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{{Short description|Person who writes computer software}}
{{About|people who write computer software}}
{{Redirect|Coder}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=January 2022}}
{{cite check|date=September 2020}}
{{llm|date=July 2025}}
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plus broader responsibilities of [[software engineering]] including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the [[Software development process|software development lifecycle]] (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading a team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies.
Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, [[computer engineering]], or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called ''engineer''.<ref name="UA210729">{{cite web|url=https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference|title=Programmer vs. Software Engineer: What's the Difference?|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=11 December 2020|website=ce.arizona.edu|publisher=University of Arizona|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020138/https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Heinz210223">{{cite web|url=https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|title=Software Engineer Vs. Programmer: What's the Difference?|last=Heinz|first=Kate|date=23 February 2021|website=builtin.com|publisher=Built In|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020310/https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jacob200316">{{cite web|url=https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|title=6 Key Differences Between a Software Engineer and a Programmer|last=Jacob|first=Freya|date=16 March 2020|website=simpleprogrammer.com|publisher=The Simple Programmer|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020139/https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>▼
▲<ref name="UA210729">{{cite web|url=https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference|title=Programmer vs. Software Engineer: What's the Difference?|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=11 December 2020|website=ce.arizona.edu|publisher=University of Arizona|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020138/https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Heinz210223">{{cite web|url=https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|title=Software Engineer Vs. Programmer: What's the Difference?|last=Heinz|first=Kate|date=23 February 2021|website=builtin.com|publisher=Built In|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020310/https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jacob200316">{{cite web|url=https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|title=6 Key Differences Between a Software Engineer and a Programmer|last=Jacob|first=Freya|date=16 March 2020|website=simpleprogrammer.com|publisher=The Simple Programmer|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020139/https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Ada Lovelace portrait.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Ada Lovelace]] is considered by many to be the first computer programmer.<ref name="Fuegi-Francis-2003"/>]]
British [[count]]ess and mathematician [[Ada Lovelace]] is often considered to be the first computer programmer.
She authored an [[algorithm]], which was [[Note G|published]] in October 1842, for calculating [[Bernoulli number]]s on the [[Charles Babbage]] [[analytical engine]].<ref name="Fuegi-Francis-2003">{{Cite journal|last1=Fuegi|first1=J.|last2=Francis|first2=J.|date=October–December 2003|title=Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|volume=25|issue=4|pages=16–26|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 |bibcode=2003IAHC...25d..16F }}</ref>
Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action.
In 1941, German [[civil engineer]] [[Konrad Zuse]] was the first person to execute a program on a working, program-controlled, electronic computer.<ref name="Zuse-IEEE">{{cite web|url=https://www.computer.org/profiles/konrad-zuse|title=Konrad Zuse|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2 April 2018|website=computer.org|publisher=IEEE|access-date=4 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131516/https://www.computer.org/profiles/konrad-zuse|archive-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> From 1943 to 1945, per [[computer scientist]] Wolfgang K. Giloi and [[artificial intelligence|AI]] professor [[Raúl Rojas]] et al., Zuse created the first, [[high-level programming language]], [[Plankalkül]].<ref name="Giloi1997">{{cite journal|last1=Giloi|first1=Wolfgang K.|date=1997|title=Konrad Zuse's Plankalkül: The First High-Level 'non von Neumann' Programming Language|url=http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/85.586068|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|volume=19|issue=2|pages=17–24|doi=10.1109/85.586068|access-date=|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163140/https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/1997/02/man1997020017/13rRUIJcWqp|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Rojas2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250809396|title=Plankalkül: The First High-Level Programming Language and its Implementation|last1=Rojas|first1=Raúl|last2=Göktekin|first2=Cüneyt|last3=Friedland|first3=Gerald|last4=Krüger|first4=Mike|date=February 2000|website=ResearchGate |access-date=4 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612225444/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250809396_Plankalkul_The_First_High-Level_Programming_Language_and_its_Implementation|archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
