C. |issue=6821 |pages=698–701 |doi=10.1038/35055524 |bibcode=2001Natur.409..698B |s2cid=4394703 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub}}</ref>
Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of [[sodium chloride]], [[lithium chloride]], and [[magnesium chloride]] in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake Minchin. They include unusual and fragile coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.<ref name=trav1/>
===Climate===
The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at {{cvt|21|°C}} in November to January, and a low of {{cvt|13|°C}} in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between {{convert|-9|and|5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The relative humidity is rather low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at {{convert|1|to|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} per month between April and November, but it may increase up to {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.<ref name=ieee/>
{{Wide image|Gringo Trail banner Salar de Uyuni.JPG|1100px|{{center|During the rainy season (December to April) the flat turns into a shallow lake and becomes the world's largest natural mirror, featuring a stunning reflection to the sky.}}}}
==Economic influence==
[[File:Salt production Uyuni.JPG|thumb|Salt production at the Salar|alt=]]
Located in the [[Lithium Triangle]], the Salar contains a large amount of [[sodium]], [[potassium]], [[lithium]] and [[magnesium]] (all in the chloride forms of [[Sodium chloride|NaCl]], [[Potassium chloride|KCl]], [[Lithium chloride|LiCl]] and [[Magnesium chloride|MgCl<sub>2</sub>]], respectively), as well as [[borax]].<ref name=trav1/> As of 2024, with an estimated 23 mln. [[tonne|t]], Bolivia holds about 22% of the world's known lithium resources (105 mln. tons); most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf
|title=Lithium Statistics and Information|publisher=[[USGS]]}} ([https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/lithium-statistics-and-information other Lithium statistics from USGS])</ref>
Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous [[halite]] body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The brine distribution has been monitored by the [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an American-based international corporation has invested $137 million to developing lithium extraction.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60 |page=60 |title=Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development |publisher=National Academies |year=1988 |author=National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs|isbn=9780309320023 }}</ref> However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them.<ref name="BBC_electric_car">{{cite news |title=Bolivia holds key to electric car future |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm |website=[[BBC News|BBC]]|date=9 November 2008 }}</ref> The lithium in the salt flats contains more impurities, and the wet climate and high altitude make it harder to process.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eisler |first1=Matthew |title=Bolivian lithium: why you should not expect any 'white gold rush' in the wake of Morales overthrow |url=https://theconversation.com/bolivian-lithium-why-you-should-not-expect-any-white-gold-rush-in-the-wake-of-morales-overthrow-127139 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Bolivia's Almost Impossible Lithium Dream |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream |access-date=26 March 2019 |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC_electric_car"/><ref name="ACISA">{{cite web |title=Lithium – ACI Systems Alemania GmbH |date=August 2019 |url=https://www.acisa.de/lithium/ |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of salt, of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to [[Colchani, Potosí|Colchani's]] cooperative. Because of its ___location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]],<ref name=nasa/> except when seasonally covered with water.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Name==
''Salar'' means [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]] in Spanish. ''Uyuni'' originates from the [[Aymara language]] and means a [[pen (enclosure)]]; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus ''Salar de Uyuni'' can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Aymara legend tells that the mountains [[Tunupa]], Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important [[deity]] and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=trav1>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174 |pages=170; 174–176 |title=Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide |first=David |last=Atkinson |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-165-4 |date=1 March 2007}}</ref>
==Flora and fauna==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg|A part of [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]] inside the Salar, featuring giant [[cactus|cacti]]
File:James Flamingo.jpg|[[James's flamingo]]
File:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]
File:Bolivian vizcacha.jpg|Bolivian [[vizcacha]]
File:Chloephaga melanoptera1.jpg|[[Andean goose]]
File:Andean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) perched.jpg|[[Andean hillstar]]
File:Andean Flamingos Laguna Colorada Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Andean flamingo]]s in the [[Laguna Colorada]], south of the Salar
File:VicunaSalarDeUyuni 20170503.jpg|[[Vicuñas]] near the Salar De Uyuni 2017
</gallery>
The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (''[[Echinopsis]] atacamensis pasacana'', ''Echinopsis tarijensis'', etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure [[catarrh]], and Thola (''[[Baccharis]] dracunculifolia''), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are [[quinoa]] plants and [[Polylepis rugulosa|queñua]] bushes.<ref name=trav1/>
Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of [[flamingo]] feeding on local [[brine shrimp]]s: the [[Chilean flamingo|Chilean]], [[Andean flamingo|Andean]], and rare [[James's flamingo]]s. About 80 other bird species are present, including the [[horned coot]], [[Andean goose]], and [[Andean hillstar]]. The Andean fox, or [[culpeo]], is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]]) host colonies of rabbit-like [[viscacha]]s.<ref name=trav1/>
==Tourism==
===Hotels===
{{See also|Palacio de Sal}}
[[File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg|thumb|Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building [[Palacio de Sal|salt hotel]]s]]
Salar de Uyuni is a popular tourist destination, and consequently a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named [[Palacio de Sal]], was erected in 1993–1995<ref name=lick2>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth|work=hotelchatter.com|title=Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth|date=27 January 2009|access-date=16 October 2009|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515053921/http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=lick1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/ |title=Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel |website=Tripcrazed.com |date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/ |archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> in the middle of the salt flat,<ref name=lick3>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=McFarrren |publisher=The [[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html |title=Salt hotel has a rule: No licking |date=4 March 1999 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=book1>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378 378] |title=Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador |first1=Ben |last1=Box |author2=Kunstaetter, Robert |author3=Kunstaetter, Daisy |author4=Groesbeck, Geoffrey |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-906098-06-3}}</ref> and soon became a popular tourist destination.<ref name=ng>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728022241/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2007 |title=Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia |publisher=The [[National Geographic]] |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=1 September 2009}}</ref> However, its ___location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259 |page=259 |title=The Rough Guide to South America |first=Harry |last=Adès |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-85828-907-6}}</ref><ref name=german>{{cite web |language=de |work=hbernreuther.de |url=http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html |title=Palacio del Sal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>
Around 2007, a new hotel was built,<ref name=ng/> under the name Palacio de Sal, in a new ___location
at the eastern edge of Salar de Uyuni, 25 km away from the town of [[Uyuni]].<ref name=book1/> The sanitary system has been restructured to comply with the government regulations.<ref name=lick2/> The hotel has a dry sauna and a steam room, a saltwater pool and whirlpool baths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palaciodesal.com/|title=Homepage of Palacio de Sal|language=Spanish|access-date=2009-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233554/http://www.palaciodesal.com/|archive-date=2012-02-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Train cemetery===
One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is {{convert|3|km|mile|abbr=on}} outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to Pacific Ocean ports. The rail lines were built by British engineers arriving near the end of the 19th century and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now [[Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia]]. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President [[Aniceto Arce]], who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.<ref name=trav1/>
{{Wide image|Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Cimetière de Trains 1.jpg|1100px|Cemetery of trains near the town of [[Uyuni]]}}
