Utente:BlackPanther2013/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni
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Riga 136:
Le zampe anteriori e posteriori della giraffa hanno all'incirca la stessa lunghezza. Il [[Radio (anatomia)|radio]] e l'[[ulna]] delle zampe anteriori sono articolate dal [[carpo]], che, nonostante sia strutturalmente equivalente al polso umano, svolge in tutto e per tutto il ruolo di un ginocchio<ref>{{cita libro|autore=D. MacClintock and U. Mochi|anno=1973|titolo=A natural history of giraffes|editore=Scribner|pagina=30|isbn=0-684-13239-7}}</ref>. Sembra che un [[Legamento|legamento sospensorio]] permetta alle esili zampe di sorreggere il gran peso dell'animale<ref>{{cita web|autore=C. Wood|data=7 marzo 2014|titolo=Groovy giraffes…distinct bone structures keep these animals upright|editore=Society for Experimental Biology|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/sfeb-ggd070314.php|accesso=7 maggio 2014}}</ref>. I piedi della giraffa raggiungono un diametro di 30 cm, e lo [[zoccolo]] è alto 15 cm nei maschi e 10 cm nelle femmine<ref name=Williams/>. Il retro di ogni zoccolo è più basso e il [[wikt:nodello|nodello]] è situato vicino al terreno, consentendo al piede di fornire un ulteriore sostegno al peso dell'animale<ref name="Dagg1971"/>. Le giraffe sono prive di cuscinetti e ghiandole interdigitali. Il bacino della giraffa, seppur relativamente stretto, ha un [[Osso iliaco#Ilio|ilio]] che si allarga alle estremità superiori<ref name="Dagg1971"/>.
La giraffa ha
A giraffe rests by lying with its body on top of its folded legs.<ref name=Kingdon1988>{{Cite book|author=Kingdon, J. |year=1988|title=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals|pages=313–37|publisher=University Of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-43722-1}}</ref>{{rp|329}} To lie down, the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the rest of its body. To get back up, it first gets on its knees and spreads its hind legs to raise its hindquarters. It then straightens its front legs. With each step, the animal swings its head.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|31}} In captivity, the giraffe sleeps intermittently around 4.6 hours per day, mostly at night.<ref name=sleep/> It usually sleeps lying down, however, standing sleeps have been recorded, particularly in older individuals. Intermittent short "deep sleep" phases while lying are characterised by the giraffe bending its neck backwards and resting its head on the hip or thigh, a position believed to indicate [[paradoxical sleep]].<ref name=sleep>{{cite journal|last=Tobler|first=I.|last2=Schwierin|first2=B.|title=Behavioural sleep in the giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') in a zoological garden|year=1996|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=5|issue=1|pages=21–32|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x|pmid=8795798}}</ref> If the giraffe wants to bend down to drink, it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees.<ref name=estes/> Giraffes would probably not be competent swimmers as their long legs would be highly cumbersome in the water,<ref name = "swim">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007 | author = Henderson, D. M.; Naish, D. | year = 2010 | title = Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis | url = | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 265 | issue = 2| pages = 151–59 | pmid = 20385144 }}</ref> although they could possibly float.<ref name="Naish">{{cite journal| last = Naish | first = D. | author-link = Darren Naish |date= January 2011 | title = Will it Float? | periodical = [[Scientific American]] | issn = 0036-8733 | volume = 304 | issue = 1 | page = 22| url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=will-it-float | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22}}</ref> When swimming, the thorax would be weighed down by the front legs, making it difficult for the animal to move its neck and legs in harmony<ref name = "swim"/><ref name="Naish"/> or keep its head above the surface.<ref name = "swim"/>
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