Members of the 1945 [[ENIAC]] programming team of [[Kathleen Antonelli|Kay McNulty]], [[Jean Bartik|Betty Jennings]], [[Betty Holberton|Betty Snyder]], [[Marlyn Meltzer|Marlyn Wescoff]], [[Frances Spence|Fran Bilas]] and [[Ruth Teitelbaum|Ruth Lichterman]] have since been credited as the first professional computer programmers.<ref name="Memorials">{{cite web|url=http://eniacprogrammers.org/eniac-programmers-project/memorials/|title=Memorials|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=16 May 2014|website=ENIAC Programmers Project |publisher=First Byte Productions|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075605/http://eniacprogrammers.org/eniac-programmers-project/memorials/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABC071204">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=3951187&page=1|title= First Computer Programmers Inspire Documentary|last=Donaldson James|first=Susan|date=4 December 2007 |publisher=ABC News|access-date=13 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216054335/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=3951187|archive-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
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The first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the [[Computer Usage Company]] in 1955. Before that time, computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time, such as [[Sperry Rand]] and [[IBM]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Elmer C. Kubie|date=Summer 1994|title=Recollections of the first software company|journal=[[Annals of the History of Computing]]|volume=16|issue=2|pages=65–71|doi=10.1109/85.279238|s2cid=5733812}}</ref>
The [[software industry]] expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a commercial basis. Other firms, such as [[Computer Sciences Corporation]] (founded in 1959), also started to grow. Computer manufacturers soon started bundling [[operating systems]], [[system software]] and [[programming environments]] with their machines; the [[IBM 1620]] came with the 1620 Symbolic Programming System and [[Fortran|FORTRAN]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-01-23|title=
The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the [[personal computer]] (PC) in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the average office worker. In the following years, the PC also helped create a constantly growing market for games, applications and utility software. This resulted in increased demand for software developers for that period of time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Occupations in Information Technology|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2016/acs/acs-35.html|access-date=2021-03-21|website=
==Nature of the work==
Computer programmers write, test, [[debug]], and maintain the detailed instructions, called [[computer programs]], that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization.<ref name="bls-ooh">{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm|title=Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook|publisher= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Programmers work in many settings, including corporate [[information technology]] (IT) departments, big [[software companies]], small service firms and government entities of all sizes. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as [[Independent contractor|contractors]]. [[License|Licensing]] is not typically required to work as a programmer, although [[professional certification]]s are commonly held by programmers.<ref name="bls-ooh"/> Programming is considered a [[profession]].<ref name="Coursera">{{cite web|url=https://www.coursera.org/articles/how-to-become-a-computer-programmer|title=How to Become a Computer Programmer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=30 September 2022
Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for [[Flight training|pilots training]] in a [[flight simulator]]. Simple programs can be written in a few hours. More complex ones may require more than a year of work, while others are never considered 'complete' but rather are continuously improved as long as they stay in use. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computer Programmers |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com#tab-2 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en-us}}</ref>
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===Market changes in the US===
After the crash of the [[dot-com bubble]] (1999–2001) and the [[Great Recession]] (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages.<ref name="bls-dotcom-2009">{{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Amar|last2=Nunes|first2=Tony|title=After the Dot-Com Bubble: Silicon Valley High-Tech Employment and Wages in 2001 and 2008|journal=Regional Report, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=August 2009|pages=1–8|url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/after-the-dot-com-bubble-silicon-valley-high-tech-employment-and-wages-in-2001-and-2008.pdf|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318063742/https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/after-the-dot-com-bubble-silicon-valley-high-tech-employment-and-wages-in-2001-and-2008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Charette2013">{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-stem-crisis-is-a-myth|url-access=subscription|title=The STEM Crisis is a Myth|last=Charette|first=Robert N.|date=30 August 2013|website=[[IEEE]]|publisher=IEEE|type=opinion|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807061059/https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-stem-crisis-is-a-myth|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/electrical-engineer-salary | title=Inflation-Adjusted Income for U.S. Engineers Drops - IEEE Spectrum }}</ref> In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014001rev|title=STEM Attrition: College Students' Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields|date=26 November 2013|website=nces.ed.gov|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318064654/https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014001rev|url-status=live}}</ref> in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s|title=hp's Developer Portal | HP International Women's Week: Women in Computer Science dropping since 1980s|website=developers.hp.com|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226000310/https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> which, according to Beaubouef and Mason,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beaubouef|first1=Theresa|last2=Mason|first2=John|title=Why the high attrition rate for computer science students: some thoughts and observations|journal=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin|date=June 2005|volume=37|issue=2|pages=103–106|doi=10.1145/1083431.1083474|s2cid=207157501}}</ref> could be attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the [[U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915165836/http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm| archive-date=15 September 2012| title=Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.