===Incidents===
Multiple fatal incidents have occurred at the salt flat as a result of poorly maintained vehicles, untrained drivers, speeding, a disregard for the inhospitable conditions, and lack of regulation for tour companies. A total of 16 reported accidents have happened with 30+ deaths in total.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uyuniguide.com/accidents-in-uyuni/ | title=Updated List of Accidents on Salar de Uyuni Tours - }}</ref>
==Satellite calibration==
Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose.<ref name="NASA2019" /> In the low-rain period from April to November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly {{convert|1|mm|disp=or}} per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borsa |first1=A. A. |last2=Bills |first2=B. G. |last3=Minster |first3=J. B. |year=2008 |title=Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=113 |issue=B10 |doi=10.1029/2007jb005445|bibcode=2008JGRB..11310408B |s2cid=140609728 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt0fr1z3fs/qt0fr1z3fs.pdf?t=lnr314 }}</ref>
As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the {{convert|10582|sqkm|sp=us|adj=on}} area of Salar de Uyuni is less than {{convert|1|m|sp=us}} normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity ([[albedo]]) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime.<ref name=refl>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B |volume=87 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=1–8 |title=Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |doi=10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002 |first1=Joachim |last1=Reuder |url=http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf |format=free-download pdf |pmid=17227712 |display-authors=1 |last2=Ghezzi |first2=F. |last3=Palenque |first3=E. |last4=Torrez |first4=R. |last5=Andrade |first5=M. |last6=Zaratti |first6=F. |bibcode=2007JPPB...87....1R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean.<ref name=nature2>{{Cite news |title=The salt flat with curious curves |first=Eric |last=Hand |date=30 November 2007 |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html}}</ref><ref name=geo>{{cite journal |title=Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |first=H. A. |last=Fricker |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=32 |page=L21S06 |doi=10.1029/2005GL023423 |year=2005 |issue=21 |bibcode=2005GeoRL..3221S06F |s2cid=13173970 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name=gpsdaily>{{Cite news |title=The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat |date=29 November 2007 |publisher=GPS Daily |url=http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html}}</ref> Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below {{convert|2|cm|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |title=Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region |first=Gunnar |last=Spreen |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-640-13064-1}}</ref>
By using data from [[Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer|MISR]] to perform passive optical [[bathymetry]] when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of [[ICESat]], it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between {{convert|20|and|30|cm|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of {{convert|5|km|sigfig=1}} (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975 [[LandSat]] images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is {{convert|1|–|3|km|sigfig=1|sp=us}} wide and {{convert|20|to|50|cm|sigfig=1}} deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments. Just as the ocean surface rises over denser [[seamounts]], the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.<ref name=gpsdaily/><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Remote Sensing of Environment]] |volume=107 |issue=1–2 |year=2007 |pages=240–255 |title=MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |first1=Bruce G. |last1=Bills |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006 |display-authors=1 |last2=Borsa |first2=A. |last3=Comstock |first3=R. |bibcode=2007RSEnv.107..240B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259333}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Gallery==
{{Wide image|Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Centre de Nulle Part.jpg|2000px|Panoramic view of the Salar.}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Salar de Uyuni 2013.jpg|Salar de Uyuni 2013
File:Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006 a.jpg|Piles of salt at the Salar
File:Salar Uyuni au02.jpg|Llamas in the Salar
File:Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni, bolivia.jpg|Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni
File:Salar de Uyuni lake.jpg|Sky reflections at sunset
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Ouki]]
* [[Puka Mayu (Potosí)|Puka Mayu]]
* [[Great Salt Lake]]
* [[Rann of Kutch]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Salar de Uyuni}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Salar de Uyuni}}
*[https://www.salardeuyuni.com/ Salar de Uyuni official website]
{{Altiplano lakes and paleolakes |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Salt flats of Bolivia|Uyuni]]
[[Category:Landforms of Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Landforms of Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Endorheic lakes of South America]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Altiplano]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Short description le mafé de Mamadou }}
{{Infobox landform
| water =
| name = zgeg de Mamadou
| photo = Salar Uyuni au01.jpg
| photo_caption = Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water
| elevation_m = 3663
| elevation_ref =
| area = {{Convert|10582|km2|ha}}
| depth = {{Convert|130|m|ft}}
| formed_by = Evaporation
| map = Bolivia
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location within Bolivia
| label_position = none
| ___location = [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|08|01.59|S|67|29|20.88|W|scale:30000|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = [[Salt pan (geology)|Salt pan]], [[dry lake]]
| age =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
}}
'''Salar de Uyuni''' (or "Salar de Tunupa")<ref>{{cite web|title=Salar de Tunupa|url=http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml|website=Iris en Tore op reis|access-date=26 February 2016|date=29 July 2011|archive-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054358/http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the world's largest [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]], or [[Dry lake|playa]], at {{convert|10,582|km2|mi2}} in area.<ref name="NASA2019">{{cite web |title=Lithium Harvesting at Salar de Uyuni |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni |website=Earth Observatory | publisher=[[NASA]] |language=en |date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=Andrea |title=Strange but True |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-3-8310-3074-3 |edition=1st |___location=London |publication-date=2015 |pages=8–9}}</ref> It is in the [[Daniel Campos Province]] in [[Potosí Department|Potosí]] in southwest [[Bolivia]], near the crest of the [[Andes]] at an elevation of {{convert|3,656|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Uyuni Salt Flat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct= |access-date=1 December 2007}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes that existed around forty thousand years ago but had all evaporated over time.{{r|NASA2019}} It is now covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of [[brine]], which is exceptionally rich in [[lithium]]. The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the [[altimeter]]s of Earth observation satellites.<ref name=nature2/><ref name=geo/><ref name=refl/><ref>{{cite news |bibcode=2002AGUFMOS52A0193B |title=GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration |last=Borsa |first=A. A |publisher=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting |year=2002 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=ieee>{{cite journal
|last1=Lamparelli |first1=R. A. C. |title=Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration |journal=[[IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society|IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.]] |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1461–1468 |year=2003 |doi=10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713 |display-authors=1 |last2=Ponzoni |first2=F. J. |last3=Zullo |first3=J. |last4=Queiroz Pellegrino |first4=G. |last5=Arnaud |first5=Y. |bibcode = 2003ITGRS..41.1461C |s2cid=18716304 }}</ref> Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, {{convert|129|km|mile|abbr=on}} across.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/ |title=Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror |newspaper=[[PBS]] |date=25 July 2018 |quote=Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is perfectly flat.}}</ref>
The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]] and is a prime breeding ground for several species of [[flamingo]]s. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical [[Cumulus congestus cloud|cumulus congestus]] and [[cumulonimbus incus]] clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the [[Atacama Desert]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
The Salar has been used as a filming ___location for movies such as ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' (2017; as planet Crait),<ref>{{cite web |title=Crait: The Salar de Uyuni Star Wars Planet |url=https://www.salardeuyuni.com/salar-de-uyuni-star-wars/ |website=salardeuyuni |date=24 August 2018 |publisher=salardeuyuni.com |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Alex |title=Star Wars: The Last Jedi filming locations around the world |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/star-wars-the-last-jedi-filming-locations |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'' (2006), ''[[Salt and Fire]]'' (2016), ''The Unseen'' (2017), and several others.
