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{{Wikipedia how-to|H:SCORE}}
{{redirect|WP:SCORE|information about how to format the score results of competitions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Numbers as figures or words}}
The {{tag|score}} element in wikitext displays a musical score out of GNU [[LilyPond]] (the default) or [[ABC notation|ABC]] markup syntax
For
== Element attributes ==
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! Attribute || Description
|-
| <code>lang="ABC"</code> || use [[ABC notation]] (see [https://abcnotation.com/wiki/abc:standard:v2.1 standard documentation]; many parts newer than 1.6 are unsupported, so preview often)
|-
| <code>lang="lilypond"</code> || use LilyPond notation (default, see [[#Syntax]])
|-
| <code>sound="1"</code> || add an audio player beneath the score image to play an automatically-generated [[Ogg Vorbis]] audio file
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== Examples ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<score>
{c' d' e' f' g' fis' es' cis' c'2}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
gives
<score>
{c' d' e' f' g' fis' es' cis' c'2}
</score>
Equivalent in ABC notation:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<score lang="ABC">
L:1/4
CDEF | G^F_E^C | C2
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score sound="1">
\transpose c g \relative c' { % display G for C, etc. and one octave higher
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c4 e8 e g4 g % (text after the % is just a comment)
<c es g>2 <c es g> % angle brackets create chords
es4 d( c b) % parentheses create slurs
a4. r8 r8 a8 ~ a4 % r creates rests; ~ creates ties
e-- e-> e-. g\fermata % accents and other signs
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% This is just a comment line.
</score>
Equivalent in ABC (pre-transposed due to differing semantics):
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score lang="ABC">
K: Gm
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
G =B/2B/2 dd | % a comment
[gbd']2 [gbd']2 | % square brackets create chords (not supported by abc2ly)
b (ag^e) | % parentheses create slurs
=e3/2 z/2 z/2 c/2-c % z creates rests; – creates ties
!tenuto!=B LB .B HB % see standard section "Decorations" (not supported by abc2ly)
|]
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
== Syntax ==
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=== Pitch ===
To display a note, type the letter (<code>a b c</code> etc.) Separate each letter with a space. The bare note name refers to the natural note irrespective of key signature (see "setting the key" below).
These letters are as in English and Dutch, not as in German and many other continental languages (FYI: continental b means b flat and continental h means b – if you find that confusing, forget it).
Sharps and flats are formed by using the Dutch and German suffixes "is" and "es" respectively. To avoid "ees", the note E{{Music|flat}} is simply written as <code>es</code>. The simple [[Accidental (music)|accidental]]s are thus <code>ais bis cis dis eis fis gis</code> for the sharps and <code>aes bes ces des es fes ges</code> for the flats. English language editors may prefer to include the line <code>\language "english"</code> in the script, after which <code>s</code> for sharp and <code>f</code> for flat can be used: <code>as bs cs ds es fs gs</code> and <code>af bf cf df ef ff gf</code>. Double sharps are formed with the suffix <code>isis</code> and double flats with <code>eses</code>, or in English notation with <code>ss</code> or <code>x</code> and <code>ff</code>. Semi-sharps, -flats and sesqui-sharps and -flats are also supported in both English and German. See: [[#Accidentals]].
By default, each note name refers to the note below middle C. For example, '''<code>
Use the apostrophe (<code>'</code>) to go up an octave and a comma (<code>,</code>) to go an octave down. Middle C would be '''<code>c'</code>''' <score>\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }{ c'}</score>.
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
{
a,, c, e, a, c e a c' % Middle C
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</syntaxhighlight>
<score lang="lilypond"
{
a,, c, e, a, c e a c' %Middle C
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A much easier way is to use relative coding. If you include <code>\relative</code> before the braces, each note will refer to the note closest to the previous one, and the first one will refer to the note closest to the one mentioned after the <code>\relative</code> tag. ("Closest" ignores sharps and flats.) Use <code>'</code> to go up an extra octave and <code>,</code> to go down.
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c' {
e f <c e g>2
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</syntaxhighlight>
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c' {
e f <c e g>2
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By default there is no key signature (no sharps or flats). You can indicate the key with <code>\key g \major</code>, <code>\key c \minor</code>, or even a [[mode (music)|mode]] such as <code>\key c \[[Dorian mode|dorian]]</code> or <code>\key c \[[Mixolydian mode|mixolydian]]</code>. The key can be changed at any point.