<ref name="bls-ooh"/> and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm | title=Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook|website= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics }}</ref> Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.<ref name="bls-ooh"/> If domestic demand has increased, it is mainly to replace existing programmers who have retired or switched occupations.<ref name="auto"> {{Cite web |title=Software Developers, Quality Assurance Analysts, and Testers |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en-us}} </ref> However, for software developers BLS projects current growth at 17%<ref
===Market changes in Japan===
As of 2024 in [[Japan]], the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly due mainly to the [[Aging of Japan|aging demographics]] of their workforce and their low birth rate not being sufficient for replacement has
== Programming education ==
{{See also|List of educational software#Computer science|l1=Programming educational software|List of free and open-source software packages#Programming language support|l2=List of open-source programming resources|List of free and open-source software packages#Cypherpunk software|l3=List of open-source cryptography and hacking tools|List of programming languages|Comparison of integrated development environments|List of open source code libraries|List of mathematical art software|Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities|Stack Overflow|List of computer books|List of computer magazines|List of software programming journals|List of programmers|Hackathon|Hackathon#Datathon|l15=Datathon|Competitive programming|Game jam}}
[[File:GitHub Codespaces side by side terminal.webp|thumb|[[GitHub Codespaces]] is an [[online integrated development environment]] that requires minimal setup to get started programming.]]
Programming education involves the teaching and learning of [[computer programming]] concepts, [[Programming language|languages]], and [[Coding best practices|practices]]. It is offered through various formats, including formal [[Bachelor of Computer Science|computer science degree programs]], [[Vocational education|vocational training]], [[Career and technical education|career and technical education centers]], [[coding bootcamp]]s, [[libraries]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Hour of Code: How We Did It, What We Learned | Programming Librarian | url=https://programminglibrarian.org/articles/hour-code-how-we-did-it-what-we-learned }}</ref> [[List of online educational resources|online courses]], and [[Autodidacticism|self-directed learning]]. Educational initiatives often focus on [[Problem solving#Computer science|problem-solving]], [[computational thinking]], [[logical thinking]], and the development of [[Algorithm|algorithms]]. In [[Primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]], programming is increasingly integrated into [[computer literacy]] curricula through initiatives such as [[Hour of Code]], [[Code Club]], [[Learn to Code]], and by getting [[computers in the classroom]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Computer Science Club leads 'Hour of Code' activities {{!}} Fredonia.edu | url=https://www.fredonia.edu/news/articles/computer-science-club-leads-%E2%80%98hour-code%E2%80%99-activities | access-date=2025-08-11 | website=www.fredonia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Computers in the Classroom | EBSCO Research Starters | url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/computer-science/computers-classroom }}</ref> At the [[higher education]] level, programming instruction may include coursework in [[software engineering]], [[data structures]], [[debugging]], [[software design]], and specialized domains such as [[game development]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[cryptography]], or [[data science]]. Numerous platforms and resources like [[List of chatbots|AI chat bots]], [[List of educational software#Computer science|educational programming software]], and [[online integrated development environment]]s have expanded access to programming education.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Ou | first1=Q. | last2=Liang | first2=W. | last3=He | first3=Z. | last4=Liu | first4=X. | last5=Yang | first5=R. | last6=Wu | first6=X. | title=Investigation and analysis of the current situation of programming education in primary and secondary schools | journal=Heliyon | date=2023 | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=e15530 | doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15530 | doi-access=free | pmid=37151627 | pmc=10161691 | bibcode=2023Heliy...915530O }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=GitHub educator: Our biggest mistake, and our opportunity | website=[[ZDNet]] | url=https://www.zdnet.com/education/github-educator-mistakes-opportunities/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The best AI for coding in 2025 (Including a new winner - and what not to use) | website=[[ZDNet]] | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-best-ai-for-coding-in-2025-including-a-new-winner-and-what-not-to-use/ }}</ref>
==See also==
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* [[Systems architect]]
* [[Video game programmer]]
* [[996 working hour system]]
{{Clear}}
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