==Formation, geology, and climate==
[[File:Uyuni landsat.JPG|thumb|''Salar de Uyuni'' as viewed from space, with [[Coipasa Lake|''Salar de Coipasa'']] in the top left corner]]
Salar de Uyuni is part of the [[Altiplano]] of Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is [[endorheic]].<ref name=nasa>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054555/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2006 |title=Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=1 December 2007}}</ref>
===History===
[[File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG|thumb|left|Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise, [[Daniel Campos Province]], [[Potosí Department]], southwestern [[Bolivia]], not far from the crest of the [[Andes]]]]
The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, [[Lake Tauca|Lake Minchin]]. Its age was estimated by [[radiocarbon dating]] shells from outcropping [[sediment]]s and [[Carbonate platform|carbonate reefs]] and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bowman, Isaiah |jstor=201641 |title=Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes |journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=161–183 |year=1914 |doi=10.2307/201641}}</ref> later transformed into [[Lake Tauca|Paleo Lake Tauca]] having a maximal depth of {{convert|140|m|sp=us}}, and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes, [[Lake Poopó|Poopó]] and [[Lago Uru Uru|Uru Uru]], and two major salt deserts, [[Lago Coipasa|Salar de Coipasa]] and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km<sup>2</sup>, which is roughly 100 times the size of the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger [[Lake Titicaca]]. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |title=Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano |first1=P. A. |last1=Baker |volume=409 |year=2001 |pmid=11217855 |display-authors=1 |last2=Rigsby |first2=C. A. |last3=Seltzer |first3=G. O. |last4=Fritz |first4=S. C. |last5=Lowenstein |first5=T. K. |last6=Bacher |first6=N. P. |last7=Veliz |first7=C. |issue=6821 |pages=698–701 |doi=10.1038/35055524 |bibcode=2001Natur.409..698B |s2cid=4394703 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub}}</ref>
Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of [[sodium chloride]], [[lithium chloride]], and [[magnesium chloride]] in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake Minchin. They include unusual and fragile coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.<ref name=trav1/>
===Climate===
The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at {{cvt|21|°C}} in November to January, and a low of {{cvt|13|°C}} in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between {{convert|-9|and|5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The relative humidity is rather low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at {{convert|1|to|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} per month between April and November, but it may increase up to {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.<ref name=ieee/>
{{Wide image|Gringo Trail banner Salar de Uyuni.JPG|1100px|{{center|During the rainy season (December to April) the flat turns into a shallow lake and becomes the world's largest natural mirror, featuring a stunning reflection to the sky.}}}}
==Economic influence==
[[File:Salt production Uyuni.JPG|thumb|Salt production at the Salar|alt=]]
Located in the [[Lithium Triangle]], the Salar contains a large amount of [[sodium]], [[potassium]], [[lithium]] and [[magnesium]] (all in the chloride forms of [[Sodium chloride|NaCl]], [[Potassium chloride|KCl]], [[Lithium chloride|LiCl]] and [[Magnesium chloride|MgCl<sub>2</sub>]], respectively), as well as [[borax]].<ref name=trav1/> As of 2024, with an estimated 23 mln. [[tonne|t]], Bolivia holds about 22% of the world's known lithium resources (105 mln. tons); most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf
|title=Lithium Statistics and Information|publisher=[[USGS]]}} ([https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/lithium-statistics-and-information other Lithium statistics from USGS])</ref>
Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous [[halite]] body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The brine distribution has been monitored by the [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an American-based international corporation has invested $137 million to developing lithium extraction.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60 |page=60 |title=Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development |publisher=National Academies |year=1988 |author=National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs|isbn=9780309320023 }}</ref> However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them.<ref name="BBC_electric_car">{{cite news |title=Bolivia holds key to electric car future |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm |website=[[BBC News|BBC]]|date=9 November 2008 }}</ref> The lithium in the salt flats contains more impurities, and the wet climate and high altitude make it harder to process.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eisler |first1=Matthew |title=Bolivian lithium: why you should not expect any 'white gold rush' in the wake of Morales overthrow |url=https://theconversation.com/bolivian-lithium-why-you-should-not-expect-any-white-gold-rush-in-the-wake-of-morales-overthrow-127139 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Bolivia's Almost Impossible Lithium Dream |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream |access-date=26 March 2019 |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC_electric_car"/><ref name="ACISA">{{cite web |title=Lithium – ACI Systems Alemania GmbH |date=August 2019 |url=https://www.acisa.de/lithium/ |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of salt, of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to [[Colchani, Potosí|Colchani's]] cooperative. Because of its ___location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian [[Altiplano]],<ref name=nasa/> except when seasonally covered with water.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Name==
''Salar'' means [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]] in Spanish. ''Uyuni'' originates from the [[Aymara language]] and means a [[pen (enclosure)]]; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus ''Salar de Uyuni'' can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Aymara legend tells that the mountains [[Tunupa]], Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important [[deity]] and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.<ref name=trav1>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174 |pages=170; 174–176 |title=Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide |first=David |last=Atkinson |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-165-4 |date=1 March 2007}}</ref>
==Flora and fauna==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg|A part of [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]] inside the Salar, featuring giant [[cactus|cacti]]
File:James Flamingo.jpg|[[James's flamingo]]
File:Culpeo MC.jpg|[[Culpeo]]
File:Bolivian vizcacha.jpg|Bolivian [[vizcacha]]
File:Chloephaga melanoptera1.jpg|[[Andean goose]]
File:Andean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) perched.jpg|[[Andean hillstar]]
File:Andean Flamingos Laguna Colorada Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|[[Andean flamingo]]s in the [[Laguna Colorada]], south of the Salar
File:VicunaSalarDeUyuni 20170503.jpg|[[Vicuñas]] near the Salar De Uyuni 2017
</gallery>
The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (''[[Echinopsis]] atacamensis pasacana'', ''Echinopsis tarijensis'', etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure [[catarrh]], and Thola (''[[Baccharis]] dracunculifolia''), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are [[quinoa]] plants and [[Polylepis rugulosa|queñua]] bushes.<ref name=trav1/>
Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of [[flamingo]] feeding on local [[brine shrimp]]s: the [[Chilean flamingo|Chilean]], [[Andean flamingo|Andean]], and rare [[James's flamingo]]s. About 80 other bird species are present, including the [[horned coot]], [[Andean goose]], and [[Andean hillstar]]. The Andean fox, or [[culpeo]], is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular [[Isla Incahuasi|Incahuasi Island]]) host colonies of rabbit-like [[viscacha]]s.<ref name=trav1/>
==Tourism==
===Hotels===
{{See also|Palacio de Sal}}
[[File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg|thumb|Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building [[Palacio de Sal|salt hotel]]s]]
Salar de Uyuni is a popular tourist destination, and consequently a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named [[Palacio de Sal]], was erected in 1993–1995<ref name=lick2>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth|work=hotelchatter.com|title=Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth|date=27 January 2009|access-date=16 October 2009|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515053921/http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=lick1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/ |title=Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel |website=Tripcrazed.com |date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/ |archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> in the middle of the salt flat,<ref name=lick3>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=McFarrren |publisher=The [[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html |title=Salt hotel has a rule: No licking |date=4 March 1999 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=book1>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378 378] |title=Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador |first1=Ben |last1=Box |author2=Kunstaetter, Robert |author3=Kunstaetter, Daisy |author4=Groesbeck, Geoffrey |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-906098-06-3}}</ref> and soon became a popular tourist destination.<ref name=ng>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728022241/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2007 |title=Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia |publisher=The [[National Geographic]] |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=1 September 2009}}</ref> However, its ___location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259 |page=259 |title=The Rough Guide to South America |first=Harry |last=Adès |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-85828-907-6}}</ref><ref name=german>{{cite web |language=de |work=hbernreuther.de |url=http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html |title=Palacio del Sal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>
Around 2007, a new hotel was built,<ref name=ng/> under the name Palacio de Sal, in a new ___location
at the eastern edge of Salar de Uyuni, 25 km away from the town of [[Uyuni]].<ref name=book1/> The sanitary system has been restructured to comply with the government regulations.<ref name=lick2/> The hotel has a dry sauna and a steam room, a saltwater pool and whirlpool baths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palaciodesal.com/|title=Homepage of Palacio de Sal|language=Spanish|access-date=2009-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233554/http://www.palaciodesal.com/|archive-date=2012-02-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Train cemetery===
One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is {{convert|3|km|mile|abbr=on}} outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to Pacific Ocean ports. The rail lines were built by British engineers arriving near the end of the 19th century and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now [[Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia]]. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President [[Aniceto Arce]], who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.<ref name=trav1/>
{{Wide image|Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Cimetière de Trains 1.jpg|1100px|Cemetery of trains near the town of [[Uyuni]]}}
===Incidents===
Multiple fatal incidents have occurred at the salt flat as a result of poorly maintained vehicles, untrained drivers, speeding, a disregard for the inhospitable conditions, and lack of regulation for tour companies. A total of 16 reported accidents have happened with 30+ deaths in total.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uyuniguide.com/accidents-in-uyuni/ | title=Updated List of Accidents on Salar de Uyuni Tours - }}</ref>
==Satellite calibration==
Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose.<ref name="NASA2019" /> In the low-rain period from April to November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly {{convert|1|mm|disp=or}} per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borsa |first1=A. A. |last2=Bills |first2=B. G. |last3=Minster |first3=J. B. |year=2008 |title=Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=113 |issue=B10 |doi=10.1029/2007jb005445|bibcode=2008JGRB..11310408B |s2cid=140609728 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt0fr1z3fs/qt0fr1z3fs.pdf?t=lnr314 }}</ref>
As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the {{convert|10582|sqkm|sp=us|adj=on}} area of Salar de Uyuni is less than {{convert|1|m|sp=us}} normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity ([[albedo]]) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime.<ref name=refl>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B |volume=87 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=1–8 |title=Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |doi=10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002 |first1=Joachim |last1=Reuder |url=http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf |format=free-download pdf |pmid=17227712 |display-authors=1 |last2=Ghezzi |first2=F. |last3=Palenque |first3=E. |last4=Torrez |first4=R. |last5=Andrade |first5=M. |last6=Zaratti |first6=F. |bibcode=2007JPPB...87....1R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean.<ref name=nature2>{{Cite news |title=The salt flat with curious curves |first=Eric |last=Hand |date=30 November 2007 |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html}}</ref><ref name=geo>{{cite journal |title=Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |first=H. A. |last=Fricker |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=32 |page=L21S06 |doi=10.1029/2005GL023423 |year=2005 |issue=21 |bibcode=2005GeoRL..3221S06F |s2cid=13173970 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name=gpsdaily>{{Cite news |title=The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat |date=29 November 2007 |publisher=GPS Daily |url=http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html}}</ref> Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below {{convert|2|cm|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |title=Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region |first=Gunnar |last=Spreen |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-640-13064-1}}</ref>
By using data from [[Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer|MISR]] to perform passive optical [[bathymetry]] when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of [[ICESat]], it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between {{convert|20|and|30|cm|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of {{convert|5|km|sigfig=1}} (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975 [[LandSat]] images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is {{convert|1|–|3|km|sigfig=1|sp=us}} wide and {{convert|20|to|50|cm|sigfig=1}} deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments. Just as the ocean surface rises over denser [[seamounts]], the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.<ref name=gpsdaily/><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Remote Sensing of Environment]] |volume=107 |issue=1–2 |year=2007 |pages=240–255 |title=MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia |first1=Bruce G. |last1=Bills |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006 |display-authors=1 |last2=Borsa |first2=A. |last3=Comstock |first3=R. |bibcode=2007RSEnv.107..240B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259333}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Gallery==
{{Wide image|Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Centre de Nulle Part.jpg|2000px|Panoramic view of the Salar.}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Salar de Uyuni 2013.jpg|Salar de Uyuni 2013
File:Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006 a.jpg|Piles of salt at the Salar
File:Salar Uyuni au02.jpg|Llamas in the Salar
File:Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni, bolivia.jpg|Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni
File:Salar de Uyuni lake.jpg|Sky reflections at sunset
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Ouki]]
* [[Puka Mayu (Potosí)|Puka Mayu]]
* [[Great Salt Lake]]
* [[Rann of Kutch]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Salar de Uyuni}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Salar de Uyuni}}
*[https://www.salardeuyuni.com/ Salar de Uyuni official website]
{{Altiplano lakes and paleolakes |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Salt flats of Bolivia|Uyuni]]
[[Category:Landforms of Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Landforms of Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Endorheic lakes of South America]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Oruro Department]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Altiplano]]' |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni¶ms=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000',
1 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni¶ms=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000_type:city',
2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054358/http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml',
3 => 'http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml',
4 => 'https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni',
5 => 'http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct=',
6 => 'http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html',
7 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3221S06F',
8 => 'https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023423',
9 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13173970',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf',
11 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPPB...87....1R',
12 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jphotobiol.2006.12.002',
13 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17227712',
14 => 'http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf',
15 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFMOS52A0193B',
16 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITGRS..41.1461C',
17 => 'https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTGRS.2003.810713',
18 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18716304',
19 => 'http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/',
20 => 'https://www.salardeuyuni.com/salar-de-uyuni-star-wars/',
21 => 'https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/star-wars-the-last-jedi-filming-locations',
22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054555/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120',
23 => 'http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120',
24 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F201641',
25 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/201641',
26 => 'http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub',
27 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..698B',
28 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35055524',
29 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11217855',
30 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4394703',
31 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174',
32 => 'https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf',
33 => 'https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/lithium-statistics-and-information',
34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60',
35 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm',
36 => 'https://theconversation.com/bolivian-lithium-why-you-should-not-expect-any-white-gold-rush-in-the-wake-of-morales-overthrow-127139',
37 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream',
38 => 'https://www.acisa.de/lithium/',
39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130515053921/http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth',
40 => 'http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth',
41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/',
42 => 'http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/',
43 => 'http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html',
44 => 'https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb',
45 => 'https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070728022241/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html',
47 => 'http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html',
48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259',
49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html',
50 => 'http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html',
51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233554/http://www.palaciodesal.com/',
52 => 'http://www.palaciodesal.com/',
53 => 'https://www.uyuniguide.com/accidents-in-uyuni/',
54 => 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt0fr1z3fs/qt0fr1z3fs.pdf?t=lnr314',
55 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRB..11310408B',
56 => 'https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007jb005445',
57 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140609728',
58 => 'http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html',
59 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22',
60 => 'https://zenodo.org/record/1259333',
61 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007RSEnv.107..240B',
62 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2006.11.006',
63 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76122#identifiers',
64 => 'https://www.salardeuyuni.com/',
65 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4583365-5'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html',
1 => 'http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf',
2 => 'http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html',
3 => 'http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120',
4 => 'http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth',
5 => 'http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/',
6 => 'http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html',
7 => 'http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html',
8 => 'http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct=',
9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174',
10 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22',
12 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259',
15 => 'http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html',
18 => 'http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/',
19 => 'http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub',
20 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFMOS52A0193B',
21 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3221S06F',
22 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITGRS..41.1461C',
23 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007RSEnv.107..240B',
24 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream',
25 => 'https://zenodo.org/record/1259333',
26 => 'https://www.acisa.de/lithium/',
27 => 'https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb',
28 => 'https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378',
29 => 'https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni',
30 => 'https://www.salardeuyuni.com/salar-de-uyuni-star-wars/',
31 => 'https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/star-wars-the-last-jedi-filming-locations',
32 => 'https://theconversation.com/bolivian-lithium-why-you-should-not-expect-any-white-gold-rush-in-the-wake-of-morales-overthrow-127139',
33 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18716304',
34 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4394703',
35 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..698B',
36 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76122#identifiers',
37 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4583365-5',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054555/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120',
39 => 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt0fr1z3fs/qt0fr1z3fs.pdf?t=lnr314',
40 => 'https://www.uyuniguide.com/accidents-in-uyuni/',
41 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRB..11310408B',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233554/http://www.palaciodesal.com/',
43 => 'http://www.palaciodesal.com/',
44 => 'https://www.salardeuyuni.com/',
45 => 'https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023423',
46 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jphotobiol.2006.12.002',
47 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17227712',
48 => 'https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTGRS.2003.810713',
49 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F201641',
50 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/201641',
51 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35055524',
52 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11217855',