Keep in mind that even with a key signature, ''you must still include sharps (-is) and flats (-es) for each individual note name''. If you omit one, it will be considered a natural. For example, this is the key of
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c' {
\key
\time 6/8
% Notes with -
% Notes without accidentals (naturals)
b c d e
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c' {
\key
\time 6/8
% Notes with -es suffixes indicating flats
des8 es ges aes bes ces
% Notes without accidentals (naturals)
b c d e
}
</score>
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'''German:'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
\
\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
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'''English:'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
\
\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
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'''Both result in:'''
<score lang="lilypond"
\
\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
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</score>
====
If, for some reason, a piece needs to be transposed to a different key, it is possible to do so without having to transcribe it manually. This also affects the key signature. The syntax for this is:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
\transpose frompitch topitch musicexpr
</syntaxhighlight>
For example:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c' {
\key c \major \time 4/4
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</syntaxhighlight>
Results in:
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c' {
\key c \major \time 4/4
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}
}
</score>
MIDI output can be transpositioned with the <code>\transposition <pitch></code> command. The French horn (in C) motif from the opening of Schubert's [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|last symphony]], transpositioned one octave down:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
\set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
\set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0
\tempo "Andante"
\tempo 4 = 80
\transposition c
\key c \major
\time 2/2
c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score sound="1">
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
\set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
\set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0
\tempo "Andante"
\tempo 4 = 80
\transposition c
\key c \major
\time 2/2
c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1
}
</score>
The <code>\transposition</code> command is mainly intended for scores that involve transposing instruments not set in concert pitch.
<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score sound="1">
\new GrandStaff <<
\new Staff = "violin" \with {
instrumentName = "Vln"
midiInstrument = "violin"
}
\relative c'' {
% not strictly necessary, but a good reminder
\transposition c'
\key c \major
g4( c8) r c r c4
}
\new Staff = "clarinet" \with {
instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) }
midiInstrument = "clarinet"
}
\relative c'' {
\transposition bes
\key d \major
a4( d8) r d r d4
}
>>
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score sound="1">
\new GrandStaff <<
\new Staff = "violin" \with {
instrumentName = "Vln"
midiInstrument = "violin"
}
\relative c'' {
% not strictly necessary, but a good reminder
\transposition c'
\key c \major
g4( c8) r c r c4
}
\new Staff = "clarinet" \with {
instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) }
midiInstrument = "clarinet"
}
\relative c'' {
\transposition bes
\key d \major
a4( d8) r d r d4
}
>>
</score>
=== Rhythm ===
Note duration is indicated by a number following the pitch with no space between (<code>a4 b8</code>). Use the number 1 for a whole note (
Rests are indicated by using the letter <code>r</code> instead of a pitch. Dotted notes are formed simply by following the duration number with a period (<code>c4.</code>).
[[Tuplet]]s are indicated using the <code>\times</code> command, for example <code>\times 2/3 {c8 c c}</code> gives a triplet of three eight-notes (quavers).
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c''{b1 b2 b4 b8 c r4 b4. r8 \times 2/3 {a8 g f}}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
<score lang="lilypond"
\relative c''{b1 b2 b4 b8 c r4 b4. r8 \times 2/3 {a8 g f}}
</score>
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For some music examples, removing the time signature may be desirable; the code <code>\remove "Time_signature_engraver"</code> can be used in that case:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score>
{
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The software occasionally combines beamed notes in places that are not desired or look awkward. To override the automatic beams, use <code>\noBeam</code> between the notes that would otherwise be beamed: <code>g a b \noBeam g</code>. To turn off beaming for many notes, use <code>\autoBeamOff</code> and then <code>\autoBeamOn</code>.
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score>
\relative c'' {
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You can add lyrics to the score using <code>\addlyrics</code>. See the [http://www.lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/learning/aligning-lyrics-to-a-melody LilyPond Manual] for more information about how to align the lyrics to the score.
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score raw="1" lang="lilypond">
\header {
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Chord names can be added as a separate ChordNames staff as follows:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
<<
\new ChordNames \chordmode {
\set chordChanges = ##t % Only display chord when there is a change (e.g., don't repeat the Am here)
a4:m a4:m |% measure 1
g2 |% measure 2
}
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</syntaxhighlight>
<score lang="lilypond"
<<
\new ChordNames \chordmode {
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>>
</score>
The letter '''<code>s</code>''' can be used in the ChordNames staff in place of '''<code>r</code>''' (the code for a rest) when there is no chord.
An '''<code>r</code>''' will result in an explicit "No Chord" notation <score><<\new ChordNames \chordmode {r2} \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \relative c''{c}>></score>
=== Adding whitespace ===
The letter '''<code>s</code>''' followed by a note duration adds an appropriate amount of whitespace:
{|
! With <code>s4</code> and <code>s1</code> || rowspan="2"| || Without whitespace
|-
!<score>
\new GrandStaff <<
\time 5/4
\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 } { s4 c'1 }
\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 \clef bass } { s4 s1 } >>
</score>
!<score>
\new GrandStaff <<
\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 } { c'1 }
\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 \clef bass } { } >>
</score>
|-
! colspan="3"|Middle C centrally placed on a grand staff
|}
=== Accents and other symbols ===
There are a number of symbols to attach to notes, such as <code>
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score>
\relative c' {
e-> f-- g-+ a-.
b
}
</score>
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\relative c' {
e-> f-- g-+ a-.
b
}
</score>
===Color===
<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score lang="lilypond"
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble
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</syntaxhighlight>
produces
<score lang="lilypond"
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble
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===MIDI instruments===
[[MIDI]] instrument sounds can be assigned with <code>\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"''instrument''"</code> as documented in [http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation/midi-instruments section A6] of LilyPond's ''Notation Reference''. Trial and error may be necessary: some instruments may not work unless the # is omitted, and some may not work with or without the #.
*The sound of each midi-instrument supported by LilyPond can be heard at [[v:Music/Software/Lilypond/MIDI]]
{{markupv|title=From ''[[The Rite of Spring]]''
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score sound="1">
\relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bassoon" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Lento" 4 = 50 \stemDown c4\fermata(_"solo ad lib." \grace { b16[( c] } b g e b' \times 2/3 { a8)\fermata } }
Line 499 ⟶ 617:
}}
{{markupv
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score sound="1">
{ \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \tempo 8 = 126 \time 3/16 r16 <d c a fis d>\f-! r16\fermata | \time 2/16 r <d c a fis d>-! \time 3/16 r <d c a fis d>8-! | r16 <d c a fis d>8-! | \time 2/8 <d c a fis>16-! <e c bes g>->-![ <cis b aes f>-! <c a fis ees>-!] } \new Staff \relative c { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef bass \time 3/16 d,16-! <bes'' ees,>-! r\fermata | \time 2/16 <d,, d,>-! <bes'' ees,>-! | \time 3/16 d16-! <ees cis>8-! | r16 <ees cis>8-! | \time 2/8 d16\sf-! <ees cis>-!->[ <d c>-! <d c>-!] } >> }
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
|renders= {{:The Rite of Spring|sacrificialdancescore}}
}}
=== Repeated sections and MIDI ===
To indicate a repeated section, prefix it with <code>\repeat volta 2</code>. The MIDI and audio will only play once unless you add <code>\unfoldRepeats</code>, which will also "unfold" the score. To avoid this you must duplicate the score, once for layout and once for MIDI, for example:
{{markupv
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="lilypond">
<score raw="1" sound="1">
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
\relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
\layout { }
}
\score { % "unfold" this score copy so MIDI plays the repeated section twice
\unfoldRepeats {
\relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
}
\midi { }
}
</score>
</syntaxhighlight>
|renders=<score raw="1" sound="1">
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
\relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
\layout { }
}
\score { % "unfold" this score copy so MIDI plays the repeated section twice
\unfoldRepeats {
\relative c' \repeat volta 2 {c d e f}
}
\midi { }
}
</score>
}}
Line 510 ⟶ 661:
Metronome marks, as shown above, may be hidden with <code>\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t</code>.