53 => 'https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007jb005445',
54 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2006.11.006',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130515053921/http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054358/http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml',
57 => 'http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml',
58 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni¶ms=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000',
59 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni¶ms=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000_type:city',
60 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140609728',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070728022241/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html',
62 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13173970',
63 => 'https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf',
64 => 'https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/lithium-statistics-and-information',
65 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPPB...87....1R'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description_le_maf%C3%A9_de_Mamadou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Short description le mafé de Mamadou (page does not exist)">Template:Short description le mafé de Mamadou</a>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">zgeg de Mamadou</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">Salt pan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry lake</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water"><img alt="Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg/250px-Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg/375px-Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg/500px-Salar_Uyuni_au01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="642" /></a></span><div class="ib-landform-caption">Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salar de Uyuni is located in Bolivia"><img alt="Salar de Uyuni is located in Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/250px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/375px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/500px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="901" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.225%;left:24.724%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Salar de Uyuni"><img alt="Salar de Uyuni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Bolivia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salar_de_Uyuni&params=20_08_01.59_S_67_29_20.88_W_scale:30000_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this ___location"><span class="latitude">20°08′01.59″S</span> <span class="longitude">67°29′20.88″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this ___location">20.1337750°S 67.4891333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20.1337750; -67.4891333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Campos_Province" title="Daniel Campos Province">Daniel Campos Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Evaporation</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-landform-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">10,582 square kilometres (1,058,200 ha)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-landform-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Depth</th><td class="infobox-data">130 metres (430 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,663 m (12,018 ft)<div class="ib-landform-fn"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Salar de Uyuni</b> (or "Salar de Tunupa")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">playa</a>, at 10,582 square kilometres (4,086 sq mi) in area.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Campos_Province" title="Daniel Campos Province">Daniel Campos Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a> in southwest <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, near the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> at an elevation of 3,656 m (11,995 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes that existed around forty thousand years ago but had all evaporated over time.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, which is exceptionally rich in <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>. The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeters</a> of Earth observation satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-refl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, 129 km (80 miles) across.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> and is a prime breeding ground for several species of <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus_cloud" title="Cumulus congestus cloud">cumulus congestus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus" title="Cumulonimbus incus">cumulonimbus incus</a> clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The Salar has been used as a filming ___location for movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi" title="Star Wars: The Last Jedi">Star Wars: The Last Jedi</a></i> (2017; as planet Crait),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(2006_film)" title="The Fall (2006 film)">The Fall</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_Fire" title="Salt and Fire">Salt and Fire</a></i> (2016), <i>The Unseen</i> (2017), and several others.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Formation,_geology,_and_climate"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Formation, geology, and climate</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Economic_influence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hotels"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hotels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Train_cemetery"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Train cemetery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Incidents"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Incidents</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Satellite_calibration"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Satellite calibration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation,_geology,_and_climate"><span id="Formation.2C_geology.2C_and_climate"></span>Formation, geology, and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation, geology, and climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_landsat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uyuni_landsat.JPG/220px-Uyuni_landsat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uyuni_landsat.JPG/330px-Uyuni_landsat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uyuni_landsat.JPG/440px-Uyuni_landsat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><i>Salar de Uyuni</i> as viewed from space, with <a href="/wiki/Coipasa_Lake" title="Coipasa Lake"><i>Salar de Coipasa</i></a> in the top left corner</figcaption></figure>
<p>Salar de Uyuni is part of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> of Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG/220px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG/330px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG/440px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8654" data-file-height="4868" /></a><figcaption>Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Campos_Province" title="Daniel Campos Province">Daniel Campos Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, not far from the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Lake Minchin</a>. Its age was estimated by <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> shells from outcropping <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">carbonate reefs</a> and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later transformed into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Paleo Lake Tauca</a> having a maximal depth of 140 meters (460 ft), and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poop%C3%B3" title="Lake Poopó">Poopó</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lago_Uru_Uru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Uru Uru">Uru Uru</a>, and two major salt deserts, <a href="/wiki/Lago_Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Coipasa">Salar de Coipasa</a> and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km<sup>2</sup>, which is roughly 100 times the size of the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats" title="Bonneville Salt Flats">Bonneville Salt Flats</a> in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a> in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake Minchin. They include unusual and fragile coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at 21 °C (70 °F) in November to January, and a low of 13 °C (55 °F) in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between −9 and 5 °C (16 and 41 °F). The relative humidity is rather low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at 1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 in) per month between April and November, but it may increase up to 80 mm (3.1 in) in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="During the rainy season (December to April) the flat turns into a shallow lake and becomes the world's largest natural mirror, featuring a stunning reflection to the sky."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG/1100px-Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG" decoding="async" width="1100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG/1650px-Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG/2200px-Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8253" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gringo_Trail_banner_Salar_de_Uyuni.JPG" title="File:Gringo Trail banner Salar de Uyuni.JPG"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">During the rainy season (December to April) the flat turns into a shallow lake and becomes the world's largest natural mirror, featuring a stunning reflection to the sky.</div></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_influence">Economic influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG/220px-Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG/330px-Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG/440px-Salt_production_Uyuni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>Salt production at the Salar</figcaption></figure>
<p>Located in the <a href="/wiki/Lithium_Triangle" title="Lithium Triangle">Lithium Triangle</a>, the Salar contains a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (all in the chloride forms of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">KCl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">LiCl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">MgCl<sub>2</sub></a>, respectively), as well as <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, with an estimated 23 mln. <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>, Bolivia holds about 22% of the world's known lithium resources (105 mln. tons); most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The brine distribution has been monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat</a> satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an American-based international corporation has invested $137 million to developing lithium extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_electric_car_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_electric_car-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lithium in the salt flats contains more impurities, and the wet climate and high altitude make it harder to process.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_electric_car_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_electric_car-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACISA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACISA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of salt, of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to <a href="/wiki/Colchani,_Potos%C3%AD" title="Colchani, Potosí">Colchani's</a> cooperative. Because of its ___location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except when seasonally covered with water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p><i>Salar</i> means <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flat</a> in Spanish. <i>Uyuni</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara language</a> and means a <a href="/wiki/Pen_(enclosure)" title="Pen (enclosure)">pen (enclosure)</a>; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus <i>Salar de Uyuni</i> can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Aymara legend tells that the mountains <a href="/wiki/Tunupa" title="Tunupa">Tunupa</a>, Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A part of Incahuasi Island inside the Salar, featuring giant cacti"><img alt="A part of Incahuasi Island inside the Salar, featuring giant cacti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg/267px-FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg/401px-FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg/535px-FishIslandSalarUyuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A part of <a href="/wiki/Isla_Incahuasi" title="Isla Incahuasi">Incahuasi Island</a> inside the Salar, featuring giant <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Flamingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James's flamingo"><img alt="James's flamingo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/James_Flamingo.jpg/240px-James_Flamingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/James_Flamingo.jpg/360px-James_Flamingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/James_Flamingo.jpg/480px-James_Flamingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James%27s_flamingo" title="James's flamingo">James's flamingo</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Culpeo_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Culpeo"><img alt="Culpeo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Culpeo_MC.jpg/270px-Culpeo_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Culpeo_MC.jpg/405px-Culpeo_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Culpeo_MC.jpg/540px-Culpeo_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bolivian vizcacha"><img alt="Bolivian vizcacha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg/271px-Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg/406px-Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg/542px-Bolivian_vizcacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="1736" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Vizcacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizcacha">vizcacha</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andean goose"><img alt="Andean goose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg/152px-Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg/228px-Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg/304px-Chloephaga_melanoptera1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andean_goose" title="Andean goose">Andean goose</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_Hillstar_(Oreotrochilus_estella)_perched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andean hillstar"><img alt="Andean hillstar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg/240px-Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg/360px-Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg/480px-Andean_Hillstar_%28Oreotrochilus_estella%29_perched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andean_hillstar" title="Andean hillstar">Andean hillstar</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andean flamingos in the Laguna Colorada, south of the Salar"><img alt="Andean flamingos in the Laguna Colorada, south of the Salar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/270px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/405px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/540px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andean_flamingo" title="Andean flamingo">Andean flamingos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>, south of the Salar</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vicuñas near the Salar De Uyuni 2017"><img alt="Vicuñas near the Salar De Uyuni 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg/270px-VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg/405px-VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg/540px-VicunaSalarDeUyuni_20170503.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicuñas">Vicuñas</a> near the Salar De Uyuni 2017</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (<i><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis" title="Echinopsis">Echinopsis</a> atacamensis pasacana</i>, <i>Echinopsis tarijensis</i>, etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about 12 m (39 ft). Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure <a href="/wiki/Catarrh" title="Catarrh">catarrh</a>, and Thola (<i><a href="/wiki/Baccharis" title="Baccharis">Baccharis</a> dracunculifolia</i>), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> plants and <a href="/wiki/Polylepis_rugulosa" title="Polylepis rugulosa">queñua</a> bushes.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingo</a> feeding on local <a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">brine shrimps</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_flamingo" title="Chilean flamingo">Chilean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_flamingo" title="Andean flamingo">Andean</a>, and rare <a href="/wiki/James%27s_flamingo" title="James's flamingo">James's flamingos</a>. About 80 other bird species are present, including the <a href="/wiki/Horned_coot" title="Horned coot">horned coot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_goose" title="Andean goose">Andean goose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andean_hillstar" title="Andean hillstar">Andean hillstar</a>. The Andean fox, or <a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">culpeo</a>, is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular <a href="/wiki/Isla_Incahuasi" title="Isla Incahuasi">Incahuasi Island</a>) host colonies of rabbit-like <a href="/wiki/Viscacha" title="Viscacha">viscachas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotels">Hotels</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hotels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal" title="Palacio de Sal">Palacio de Sal</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg/220px-SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg/330px-SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg/440px-SalarDeUyuniSaltProduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal" title="Palacio de Sal">salt hotels</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Salar de Uyuni is a popular tourist destination, and consequently a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal" title="Palacio de Sal">Palacio de Sal</a>, was erected in 1993–1995<sup id="cite_ref-lick2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lick1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the middle of the salt flat,<sup id="cite_ref-lick3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon became a popular tourist destination.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its ___location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-german_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Around 2007, a new hotel was built,<sup id="cite_ref-ng_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the name Palacio de Sal, in a new ___location
at the eastern edge of Salar de Uyuni, 25 km away from the town of <a href="/wiki/Uyuni" title="Uyuni">Uyuni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanitary system has been restructured to comply with the government regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-lick2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lick2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hotel has a dry sauna and a steam room, a saltwater pool and whirlpool baths.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_cemetery">Train cemetery</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Train cemetery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is 3 km (1.9 miles) outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to Pacific Ocean ports. The rail lines were built by British engineers arriving near the end of the 19th century and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril_de_Antofagasta_a_Bolivia" title="Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia">Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia</a>. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President <a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Arce" title="Aniceto Arce">Aniceto Arce</a>, who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-trav1_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cemetery of trains near the town of Uyuni"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg/1100px-Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg/1650px-Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg/2200px-Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6337" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Trains_1.jpg" title="File:Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Cimetière de Trains 1.jpg"> </a></div>Cemetery of trains near the town of <a href="/wiki/Uyuni" title="Uyuni">Uyuni</a></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents">Incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Incidents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>Multiple fatal incidents have occurred at the salt flat as a result of poorly maintained vehicles, untrained drivers, speeding, a disregard for the inhospitable conditions, and lack of regulation for tour companies. A total of 16 reported accidents have happened with 30+ deaths in total.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_calibration">Satellite calibration</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Satellite calibration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2019_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the low-rain period from April to November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly 1 millimetre or 0.039 inches per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the 10,582-square-kilometer (4,086 sq mi) area of Salar de Uyuni is less than 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity (<a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-refl_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gpsdaily_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsdaily-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below 2 centimeters (0.79 in).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>By using data from <a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">MISR</a> to perform passive optical <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of <a href="/wiki/ICESat" title="ICESat">ICESat</a>, it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between 20 and 30 centimeters (8 and 10 in) in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of 5 kilometres (3 mi) (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975 <a href="/wiki/LandSat" class="mw-redirect" title="LandSat">LandSat</a> images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is 1–3 kilometers (0.6–2 mi) wide and 20 to 50 centimetres (8 to 20 in) deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments. Just as the ocean surface rises over denser <a href="/wiki/Seamounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamounts">seamounts</a>, the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.<sup id="cite_ref-gpsdaily_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsdaily-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Salar."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg/2000px-Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg/3000px-Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg/4000px-Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8190" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Centre_de_Nulle_Part.jpg" title="File:Salar de Uyuni Décembre 2007 - Centre de Nulle Part.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Salar.</div></div></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salar de Uyuni 2013"><img alt="Salar de Uyuni 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg/270px-Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg/405px-Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg/540px-Salar_de_Uyuni_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Salar de Uyuni 2013</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piles of salt at the Salar"><img alt="Piles of salt at the Salar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/273px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/409px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/546px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Piles of salt at the Salar</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Llamas in the Salar"><img alt="Llamas in the Salar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg/240px-Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg/360px-Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg/480px-Salar_Uyuni_au02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Llamas in the Salar</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni,_bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni"><img alt="Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg/270px-Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg/405px-Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg/540px-Reflection_on_the_Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sky reflections at sunset"><img alt="Sky reflections at sunset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg/240px-Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg/360px-Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg/480px-Salar_de_Uyuni_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Sky reflections at sunset</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouki" title="Ouki">Ouki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puka_Mayu_(Potos%C3%AD)" title="Puka Mayu (Potosí)">Puka Mayu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054358/http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml">"Salar de Tunupa"</a>. <i>Iris en Tore op reis</i>. 