{{markupv|title=From ''[[St Matthew Passion]]''
|markup=<syntaxhighlight lang="
<score sound="1">
{ \new ChoirStaff <<
Line 530 ⟶ 681:
}}
===
Individual staff sizes can be changed with <code>\with{ \magnifyStaff #nn } </code>. Using <code>\with{ \magnifyStaff #2/3 } </code> after each instance of <code>\new Staff</code>, the example above renders as:
<score sound="1">
{\new ChoirStaff <<
\new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #2/3 } <<
\new Voice \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 8 = 120 \stemUp \clef treble \key fis \minor \time 3/8 s4. | <gis' dis>8^.^( <gis dis>^. <gis dis>^.) | s4. | <fis cis>8^.^( <fis cis>^. <fis cis>^.) | s4. | fis16^( eis dis cis) <b' gis>8^. | <a fis>^. r r | s4 }
\new Voice \relative c'' { \stemDown cis8[ d] cis | bis4. | b!32_([ cis d16 cis8)] b | ais4. | b8 a![_( gis)] | a fis[_( eis)] | fis \grace { e(} d4) | cis } \addlyrics { Buß - und Reu,– Buß4 und8 Reu– knirscht das Sün- den- herz ent- zwei }
\new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #2/3 } \relative c { \clef bass \key fis \minor \time 3/8 fis4.~_"Bar 13" | fis8 gis16( fis eis dis) | eis4. | e!8 fis16( e d cis) | d8( cis b) | cis4.~ | cis8 b16( a gis fis) | eis ^"173 bars"}
>> >> }
</score>
For more intricate details, see [http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation/setting-the-staff-size "Setting the staff size"] in the LilyPond manual.
===Overall size===
A simpler method to change the overall size of a score is to use the [[CSS]] property <code>zoom</code>. Using <code><nowiki><div style="zoom: 70%;"></nowiki></code>, the above example renders as:
<div style="zoom: 70%;"><score sound>
{ \new ChoirStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 8 = 120 \stemUp \clef treble \key fis \minor \time 3/8 s4. | <gis' dis>8^.^( <gis dis>^. <gis dis>^.) | s4. | <fis cis>8^.^( <fis cis>^. <fis cis>^.) | s4. | fis16^( eis dis cis) <b' gis>8^. | <a fis>^. r r | s4 }
\new Voice \relative c'' { \stemDown cis8[ d] cis | bis4. | b!32_([ cis d16 cis8)] b | ais4. | b8 a![_( gis)] | a fis[_( eis)] | fis \grace { e(} d4) | cis } \addlyrics { Buß - und Reu,– Buß4 und8 Reu– knirscht das Sün- den- herz ent- zwei }
\new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key fis \minor \time 3/8 fis4.~_"Bar 13" | fis8 gis16( fis eis dis) | eis4. | e!8 fis16( e d cis) | d8( cis b) | cis4.~ | cis8 b16( a gis fis) | eis ^"173 bars"}
>> >> }
</score></div>
==Image frame==
Line 557 ⟶ 718:
For example:
:<syntaxhighlight lang="
|content = <score>
\relative c' {
Line 571 ⟶ 732:
{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
Line 581 ⟶ 742:
<score>
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
Line 591 ⟶ 752:
<score>
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
Line 599 ⟶ 760:
{{tl|Image frame}} may also be used to group score images together. The text below creates the group of images to the right:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
Line 612 ⟶ 773:
<score>
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
Line 622 ⟶ 783:
<score>
{
\
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
Line 631 ⟶ 792:
== See also ==
{{
* [[Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry]]
* [[Special:PagesWithProp/score]], pages where {{Tag|score}} is used, or [[:Category:Pages using the Score extension]]
* Pages with errors are shown in [[:Category:Pages with score rendering errors]]
* For some of the history of attempts to add LilyPond support, see [[Wikipedia:GNU LilyPond support/historical proposal]]
* [[Help:Music]]
* Template {{tl|Music}} that displays a number of music symbols, mainly intended for inline use.
* [[s:de:Benutzer:Sinuhe20/Spielwiese|Sinuhe20/Spielwiese]] presents dozens of helpful examples, even for those who cannot read the German headings.
* A collection demonstrating some advanced features of LilyPond are at [[User:Michael Bednarek/LilyPond]].
* The German Tutorial [[Wikiversity:de:Kurs:Lilypond für Wikis]] waiting to be translated into English.
**[https://de-m-wikiversity-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurs:Lilypond_f%C3%BCr_Wikis?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=de&_x_tr_pto=wapp Translated by Google]
== External links ==
* [http://www.lilypond.org/manuals.html LilyPond notation documentation]
* [https://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation-big-page.html Complete LilyPond v2.22.0 manual] – [https://lilypond.org/doc/v2.22/Documentation/notation.pdf (in PDF)].
* [https://lilypond.org/snippets.html LilyPond code snippets]
== References ==
| |||