29 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irisentoreopreis.nl/tunupa_map.shtml">the original</a> on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iris+en+Tore+op+reis&rft.atitle=Salar+de+Tunupa&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irisentoreopreis.nl%2Ftunupa_map.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NASA2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA2019_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144976/lithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni">"Lithium Harvesting at Salar de Uyuni"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 12 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Lithium+Harvesting+at+Salar+de+Uyuni&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F144976%2Flithium-harvesting-at-salar-de-uyuni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2015" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Andrea (2015). <i>Strange but True</i> (1st ed.). London: Penguin Random House. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8310-3074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8310-3074-3"><bdi>978-3-8310-3074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+but+True&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-8310-3074-3&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-90745/88?query=Salar%20de%20Uyuni&ct=">"Uyuni Salt Flat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uyuni+Salt+Flat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-90745%2F88%3Fquery%3DSalar%2520de%2520Uyuni%26ct%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nature2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand2007" class="citation news cs1">Hand, Eric (30 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html">"The salt flat with curious curves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+salt+flat+with+curious+curves&rft.date=2007-11-30&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F071130%2Ffull%2Fnews.2007.315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-geo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFricker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fricker, H. A. (2005). "Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>32</b> (21): L21S06. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3221S06F">2005GeoRL..3221S06F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023423">10.1029/2005GL023423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13173970">13173970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+ICESat+performance+at+the+salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=L21S06&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13173970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL023423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRL..3221S06F&rft.aulast=Fricker&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-refl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refl_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refl_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuderGhezziPalenqueTorrez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reuder, Joachim; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175025/http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf">"Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B</i>. <b>87</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPPB...87....1R">2007JPPB...87....1R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jphotobiol.2006.12.002">10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17227712">17227712</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfabolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/final-uyuni.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(free-download pdf)</span> on 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Photochemistry+and+Photobiology+B&rft.atitle=Investigations+on+the+effect+of+high+surface+albedo+on+erythemally+effective+UV+irradiance%3A+Results+of+a+campaign+at+the+Salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17227712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jphotobiol.2006.12.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JPPB...87....1R&rft.aulast=Reuder&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Ghezzi%2C+F.&rft.au=Palenque%2C+E.&rft.au=Torrez%2C+R.&rft.au=Andrade%2C+M.&rft.au=Zaratti%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfabolivia.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F12%2Ffinal-uyuni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsa2002" class="citation news cs1">Borsa, A. A; et al. (2002). "GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFMOS52A0193B">2002AGUFMOS52A0193B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GPS+Survey+of+the+salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia%2C+for+Satellite+Altimeter+Calibration&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002AGUFMOS52A0193B&rft.aulast=Borsa&rft.aufirst=A.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ieee-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamparelliPonzoniZulloQueiroz_Pellegrino2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lamparelli, R. A. C.; et al. (2003). "Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.</a></i> <b>41</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1461–</span>1468. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITGRS..41.1461C">2003ITGRS..41.1461C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTGRS.2003.810713">10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18716304">18716304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Trans.+Geosci.+Remote+Sens.&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+Salar+de+Uyuni+for+in-orbit+satellite+calibration&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1461-%3C%2Fspan%3E1468&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18716304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTGRS.2003.810713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ITGRS..41.1461C&rft.aulast=Lamparelli&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+C.&rft.au=Ponzoni%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Zullo%2C+J.&rft.au=Queiroz+Pellegrino%2C+G.&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/kingdoms-sky/episodes/andes/">"Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. 25 July 2018. <q>Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is perfectly flat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Sky%3A+Salt+Flat+Landscape+Creates+the+World%27s+Largest+Mirror&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkingdoms-sky%2Fepisodes%2Fandes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salardeuyuni.com/salar-de-uyuni-star-wars/">"Crait: The Salar de Uyuni Star Wars Planet"</a>. <i>salardeuyuni</i>. salardeuyuni.com. 24 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salardeuyuni&rft.atitle=Crait%3A+The+Salar+de+Uyuni+Star+Wars+Planet&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salardeuyuni.com%2Fsalar-de-uyuni-star-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/star-wars-the-last-jedi-filming-locations">"Star Wars: The Last Jedi filming locations around the world"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Star+Wars%3A+The+Last+Jedi+filming+locations+around+the+world&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Farticles%2Fstar-wars-the-last-jedi-filming-locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nasa-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054555/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120">"Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17120">the original</a> on 1 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2FNewImages%2Fimages.php3%3Fimg_id%3D17120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman,_Isaiah1914" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Isaiah (1914). "Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes". <i>Bulletin of the American Geographical Society</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F201641">10.2307/201641</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/201641">201641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Results+of+an+Expedition+to+the+Central+Andes&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F201641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F201641%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Isaiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nature-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerRigsbySeltzerFritz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, P. A.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=geosciencefacpub">"Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>409</b> (6821): <span class="nowrap">698–</span>701. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..698B">2001Natur.409..698B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35055524">10.1038/35055524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11217855">11217855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4394703">4394703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Tropical+climate+changes+at+millennial+and+orbital+timescales+on+the+Bolivian+Altiplano&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6821&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E698-%3C%2Fspan%3E701&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35055524&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4394703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11217855&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409..698B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.au=Rigsby%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Seltzer%2C+G.+O.&rft.au=Fritz%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+T.+K.&rft.au=Bacher%2C+N.+P.&rft.au=Veliz%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1046%26context%3Dgeosciencefacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-trav1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav1_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, David (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBYHYwdhuAC&pg=PA174"><i>Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 170, <span class="nowrap">174–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-165-4"><bdi>978-1-84162-165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=170%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-165-4&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDBYHYwdhuAC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf">"Lithium Statistics and Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium+Statistics+and+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2024%2Fmcs2024-lithium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/lithium-statistics-and-information">other Lithium statistics from USGS</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Board_on_Science_and_Technology_for_International_Development,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Office_of_International_Affairs1988" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development</i></a>. National Academies. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309320023" title="Special:BookSources/9780309320023"><bdi>9780309320023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+technology+for+development%3A+prospects+entering+the+twenty-first+century+%3A+a+symposium+in+commemoration+of+the+twenty-fifth+anniversary+of+the+U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780309320023&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Board+on+Science+and+Technology+for+International+Development%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Office+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0QrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_electric_car-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_electric_car_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_electric_car_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7707847.stm">"Bolivia holds key to electric car future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC</a></i>. 9 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Bolivia+holds+key+to+electric+car+future&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7707847.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisler2019" class="citation web cs1">Eisler, Matthew (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/bolivian-lithium-why-you-should-not-expect-any-white-gold-rush-in-the-wake-of-morales-overthrow-127139">"Bolivian lithium: why you should not expect any 'white gold rush' in the wake of Morales overthrow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Bolivian+lithium%3A+why+you+should+not+expect+any+%27white+gold+rush%27+in+the+wake+of+Morales+overthrow&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fbolivian-lithium-why-you-should-not-expect-any-white-gold-rush-in-the-wake-of-morales-overthrow-127139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-03/bolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream">"Bolivia's Almost Impossible Lithium Dream"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a></i>. 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Bolivia%27s+Almost+Impossible+Lithium+Dream&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2018-12-03%2Fbolivia-s-almost-impossible-lithium-dream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ACISA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACISA_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acisa.de/lithium/">"Lithium – ACI Systems Alemania GmbH"</a>. August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium+%E2%80%93+ACI+Systems+Alemania+GmbH&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acisa.de%2Flithium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lick2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lick2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lick2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515053921/http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth">"Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth"</a>. <i>hotelchatter.com</i>. 27 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotelchatter.com/story/2009/1/26/231522/848/hotels/Bolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth">the original</a> on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hotelchatter.com&rft.atitle=Bolivian+Hotel+Truly+Is+the+Salt+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hotelchatter.com%2Fstory%2F2009%2F1%2F26%2F231522%2F848%2Fhotels%2FBolivian_Hotel_Truly_Is_the_Salt_of_the_Earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lick1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lick1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140538/http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/">"Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel"</a>. <i>Tripcrazed.com</i>. 19 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripcrazed.com/702316570/dont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel/">the original</a> on 23 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tripcrazed.com&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Lick+the+Walls+of+the+Salt+Hotel&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripcrazed.com%2F702316570%2Fdont-lick-the-walls-of-the-salt-hotel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lick3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lick3_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarrren1999" class="citation web cs1">McFarrren, Peter (4 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/030499/salt04.html">"Salt hotel has a rule: No licking"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salt+hotel+has+a+rule%3A+No+licking&rft.pub=The+Associated+Press&rft.date=1999-03-04&rft.aulast=McFarrren&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fgetaways%2F030499%2Fsalt04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-book1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxKunstaetter,_RobertKunstaetter,_DaisyGroesbeck,_Geoffrey2007" class="citation book cs1">Box, Ben; Kunstaetter, Robert; Kunstaetter, Daisy; Groesbeck, Geoffrey (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb"><i>Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador</i></a></span>. Footprint Travel Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruboliviaecuad00benb/page/378">378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-06-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-06-3"><bdi>978-1-906098-06-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru%2C+Bolivia+%26+Ecuador&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-906098-06-3&rft.aulast=Box&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Kunstaetter%2C+Robert&rft.au=Kunstaetter%2C+Daisy&rft.au=Groesbeck%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperuboliviaecuad00benb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ng-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ng_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070728022241/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html">"Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. 25 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070725-salt-hotel.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+in+the+News%3A+New+Salt+Hotel+Built+in+Bolivia&rft.pub=The+National+Geographic&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F07%2F070725-salt-hotel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdès2004" class="citation book cs1">Adès, Harry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peBeMlMgcD4C&pg=PA259"><i>The Rough Guide to South America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-907-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-907-6"><bdi>1-85828-907-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+South+America&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85828-907-6&rft.aulast=Ad%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeBeMlMgcD4C%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-german-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-german_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206050825/http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html">"Palacio del Sal"</a>. <i>hbernreuther.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbernreuther.de/Brasilien_Bolivien/Palacio_del_Sal/palacio_del_sal.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hbernreuther.de&rft.atitle=Palacio+del+Sal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbernreuther.de%2FBrasilien_Bolivien%2FPalacio_del_Sal%2Fpalacio_del_sal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233554/http://www.palaciodesal.com/">"Homepage of Palacio de Sal"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaciodesal.com/">the original</a> on 26 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+of+Palacio+de+Sal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaciodesal.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uyuniguide.com/accidents-in-uyuni/">"Updated List of Accidents on Salar de Uyuni Tours -"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updated+List+of+Accidents+on+Salar+de+Uyuni+Tours+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uyuniguide.com%2Faccidents-in-uyuni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsaBillsMinster2008" class="citation journal cs1">Borsa, A. A.; Bills, B. G.; Minster, J. B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt0fr1z3fs/qt0fr1z3fs.pdf?t=lnr314">"Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</i>. <b>113</b> (B10). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRB..11310408B">2008JGRB..11310408B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007jb005445">10.1029/2007jb005445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140609728">140609728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+topography+of+the+salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia%2C+as+an+equipotential+surface+of+Earth%27s+gravity+field&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=B10&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140609728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007jb005445&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRB..11310408B&rft.aulast=Borsa&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Bills%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=Minster%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt0fr1z3fs%2Fqt0fr1z3fs.pdf%3Ft%3Dlnr314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gpsdaily-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gpsdaily_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gpsdaily_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/The_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html">"The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat"</a>. GPS Daily. 29 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Hills+And+Valleys+Of+Earth%27s+Largest+Salt+Flat&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsdaily.com%2Freports%2FThe_Hills_And_Valleys_Of_Earth_Largest_Salt_Flat_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpreen2008" class="citation book cs1">Spreen, Gunnar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeLCxydgA8UC&pg=PA22"><i>Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-13064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-13064-1"><bdi>978-3-640-13064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite-based+Estimates+of+Sea+Ice+Volume+Flux%3A+Applications+to+the+Fram+Strait+Region&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-640-13064-1&rft.aulast=Spreen&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeLCxydgA8UC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillsBorsaComstock2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bills, Bruce G.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259333">"MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing_of_Environment" title="Remote Sensing of Environment">Remote Sensing of Environment</a></i>. <b>107</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">240–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007RSEnv.107..240B">2007RSEnv.107..240B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2006.11.006">10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Remote+Sensing+of+Environment&rft.atitle=MISR-based+passive+optical+bathymetry+from+orbit+with+few-cm+level+of+accuracy+on+the+Salar+de+Uyuni%2C+Bolivia&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rse.2006.11.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007RSEnv.107..240B&rft.aulast=Bills&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.au=Borsa%2C+A.&rft.au=Comstock%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+de+Uyuni" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Uyuni&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salar_de_Uyuni" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni#Q76122" class="extiw" title="voy:Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salardeuyuni.com/">Salar de Uyuni official website</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lakes_on_the_Altiplano336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Template:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Template talk:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lakes_on_the_Altiplano336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lakes on the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present-day lakes and <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poop%C3%B3" title="Lake Poopó">Lake Poopó</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salar de Uyuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salar de Coipasa">Salar de Coipasa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lake expansions of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Lake Ballivián">Lake Ballivián</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabana_(ancient_lake)" title="Cabana (ancient lake)">Cabana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mataro_(ancient_lake)" title="Mataro (ancient lake)">Mataro</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Lake Tauca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sajsi" title="Sajsi">Sajsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_(ancient_lake)" title="Salinas (ancient lake)">Salinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Huasi_(ancient_lake)" title="Inca Huasi (ancient lake)">Inca Huasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ouki" title="Ouki">Ouki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Escara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Escara">Lake Escara</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other paleolakes and lake expansions in the region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancosa_paleolake" title="Cancosa paleolake">Cancosa paleolake</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76122#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4583365-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
